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Topic: William Billings

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	William Billings - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		William Billings (October 7, 1746 - September 26, 1800), American choral composer, is regarded as the father of American choral music and hymnody.
		Billings was born, died, and spent his life in Boston, during the exciting years of the American Revolution.
		Billings died in poverty at age 53, and for a considerable time after his death, his music was almost completely neglected in the American musical mainstream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/William_Billings (703 words)

	Billings
		Billings was the only officer and principal of Billfund, Inc. Billfund, Inc.'s registrations as a CPO and CTA were terminated on January 21, 1999 as a result of an action brought by the NFA.
		Billings characterized investments in the 20% Fund as "personal loans" to Billings, which were made purportedly in return for his promise to pay investors 20% interest compounded annually on those "loans." Investors understood that, for the most part, Billings would use the money to trade in the commodity futures markets.
		Billings may not, by way of defense to any such petition, contest the validity of, or the findings in, this Order, assert that payment of a civil monetary penalty should not be ordered, or contest the amount of the civil monetary penalty to be paid.
	www.cftc.gov /enf/00orders/enfbillings.htm (2880 words)

	Art of the States: Emmaus
		Billings was 13 when his father died, and supported his family by working as a tanner, converting animal hides into leather, a trade which he practiced throughout his life.
		Billings had a striking appearance: he was blind in one eye, had a withered arm, a short leg, and a loud voice, and inhaled large quantities of snuff (powdered tobacco).
		Billings died in 1800 and was buried in an unmarked pauper's grave.
	www.artofthestates.org /cgi-bin/piece.pl?pid=268 (719 words)

	DRAM - View Note for As The Hart Panteth - Database of Recorded American Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Billings was born in Boston on October 7, 1746, at the tail end of the generation that brought about the American Revolution.
		Billings taught singing-schools throughout New England, and it was while conducting a school in Stoughton, Massachusetts, in 1774 that Billings met Lucy Swan, a young soprano.
		Billings composed in such a way, however, that it is possible to create six parts by having some sopranos sing the tenor and some tenors the soprano (each in their own range), and this has been a common performance practice for his music.
	dlib.nyu.edu /dram/note.cgi?id=27859 (2686 words)

	William Billings - Gemini Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		WILLIAM BILLINGS was born in Boston on October 7, 1746 and died there on September 26, 1800.
		Often described as one-eyed and one-legged, addicted to snuff and unkempt, and employed as a tanner, teacher, and civil servant, Billings was America's first significant composer.
		Self-taught in composition, Billings drew on British models to develop a stark, primitive style of vocal composition appropriate to the stern New England church, yet occasionally idiosyncratic and experimental, such as the chorale titled Jargon.
	www.tritone-tenuto.com /billings.htm (189 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Leonard Billings, Jr., son of Leonard, Sr., and father of William L., was born at Sharon, Mass., July I1, 1793, and was fifteen years of age when his parents removed to Farmington, he himself at the same time coming directly to this city, where he was first employed in an eating-house, owned by a Mr.
		William Leonard Billings, having acquired a substantial education in the public schools of this city, learned the cooper's trade, and was for some time engaged in that occupation.
		Billings was united in marriage with Miss Laura Helen Cushing, daughter of Rufus Cushing, one of the old settlers of the town of Freeport, where her girlhood days were passed, her birth having occurred there December 17, 1833.
	www.raynorshyn.com /megenweb/cumberland/biographies/billings.txt (493 words)

	William Billings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Bizarre of appearance (one-eyed, one-legged, and unkempt) and colorful of career (by turns as tanner, teacher, and civil servant), Billings was America's first major composer.
		Self-taught in composition, Billings drew on British models to develop a stark, primitive style of vocal composition appropriate to the stern New England church.
		Billings was dubbed, wrongly, "the rival of Handel" and, rightly, "the father of our New England music."
	cwx.prenhall.com /bookbind/pubbooks/masterworks/medialib/composers/billings_profile.html (205 words)

	Warren M. Billings, Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia - Excerpt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Her mother, Margaret Saunders Killigrew, was related to the late William Cecil, first baron Burghley, lord chancellor in the reign of the Virgin Queen.
		Sir William Killigrew's people were an avidly adventurous, often useful, and occasionally scandalous lot of Cornishmen whose loyalty to the Crown and connections to the Cecils profited them handsomely.
		Margaret and William educated their daughter in ways that prepared her to fulfill the main social expectation of highborn English maidens of the time--contracting advantageous marriages and bearing children, preferably boys.
	www.lsu.edu /lsupress/Books/Fall2004/books/Billings_Berkeley_excerpt.html (2037 words)

