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	Asteroid moon - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An asteroid whose moon is roughly the same size as the asteroid itself may be referred to as a binary asteroid.
		Asteroid moons have been discovered orbiting main belt asteroids, Trojan asteroids, near-Earth objects, and Kuiper Belt objects.
		An example of a binary asteroid is 90 Antiope, where two equal-sized components orbit each other.
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /a/as/asteroid_moon.html (207 words)

	News - New Images of Dust Devils, Dunes and "The Face"
		For single asteroids, that kind of information can only be obtained by sending a spacecraft close to the body, and so most asteroids' densities, compositions and meteorite associations are not well known.
		The first binary asteroid was found in August 1993 when NASA's Galileo spacecraft took pictures of asteroid Ida and revealed its tiny moon Dactyl.
		Ostro said that the existence of binary asteroids on potentially hazardous orbits means that we have to start figuring out how to maneuver spacecraft close to such objects.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2001/binaryasteroid.html (758 words)

	SPACE.com -- Asteroids Often Travel, and Strike, in Pairs
		A new study estimates that 16 percent of asteroids that roam the region of space shared by Earth's orbit are actually double asteroids, called binaries.
		Asteroids this close to the planet are dubbed Near Earth Asteroids, or NEAs, and are watched closely by astronomers who fear they may one day hit Earth.
		The moonlet Dactyl orbits the 19-mile-wide (30.5 kilometers) asteroid Ida. Other pairs have been spotted since, but the new study is the first to strongly link asteroid pairs with the potential for terrestrial impacts.
	space.com /scienceastronomy/solarsystem/double_asteroids_020411.html (831 words)

	Binary asteroid appears on the radar (April 2002) - News - PhysicsWeb
		Since 1995, a handful of binary asteroids – which consist of two objects in orbit around their common centre of mass – have been discovered in the main asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter.
		Asteroid 2000 DP107 was not identified as a binary when it was first discovered in 2000 by astronomers at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
		Simulations have shown that binary asteroids are probably created when an asteroid passes through the gravitational field of a planet, which produces tidal forces in the asteroid that break it up.
	physicsweb.org /article/news/6/4/7 (557 words)

	binary asteroid
		An asteroid that consists of two roughly equal parts that revolve around each other at close range.
		This suggests that there could be a substantial number of binaries among the near-Earth asteroid population, and, moreover, that Earth may be the cause of these binaries in the first place.
		A rubble-pile asteroid passing close to Earth could be pulled apart by the planet’s tidal force, then, at a later time, collide with Earth and create two nearly equal impact craters.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/B/binary_asteroid.html (253 words)

	SPACE.com -- Mystery Asteroid, Hermes, May Have a Partner
		The astronomers estimate that each asteroid is about 980 to 1,480 feet (300-450 meters) in diameter, or possibly just over a quarter-mile.
		Asteroid hunters around the world have been on a quest over the past decade to find 90 percent of the estimated 1,000 or so large asteroids -- 0.62 miles or 1 kilometer -- thought to roam the general space through which Earth orbits.
		Dancing asteroids, known as binaries, are not uncommon.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/hermes_binary_031021.html (904 words)

	RASNZ Occultation Section - Minor Planet News (January to June 2002)
		Asteroids are typically too small and distant to measure their size directly from Earth, so scientists use the amount of light they reflect, along with a basic understanding of the materials they are made of, to estimate their size.
		With a diameter between 50-120 metres, 2002 MN is a lightweight among asteroids and incapable of causing damage on a global scale, such as the object associated with the extinction of the dinosaurs.
		Binary asteroids -- two rocky objects orbiting about one another -- appear to be common in Earth-crossing orbits, astronomers using the world's two most powerful astronomical radar telescopes report.
	occsec.wellington.net.nz /planet/news/news0201.htm (3305 words)

