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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Bill Gosper
		Gosper enrolled in MIT in 1961, and received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from MIT in 1965.
		Gosper was the first to find such a pattern (specifically, the Glider gun), and won the prize.
		Gosper was also the originator of the hashlife algorithm that can speed up the computation of Life patterns by many orders of magnitude.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Bill_Gosper (312 words)

	Bill Gosper - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gosper received his bachelor's degree in mathematics from MIT in 1965.
		Gosper was the first to find such a pattern, and won the prize.
		Gosper was also the originator of the hashlife algorithm that can speed up the computation of Life patterns by many orders of magnitude.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bill_Gosper (269 words)

	Rudy’s Blog » Blog Archive » Julian Lopez-Morillas. Bill Gosper and Golly.
		Gosper has long fingernails and he’s taken to wearing a nose-opening tape — I didn’t ask why.
		Gosper is best-known for discovering the Life Glider Gun, back in the heroic days of computation in the early 1960s.
		Without the block, this is Gosper’s “total aperiodic” pattern (Nov ‘97), in which every cell in the universe eventually becomes aperiodic.
	www.rudyrucker.com /blog/2006/02/03/julian-lopez-morillas-bill-gosper-and-golly (1081 words)

	Heroes
		Gosper managed to graduate, but he had to work to pay back his tuition money that the Navy had paid in return for working for them.
		Gosper did not like the Navy culture which did not allow programmers near the computers, and he hated the Univac computer that they used since he considered it erroneous in its very design.
		Gosper was fascinated because LIFE was uncharted territory and it posed the question of what could be called real life.
	www.hacking.teleactivities.net /introduction/hackers_heroes_of_computer_revolution.html (4380 words)

	Life Revisited
		In the early '70s, Gosper zealously hacked Life on a PDP-l computer for 18 months, to the point of believing it could potentially generate life itself.
		Or, you might go Conway, Gosper and the MIT hackers one better, and create a pattern that multiplies and lives and dies and mutates into a more complex form-computer life itself.
		The shape that Bill Gosper invented, the Glider, will actually "glide" accross the screen, and return for many generations.
	www.atarimagazines.com /v4n12/Life.html (959 words)

	No Title
		shows the first few approximations to the Gosper curve, where we stop after a certain number of levels: a level-0 curve is simply a straight line; a level-1 curve consists of two level-0 curves; a level 2 curve consists of two level-1 curves, and so on.
		The Gosper curve, for example, is neither a true 1-dimensional curve, nor a 2-dimensional region of the plane, but rather something in between.
		Gosper invented the ``glider gun'', resolving Conway's question as to whether it is possible to produce a finite pattern that evolves into an unlimited number of live cells.
	swiss.csail.mit.edu /classes/6.001/FT97/psets/ps3/hops-new (3122 words)

	Life Lexicon
		The name was suggested by Bill Gosper, noting that the phase shown below displays the period in binary.
		Gosper has since found other guns, see new gun and the p144 gun shown under factory.
		This is important in the proof of the existence of a universal constructor, and in Bill Gosper's total aperiodic, as well as a number of other constructions.
	www.bitstorm.org /gameoflife/lexicon (13310 words)

	Life Lexicon (H)
		:hashlife A Life algorithm by Bill Gosper that is designed to take advantage of the considerable amount of repetitive behaviour in many large patterns of interest.
		This algorithm is described by Gosper in his paper listed in the bibliography at the end of this lexicon.
		Roughly speaking, the idea is to store subpatterns in a hash table so that the results of their evolution do not need to be recomputed if they arise again at some other place or time in the evolution of the full pattern.
	www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk /lex_h.htm (1176 words)

	[Fwd: Re: [Maxima] numerical evaluation of 2F1] from RW Gosper
		The full implementation of 2F1 numerics, sfloat, dfloat, and bfloat, including all screw cases, is something of a thesis project, at least how I did it.
		I'll be happy to provide clarifications, and even happier if I can provide more formal assistance at this late stage of the project.
		--Bill Gosper Methods for numerically difficult cases of 2F1(a,b;cz) (Note: this message must be viewed with its original linebreaks using a fixed pitch font, e.g.
	www.math.utexas.edu /pipermail/maxima/2006/000126.html (969 words)

	6 May 2002
		Gardner let me know that a Bill Gosper had calculated many thousands of terms and was kind enough to supply me with Mr.
		Bill went on to calculate 17001303 terms in 1985, a feat that (if I remember correctly) was mentioned at the time in "Science News".
		Gosper's 878783625 [A033089] at position 11504931 [A033090] is still unsurpassed.
	www.mathpuzzle.com /6may2002.htm (3451 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sample solutions and discussion Perl Quiz of The Week #8 (20021211) Bill Gosper, a famous programmer, once said that a good way to manufacture word puzzles was to look through the dictionary for a word that contains a sequence of four letters that does not appear in any other word.
		Then the puzzle is to guess the word, given only the four letters.
		(Gosper says that you see this word every week, but that it will take you a month to figure out what it is.) Write a Perl program which, given a dictionary, generates two output files, 'questions' and 'answers'.
	perl.plover.com /qotw/r/solution/008 (1312 words)