	The Music Of William Billings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Billings was born in Boston on October 7, 1746.
		William Billings was a remarkable man in many re-spects; and the peculiar fever of which he was the cause was largely due to his strong personality.
		Billings was exceedingly prolific in this kind of composition, and had imitators, some of whom out-heroded Herod in their ventures on the sea of bold originality and native inspiration.
	www.nationwide.net /~amaranth/billings.htm (3490 words)

	Family of William Billings
		William's pedigree is believed to be false at least past his grandfather.
		He informed me that the noble and royal line of descent for William Billing from Sir Thomas and Katherine (Giffard) Billing referred to in the NEHGR article appears to have been fabricated by Somerby.
		She was not the daughter of Humphrey Atherton as some have indicated, William and Mary were married by Major Atharton.
	members.cox.net /trm/BillingsWilliamJr.htm (316 words)

	Billings Coat of Arms, Family Crest
		The present generation of the Billings family is only the most recent to bear a name that dates back to the ancient Anglo-Saxon culture of Britain.
		Their name comes from having lived in or near the parish of Billing, which was located in the diocese of Liverpool.
		Enoch Billings settled in the Barbados in 1663.
	www.houseofnames.com /xq/asp/s.Billings/origin.EN/sId./qx/coatofarms_details.htm (1285 words)

	The Ancestors of Opal Delores (Lois) Billings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Billings with one poll and 232 acres of land.
		Jasper Billings with one poll and 232 acres.
		Jasper Billings in house #77 with one male (age 26-45), one male (10-16), three males (under 10), and one female who must have been his wife.
	www.angelfire.com /nc/wwwjmd/dfile.html (2001 words)

	Exhibitions - Online Exhibits - Out at the Library - SFPL.org
		William Billings, arrested and imprisoned in 1954 for “indecent acts,” fought for his civil rights, ultimately obtaining a pardon from the governor of Colorado.
		William Wilmer Billings was a schoolteacher, a founding member of the Council on Religion and the Homosexual, and a candidate for San Francisco supervisor who ran against Dan White.
		Billings donated a small but critical collection of materials to the Hormel Center in 1994; the most notable items being two scrapbooks that chronicle his life with devotion and honesty.
	sfpl.lib.ca.us /news/onlineexhibits/out/personal.htm (2201 words)

	Warren M. Billings, Sir William Berkeley and the Forging of Colonial Virginia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Billings uncovers many obscure sources in his exhaustive research on both sides of the Atlantic.
		Warren M. Billings is Distinguished Professor of History at the University of New Orleans and the author or editor of many books, including A Little Parliament: The Virginia General Assembly in the Seventeenth Century and A Law unto Itself?: Essays in the New Louisiana Legal History.
		He is director and editor of the Papers of Sir William Berkeley Project, chairman of the Association for the Preservation of Virginia Antiquities' Jamestown Rediscovery Archaeological Project Advisory Board, and historian of the Supreme Court of Louisiana.
	www.lsu.edu /lsupress/Books/Fall2004/books/Billings_Berkeley.html (697 words)

	William Billings -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		It was founded in 1881 by Prussian immigrant William Filene and his sons, Edward and Lincoln.
		The first American composer is usually considered to be William Billings (1746–1800).
		William Harvey's studies were the beginnings of the science of physiology.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9079211 (731 words)

	My Heritage - The Genealogy of Katherine Billings Palmer
		William was married young and had a child, Ila Maxine.
		A page of photos of Ila Maxine Billings, daughter of William Albert and his first wife (name unknown—she died in the flu epidemic of 1918).
		Billings family members are buried in St. Thomas and can be found in this great index.
	www.palmerpage.com /heritage/billings_info.html (873 words)

	Children's Concerts :: Bravo American Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It was composed in 1770 by William Billings, one of America's pioneer composers.
		William Schuman, a contemporary American composer, used the melody of Chester in the final movement of his orchestral composition New England Triptych.
		William Schuman freely used the musical phrases of Billings in his Chester, but also used the following original theme extensively.
	www.youngstownsymphony.com /bam10.html (306 words)

	CMT.com : William Billings : Biography
		Billings had an important influence on American music.
		He is claimed to have stated that a composer should not have to follow any specific rules but find her/his own path; he also had a special attraction to the fugue.
		Not the lyricist, Billings was a proponent (though not the founder) of fugal-tunes.
	www.cmt.com /artists/az/billings_william/bio.jhtml (180 words)

	Songwriters Hall of Fame (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		he first American published composer of psalms and hymns and the inventor of “fuguing songs”, William Billings was born in Boston, Massachusetts on October 7, 1746.
		A passionate advocate of the Revolution, Billings adapted many of his hymns as war songs with new lyrics.
		William Billings died in Boston on September 26, 1800.
	www.songwritershalloffame.org /exhibit_home_page.asp?exhibitId=188 (290 words)