	Newswise
		Binary asteroids appear to be common in Earth-crossing orbits, astronomers using Cornell University's Arecibo radar telescope report probably formed as a result of gravitational effects during close encounters with at least two of the inner planets, including Earth.
		The Science article, "Binary Asteroids in the Near-Earth Object Population," is coauthored by Michael Nolan, research associate at Arecibo; Lance Benner, Steven Ostro, Raymond Jurgens, Jon Giorgini and Martin Slade at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); and Donald Campbell, professor of astronomy at Cornell.
		The two asteroids appear to be locked in synchronous rotation, with the smaller always with the same face oriented to the larger.
	www.newswise.com /articles/view?id=ASTERD.CNS (1026 words)

	[134.02] Radar Observations of Binary Asteroid 5381 Sekhmet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Based on range extents at 45-m resolution, we find the average diameters of the two asteroids to be 1000 m and 300 m, with rotation periods of 2.7 ± 0.4 h and 10 ± 2 h, respectively.
		We estimate the orbital period of the binary to be 12.5 ± 0.3 h, with an orbital radius of 1.54 ± 0.12 km.
		Thus, asteroid Sekhmet is an S-type asteroid, with a composition similar to 433 Eros and 243 Ida. The density of Sekhmet is lower than that determined for 433 Eros (2.67 ± 0.03) which implies a porosity of about 40%, twice that of Eros (Wilkison et al.
	www.aas.org /publications/baas/v35n5/aas203/199.htm (349 words)

	Spaceflight Now \| Breaking News \| Some asteroids have astronomers seeing double
		Binary asteroids -- two rocky objects orbiting about one another -- appear to be common in Earth-crossing orbits, astronomers report today in the journal Science.
		Near-Earth asteroids may become binaries when the planets' much larger gravities pull on their rubble-clustered bodies, distorting them and sometimes breaking off a satellite.
		Previous evidence that near-Earth binary asteroids were common came from craters on the Earth and Moon that formed in pairs and were exactly the same age.
	spaceflightnow.com /news/n0204/14binary (875 words)

	DAILY BRUIN ONLINE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A UCLA researcher working with a team of astronomers has determined that the asteroid Hermes, recently spotted for the first time since 1937, is in fact two separate rocks travelling on an orbit around the sun.
		Although Hermes is a near-Earth asteroid, meaning it was originally ejected from the main belt of asteroids between the orbit of Mars and Jupiter, Margot assured us that there is no possibility of the asteroid impacting the earth — at least not in our lifetime.
		This explains why the asteroid was about 13 million kilometers from the earth when it was observed on October 15, coming closer to the Earth than Mars.
	www.dailybruin.ucla.edu /news/printable.asp?id=26144&date=11/4/2003 (597 words)

	RASNZ Occultation Section - Multiple Asteroids
		The asteroid 87 Sylvia is one of the largest known from the asteroid main belt, and is located about 3.5 times further away from the Sun than the Earth, between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
		The total of known or suspected binary asteroids grew to 18 on September 22nd when William J. Merline (Southwest Research Institute) and his colleagues discovered that the Trojan asteroid 617 Patroclus is a pair of bodies nearly identical in diameter (105 and 95 kilometers).
		The asteroid pair was once assumed to be a single body, called Antiope, orbiting the sun in the outer parts of the asteroid belt between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter.
	occsec.wellington.net.nz /planet/news/satellites.htm (5494 words)

	Binary Asteroid abstract (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		These craters are too large and too far separated to have been formed by the tidal disruption of an asteroid prior to impact or from asteroid fragments dispersed by aerodynamic forces during entry.
		Our results show that Earth's tidal forces frequently create binary asteroids, but that the separation distance between the binary's components is almost always too small to produce a doublet crater at impact.
		Folding these results into another model treating impact encounters between binary asteroids and a chosen planet, we found we could duplicate the observed fraction of doublet craters found on Earth, Venus, and Mars.
	www.boulder.swri.edu /~bottke/Abstracts/binary_abs.html (357 words)

	Binary asteroid -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Asteroids that have moons of roughly the same size are sometimes called "double asteroids".
		An example is the (Click link for more info and facts about 90 Antiope) 90 Antiope system.
		For more detail, see the entry on (Click link for more info and facts about asteroid moons) asteroid moons.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/binary_asteroid.htm (58 words)