	Lispmeister.com : ITS is alive (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bill Gosper would probably remember who wrote it (Gosper had also left by then, but I met him later).
		OK, the answer is that the original Life program at AI was written by Mike Speciner.
		The core algorithms were re-written for speed later by Steve Root, and that plus Mike's user interface are, as far as anyone can reconstruct, the MLIFE program that I encountered when I showed up.
	lispmeister.com /cgi-bin/blosxom/alife/midas-life.html (416 words)

	Life Lexicon (P)
		The first pseudo-random glider generator was built by Bill Gosper.
		The first known puffers were found by Bill Gosper and travelled at c/2 orthogonally (see diagram below for the very first one, found in 1971).
		The term was also applied specifically to the classic puffer train found by Bill Gosper and shown below.
	www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk /lex_p.htm (2349 words)

	Red Door Interactive - Editorial Weblog
		This means that the most important remaining improvements that we can make are in the direction of giving our systems more information, in more direct and untouched-by-human-hands ways, about the real world around them.
		As Bill Gosper said at the MIT AI Lab, at least 30 years ago, "Why should we limit computers to the lies people tell them through keyboards?"
		We buy gas at the pump by swiping a magnetic-striped card, not by waiting for a person to write down a number or run a mechanical roller over a piece of carbon paper; we get our groceries tallied by a bar-code scanner, not by someone trying to read a price tag.
	www.reddoor.biz /intelligence/2003_07_01_editorialarchive.cfm (630 words)

	smoking clover
		[ITS] A display hack originally due to Bill Gosper.
		Many convergent lines are drawn on a color monitor in such a way that every pixel struck has its color incremented.
		Gosper joked about keeping it hidden from the FDA (the U.S.'s Food and Drug Administration) lest its hallucinogenic properties cause it to be banned.
	jamesthornton.com /jargon/html/entry/smoking-clover.html (90 words)

	HAKMEM - FOLDOC Definition
		Therefore algebra is run on a machine (the universe) that is two's-complement.
		Item 174 (Bill Gosper and Stuart Nelson): 21963283741 is the only number such that if you represent it on the PDP-10 as both an integer and a floating-point number, the bit patterns of the two representations are identical.
		Item 176 (Gosper): The "banana phenomenon" was encountered when processing a character string by taking the last 3 letters typed out, searching for a random occurrence of that sequence in the text, taking the letter following that occurrence, typing it out, and iterating.
	www.nightflight.com /foldoc-bin/foldoc.cgi?HAKMEM (628 words)

	[No title]
		The outcome of that is Bill Gosper gave me hints on how to get started.
		Though the exact algorithms are proprietary to MACSYMA, Bill Gosper's hints were adequate to get me started.
		The subject matter in this monograph is the numerical methods to generate the gamma function, related functions and the numbers and constants necessary.
	www.getnet.com /~cherry/mathml/monograf.html (1233 words)

	On the Concept of Optimality Interval (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Abstract: this paper comes from an interesting problem by Bill Gosper cited in [6, page 363, Ex.
		The problem, in a slightly more general setting is (see [3]): Given an interval, find in it the rational number with the smallest numerator and denominator.
		Gosper's solution is the following: "Express the endpoints as continued fractions.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /viader00concept.html (280 words)

	[No title]
		The company was virtually bankrupt and he agreed to pay the bills.
		The term "desktop publishing" is now commonly used to describe the creation of high quality print documents on a desktop computer.
		Many computer companies were founded by two people, for example, Bill Gates and Paul Allen at Microsoft.
	www.tomstrong.org /public/misc/computer.bowl.questions.txt (5564 words)

	Simple Continued Fraction Expansion of Pi (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gardner let me know that a Bill Gosper had calculated many thousands such terms and was kind enough to supply me with Mr.
		In it he works out the theory for number-occurrence frequencies.] It was difficult work and I soon tired of it - recognizing that one day all of this might be much more easily had by way of a "personal" computer.
		In 1985, Bill Gosper went on to calculate 17,001,303 terms of the simple continued fraction expansion of pi.
	odo.ca /~haha/cfpi.html (1110 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		I mailed it near enough to tax time that I couldn't cram it all the way into the mailbox.
		Then Schroeppel tells me that a bunch of bill payments he mailed under similar circumstances never got delivered, apparently due to some infrahuman(s) scooping out what they could reach.
		The article is a very concise description of an elegant idea--I'd been expecting something longer, but I suspect that would only have made it more difficult to understand.
	www.frc.ri.cmu.edu /~hpm/project.archive/1984.cellular/1990.programs/Gosper.hexlife (496 words)