	No. 1188: William Billings
		At 24, Billings published his first book of choral pieces.
		To know Billings, one should do more than just hear him; one should sing him -- four-square, almost-medieval harmonies, elaborate fugues, experiments with dissonance that foreshadow Charles Ives.
		The essential genius of America, and of Billings, was recognizing that full independence of Europe would eventually be gained only after we'd formed our own cultural roots.
	www.uh.edu /engines/epi1188.htm (443 words)

	Catalog of the Musical Works of William Billings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Billings (1746-1800) was the most prominent native-born composer in the American colonial and federal eras, but his work fell from favor during the 19th century.
		William Billings (1746-1800) was the most important native-born composer of the American colonial and Federal eras.
		This catalog is a guide to his 338 choral compositions published in The Complete Works of William Billings (4 vols., 1977-1990).
	www.grainger.de /dbe/sbs/billings001.html (151 words)

	William Osler - Biography
		William Osler was born in a remote part of Ontario known as Bond Head.
		John S. Billings recruited William Osler in 1888 to be physician-in-chief of the soon-to-open Johns Hopkins Hospital and professor of medicine at the planned school of medicine.
		It was based upon the advances in medical science of the previous fifty years and remained the standard text on clinical medicine for the next forty years.
	www.medicalarchives.jhmi.edu /osler/biography.htm (444 words)

	The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition: Billings, William @ HighBeam Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		BILLINGS, WILLIAM [Billings, William] 1746-1800, American hymn composer, b.
		During the American Revolution he wrote patriotic words to his best-known hymn, "Chester," beginning: "Let tyrants shake their iron rods,/And Slav'ry clank her galling chains." His songbooks include The New England Psalm Singer (1770), The Singing Master's Assistant (1778), and The Continental Harmony (1794).
		Bibliography: See biography by D. McKay and R. Crawford (1974); M. Barbour, The Church Music of William Billings (1960, repr.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1E1:BillngsW&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (244 words)

	NPR : William Billings
		All Things Considered, December 3, 2001 · In these times of renewed patriotism, music reviewer Tom Manoff acquaints us with the music of William Billings, often called America's first great composer.
		Billings wrote chorales, patriotic songs, and marching music during the Revolutionary War.
		The CDs mentioned which feature the music of William Billings are "Early American Choral Music" with Paul Hillier conducting His Majestie's Clerks (Harmonia Mundi - #3957048), and "Liberty Tree", with Joel Cohen conducting the Boston Camerata.
	www.npr.org /templates/story/story.php?storyId=1134244 (156 words)

	The Music Buffs Web Pages
		Lucy was born in 1751 and died in Boston in 1795.
		This monograph by Roger Hall was written in commemoration of the 200th anniversary of the death of Billings in 2000.
		Apart from his 1939 guitar concerto, often performed by John Williams, there is little to remind people of this unique Italianate voice, though his teaching in the United States has placed its stamps on many of his pupils.
	hometown.aol.com /musbuff/page3.htm (6767 words)

	BIllings Alive!
		William Billings (1746-1800) wrote music that inspired an entire generation of settlers to defend their newly found freedom, draft a Constitution, a Bill of Rights, a Document of Independence and to establish a new nation.
		It was a call to arms and a call to worship during a turbulent time in American history.
		William Billings, historically considered the First American Composer, wrote hundreds of songs in his own distinctive style, set exclusively to "sacred" texts, and had them published in six-plus volumes during his lifetime.
	www.lakewoodchurch.org /billingsalive/billings.html (343 words)

	William Billings 250th Birthday Singings: minutes
		The class was called to order near the oldest tree at the highest point in the Central Burying Ground on Boston Common by Roland Hutchinson leading OLD HUNDRED in the version published by William Billings in 1779.
		I was privileged to spend over 13 years in almost daily contact with his music in preparing three of the four volumes of the complete edition of his music.
		Billings suffered from physical handicaps: he had a withered arm, one leg shorter than the other, and only one eye.
	home1.gte.net /gssh/billings96/minutes.html (825 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: Catalogue of the Musical Works of William Billings (Music Reference Collection S.): Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		He wrote hundreds of choral compositions, which were set to sacred or devotional texts for use by church choirs, singing schools, and musical societies.
		Extremely popular in his own time, Billing's music was denigrated during the 19th century when European styles governed American musical tastes.
		Originally published in six "tunebooks", the 228 extant pieces were issued in a scholarly edition by the American Musicological Society and The Colonial Society of Massachusetts as "The Complete Works of William Billings" (4 vols., 1977-1990).
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/031327827X (487 words)

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