	Large asteroid is two orbiting objects
		An asteroid that has eluded astronomers for decades turns out to be an unusual pair of objects traveling together in space, a UCLA planetary scientist and colleagues report.
		While several other asteroids have satellites, the other known binaries with trajectories that cross the orbit of the Earth consist of a large primary asteroid orbited by a much smaller one.
		The goals of the proposal were to measure precisely the distance and velocity of this object, to improve the knowledge of its trajectory and help trace back its history, to characterize Hermes' physical properties, and to search for satellites.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-10/uoc--lai102303.php (729 words)

	USATODAY.com - Asteroids found to have twins, moons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The discovery boosts to roughly 10 the number of binary asteroids imaged by radar since the spacecraft Galileo spotted the first, 243 Ida and its tiny moon Dactyl.
		The odds of two asteroids hitting the Earth in the same location and at the same time are slim — unless they were paired before impact.
		Collisions may have formed many of the binary asteroids, meaning each little moon is, literally, a chip off the old block.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/astro/2001-05-31-asteroid-moon.htm (566 words)

	Cornell News: Arecibo finds asteroid Hermes
		Asteroid Hermes, lost for 66 years, is found to be two objects orbiting each other, astronomers using Arecibo telescope report
		Artist's conception of a binary asteroid with Earth in the background (the real appearance of asteroid Hermes is not known).
		ARECIBO, P.R. -- An asteroid that has eluded astronomers for decades turns out to be an unusual pair of objects traveling together in space, a planetary scientist using the National Science Foundation's (NSF) Arecibo Observatory radio telescope and his colleagues report.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Oct03/Arecibo.asteroid.deb.html (799 words)

	OBSERVATION SUMMARY PAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Asteroid 304 Olga was successfully observed, with 3 astrometric positions being submitted to the MPC.
		A binary asteroid is actually two close objects that are bound in orbit around a common center of gravity.
		Her finished project, entitled "Rotational Dynamics of Binary Asteroid 2000 DP107", was then entered in the High Plains Regional Science Fair, held at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology.
	www.sdsmt.edu /space/boOBSSUM.htm (963 words)

	(45) Eugenia and Petit-Prince
		Asteroid 45 Eugenia - Lightcurves and the pole orientation
		85-micron fluxes from asteroids - 2 Pallas, 7 Iris, 15 Eunomia, and 45 Eugenia
		Photoelectric lightcurves of asteroids 42 Isis, 45 Eugenia, 56 Melete, 103 Hera, 532 Herculina, and 558 Carmen
	www.johnstonsarchive.net /astro/astmoons/am-00045.html (1050 words)

	Near-Earth Asteroid Hermes Re-Spotted - 2004 Lowell Observatory Press Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The binary object was some 19 million miles out at the time of re-discovery last Wednesday, nearly 66 years after it was first seen.
		First images of the kilometer-size asteroid were captured by a CCD camera during early morning observation through the LONEOS 24-inch Schmidt telescope.
		Because the surfaces of S-class asteroids reflect, on average, 24% of the sunlight falling on them, Rivkin and Binzel were able to deduce that Hermes is 0.9 km (about 1,000 yards) in diameter.
	www.lowell.edu /press_room/releases/recent_releases/Hermes_rls.html (1119 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Radar images of near-Earth asteroid 2000 DP107 show that it is composed of an ~800 meter diameter primary and a ~300 meter diameter secondary revolving around their common center of mass.
		This system and other binary near-Earth asteroids have spheroidal primaries spinning near the breakup point for strengthless bodies, suggesting that the binaries formed by spin-up and fission, probably as a result of tidal disruption during close planetary encounters.
		An animation showing the orbital motion of the binary asteroid 2000 DP107 as it would be seen from an observer on Earth close to the time of closest approach on Sep 19, 2000.
	www.gps.caltech.edu /~margot/2000DP107 (670 words)