	Life Lexicon (T)
		The first example was found by Bill Gosper in November 1997.
		.OOO.......O.OO..O.OO.OO...OOO....O. twin bees shuttle (p46) Found by Bill Gosper in 1971, this is the basis of all known p46 oscillators, and so of all known true p46 guns (see new gun for an example).
		There are numerous ways to stabilize the ends, two of which are shown in the diagram.
	www.argentum.freeserve.co.uk /lex_t.htm (1485 words)

	Hackers World Portal-Beginnings
		Legendary hacker figures from this time include Peter Deutsch, Bill Gosper, and Richard Greenblatt.
		This third wave of hackers wanted their own machines that they could not only program at home, but also build and modify the computer hardware at home.
		It was this group of hackers, which includes legendary figures such as Lee Felsenstein, Steve Dompier, Steve Wozniak, Steve Jobs, and Bill Gates, that formed the foundation for the entire personal computer industry of today.
	www.geocities.com /hackersworldportal/Beginnings.html (605 words)

	: Puffer, review at WorldSSP.net (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Portions of this entry contributed by Bill Gosper Any Life pattern that moves like a spaceship but leaves behind a trail of debris.
		The first puffer, illustrated above, was discovered by Bill Gosper in 1971.
		The moving portion travels orthogonally at speed, where c is the speed of light, with period 128.
	www.worldssp.net /webinfo_m.asp?proid=5058 (408 words)

	[No title]
		This version of the code also +includes a hook for updating a display of the pattern as cells +change.
		When +line puffers +were discovered, Bill Gosper enthused: +
		If you want a really efficient implementation of life that avoids +recomputation to the maximum extent possible, you want Bill Gosper's +brilliant Hash Life.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /ucgi/~fanf/cvsweb/things/life.html.diff?r1=1.14&r2=1.8 (526 words)

	Stamp collection
		In addition to those who found the oscillators, I'd #C like to thank Alan Hensel, Bill Gosper, Robert Wainwright, #C Rich Schroeppel, and Jonathan Cooley for helpful suggestions, and #C Andrew Trevorrow for writing LifeLab, an excellent Macintosh program #C for building and running Life patterns.
		#C ---------------------------------------------------------------------- #C Period 46: The p46 shuttle, known as "twin bees", was discovered in #C 1971 by Bill Gosper.
		Each end of the shuttle can be stabilized by #C either 1 or 2 blocks, as shown in 46.0.0.
	www.math.ucdavis.edu /~dean/RLE/stamps.html (5893 words)

	The game of Life and THE SUPER CODE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Ed Fredkin believed that it was impossible to know that the entire universe was no more than a computer simulation.
		Bill Gosper when hacking Life in the 1970's realizing that Fredkin may be right but that all computer programs have bugs or are affected by Chaos.
		Gosper believed that if we (the species) are merely a computer simulation and that when the program glitched we would have the opportunity (as a species) to find God or truth because the program is no longer in control of our every moment.
	users.erinet.com /35517/supercod.htm (269 words)

	[No title]
		(By strange coincidence, the information in a typical continued fraction term is very nearly one decimal digit --actually pi^2/(6 (ln 2) (ln 10)) = 1.0306.) Bill Gosper.
		This constant that Bill Gosper talks about is the average number of decimal digits necessary to have the equivalent continued fraction representations of a number in base 10.
		In other words if you have N decimal digits it will give you N/C = N/1.0306 valid partial quotients in average.
	pi.lacim.uqam.ca /piDATA/continuedfr.txt (76 words)

	ERCB: DDJ Programmer's Bookshelf March 1992
		The chief targets of Cringely's vitriol are Bill Gates and Steve Jobs, although a good many other industry luminaries, ranging from Donald Knuth to John Warnock, receive glancing swipes of the claws as well.
		It was not easy, but Gates in particular was a master at bumming code, and with a lot of squeezing and some innovative use of the 8080 instruction set, they thought they'd done it.
		Although there were no microcomputer software companies yet, 19-year-old Bill's first concern was that they were already too late.
	www.ercb.com /ddj/1992/ddj.9203.html (2250 words)

	Appendix A (Site not responding. Last check: )
		APPENDIX A - Diagnosing integer arithmetic type ********************************************* This method of diagnosing the integer arithmetic type is due to Bill Gosper** (MIT AI Memo 239, February 1972, also known as HAKMEM).
		The following example program should be compiled with a switch that disables integer overflow trapping.
		If you get an 'out of memory' message, your machine uses multiple precision arithmetic and represents numbers with strings.
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/languages/fortran/append-a.html (86 words)

	Two's complement - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two's Complement and "The Machine of the Universe"
		In a famous 1972 HAKMEM from the MIT AI Lab, Bill Gosper noted that whether or not a machine's internal representation was two's complement could be determined by summing the successive powers of two.
		In a flight of fancy, he noted that the result of doing this algebraically indicated that "algebra is run on a machine (the universe) which is twos-complement" [1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Twos_complement (2050 words)

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