	Featured Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Tidal disruption means that the gravitational force felt by an asteroid which passes by the Earth overcomes the cohesiveness of the asteroid, pulling it apart.
		Richardson and his students find that a wide variety of outcomes are possible, from small to large companions (moons), circular to elliptical orbits, and spheroidal to ellipsoidal shapes, depending on the close-approach distance and encounter speed of the progenitor with a terrestrial planet like the Earth.
		In the movie, the camera is fixed above the asteroid as it swings by the Earth (the planet passes by on the left but cannot be seen in this view).
	www.astro.umd.edu /featured/FormingAsteroids.html (244 words)

	Mystery asteroid may have a partner (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A NASA graphic shows the orbit of the asteroid Hermes, also known as 1937 UB, in dark blue and light blue.
		Asteroid hunters around the world have been on a quest over the past decade to find 90 percent of the estimated 1,000 or so large asteroids — 0.62 miles or 1 kilometer in diameter — thought to roam the general space through which Earth orbits.
		A study last year estimated that 16 percent of near-Earth asteroids are actually double trouble.
	www.msnbc.com /news/982697.asp?0si=- (819 words)

	United Press International - Science & Technology (no pub) - Asteroid moons pulled in by gravity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Since observations from the spacecraft Galileo first revealed in 1993 a binary asteroid system -- the primeval space rock Ida orbited by its satellite Dactyl -- in the main asteroid belt between the planets Mars and Jupiter, astronomers have observed more than a dozen pairs of such frozen relics of the solar system's beginnings.
		Moreover, when a binary is formed by a collision, it tends to be close, i.e., the separation between the two component bodies is only a few times larger than the bodies' diameters," he explained.
		For example, astronomers estimate some 17 percent of near-Earth asteroids come as twosomes, while models for satellite formation indicate many of these objects are little more than rubble piles, he said.
	www.upi.com /view.cfm?StoryID=20021211-042209-2670r (1391 words)

	2002 News Releases - Some Asteroids Have Astronomers Seeing Double
		Using the world's two most powerful astronomical radar telescopes, Benner and his colleagues, led by Jean-Luc Margot of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, estimate that about 16 percent of near-Earth asteroids larger than 200 meters (219 yards) across are likely to be binary systems.
		The observations were made at the 70-meter Goldstone NASA tracking telescope in California and at Arecibo Observatory, which is operated by the National Astronomy and Ionosphere Center at Cornell under a cooperative agreement with the National Science Foundation.
		JPL, a division of the California Institute of Technology, manages many missions for NASA's Office of Space Science, Washington, D.C. More information on asteroid radar research is available at http://www.gps.Caltech.edu/~margot/2000DP107 and http://echo.jpl.nasa.gov/.
	www.jpl.nasa.gov /releases/2002/release_2002_83.html (535 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The asteroid, 1999 KW4, came within five million kilometers of Earth (over 3 million miles) on Friday, May 25.
		He said the larger component is spheroidal and roughly 1.2 kilometers (three-quarters of a mile) in average diameter, while the smaller component is asymmetrical and roughly one-third as large.
		Or, if they came from loosely bound, unconsolidated piles of rubble instead of solid rocks, binary asteroids may have formed during close passages by Earth when gravity pulls them apart.
	echo.jpl.nasa.gov /~ostro/kw4/kw4_press_release (666 words)

	1999 KW4
		A team of astronomers studied images that show the trail of the smaller component orbiting a larger object, made with the Goldstone radar, a 70-meter antenna in California's Mojave Desert.
		The asteroid, 1999 KW4, came within five million kilometers of Earth on Friday, May 25, 2001.
		The three frames show several-hour time exposures of radar echoes from binary asteroid 1999 KW4.
	www.geocities.com /zlipanov/selected_asteroids/1999kw4/1999kw4.html (882 words)

	APOD: 2000 November 1 - Double Asteroid 90 Antiope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each day a different image or photograph of our fascinating universe is featured, along with a brief explanation written by a professional astronomer.
		Binary asteroids and asteroids with moons are believed to be rare, but observations of their orbits allow a direct determination of asteroid masses and densities.
		Surprisingly, Antiope and known asteroid-moon systems are found to have densities closer to ice than rock, despite their relatively dark and unreflective surfaces.
	antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov /apod/ap001101.html (192 words)

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