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Topic: Binary logic

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	Binary search - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In computer science, binary search or binary chop is a search algorithm for finding a particular value in a linear array, by "ruling out" half of the data at each step.
		A binary search is an example of a divide and conquer algorithm and a dichotomic search.
		An example of binary search in action is a simple guessing game in which a player has to guess a positive integer selected by another player between 1 and N, using only questions answered with yes or no. Supposing N is 16 and the number 11 is selected, the game might proceed as follows.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Binary_search (902 words)

	Temporal logic - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In logic, the term temporal logic is used to describe any system of rules and symbolism for representing, and reasoning about, propositions qualified in terms of time.
		Temporal logic was first studied in depth by Aristotle, whose writings are filled with a crude form of first order temporal modal binary logic.
		Any logic which views time as a sequence of states is a temporal logic, and any logic which uses only two truth values is a binary logic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Temporal_logic (290 words)

	Current hogging injection logic - Patent 4035664
		A monolithically integrated binary logic circuit as recited in claim 8 wherein said collector of said first transistor, said base of said fourth transistor and said emitter of said second transistor are respectively formed in common by a second portion of said monolithic semiconductor structure of a second conductivity type.
		A monolithically integrated binary logic circuit as recited in claim 9 wherein said collector of said second transistor, said base of said fifth transistor and said emitter of said third transistor are respectively formed in common by a third portion of said monolithic semiconductor structure of said second conductivity type.
		A monolithically integrated binary logic circuit as recited in claim 1 wherein said third input terminal, said collector of said third transistor and said base of said sixth transistor are respectively formed in common by a third integral portion of the semiconductor material of which said monolithically integrated binary logic circuit is fabricated.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4035664.html (5859 words)

	fuzzy logic. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Classical logic holds that everything can be expressed in binary terms: 0 or 1, fl or white, yes or no; in terms of Boolean algebra, everything is in one set or another but not in both.
		Fuzzy logic allows for partial membership in a set, values between 0 and 1, shades of gray, and maybe—it introduces the concept of the “fuzzy set.” When the approximate reasoning of fuzzy logic is used with an expert system, logical inferences can be drawn from imprecise relationships.
		Fuzzy logic is now used to optimize automatically the wash cycle of a washing machine by sensing the load size, fabric mix, and quantity of detergent and has applications in the control of passenger elevators, household appliances, cameras, automobile subsystems, and smart weapons.
	www.bartleby.com /65/fu/fuzzylogi.html (279 words)

	Logic As The Language Of Innate Order In Consciousness
		Binary logic usually is the first and most common logic students encounter, but they rarely encounter meaning beyond it being a mechanical convenience for analyzing mathematical relationships and attempting to analyze ordinary language arguments.
		In binary logic, the two elements normally are semantically regarded as "false" and "true" and "true" (often symbolized by 0 and 1, respectively).
		With each logical operator, there should be two frequency ranges: that of the neural pulse (1-40 Hz) and the high GHz frequency that causes the microtubule to assume the shape that modulates the wave to produce the EEG matching the brain activity associated with processing a particular logical function.
	home.earthlink.net /~jhorne18/jsi_paper.shtml (4942 words)

	Circuit Builder
		The objective is to devise and to piece together a series of binary logic elements to effect an ultimate mathematical operation such as addition, or subtraction, or multiplication.
		We consider three logic elements from which all binary logic may be constructed: the AND, OR, and NOT gates.
		That is, use the circuit builder to establish the logic behavior of AND, NOT, OR, NAND, NOR.
	www.jhu.edu /~virtlab/logic/log_cir.htm (1230 words)

	multi-valued logic: an introduction
		The focus is on extending the notion of binary logic as the description of electronic switching between two states (in general given as '1' and '0', or 'on' and 'off' or 'true' and 'false') to multi-value logic.
		the logic '1' is assumed to be identical to the arithmetical '1' and the logical '0' is assumed to be identical to the arithmetical '0'.
		In binary logic the opposite of '1' is '0'.
	www.multivaluelogic.com (4339 words)

	Binary counting system - Patent 4065915
		When the clock input goes from a logical one to logical zero, the outputs Q and Q change state depending upon the control inputs J and K. By means of these J and K inputs, it is possible to make interconnection among the stages of a multistage counter to make the counter skip certain counts.
		The decoding and driving means 22 consists of logical switching circuits to determine, based upon the binary signals from each of the counters, which digits are to be displayed in each of the various positions (e.g., tens of hours, units hours, etc.), and driving circuitry appropriate to the specific display device 18 in use.
		Since each binary logic signal, or "bit", used to represent the states of a counter requires the use of some sort of binary memory device, such as flip-flop, it is desirable to represent the twenty-four states of the hours counter with only five bits.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4065915.html (5383 words)

	Dragon Science: Driven to the Wall
		Prior to fuzzy logic, computers and electronic devices processed data using binary logic, which is based upon only two alternatives (0 or 1, either/or).
		A binary system processes data in fl and white; a microprocessor switch must be in either the on or off position.
		A washing machine that uses a fuzzy logic system can vary its speed and water levels, depending on the size of the load and how dirty the clothes are; put food in a fuzzy microwave and it senses how long and how hot to cook it; a fuzzy camcorder adjusts for shakiness.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_602/4562_drive.html (568 words)

	Fluid chip does binary logic TRN 100604
		Researchers are working schemes to carry out logic operations with microfluidic chips, which push tiny amounts of fluid through channels and are usually used to perform biological and chemical testing.
		Logic gates convert one or two inputs into an output based on a rule.
		The researchers' microfluidic logic gates convert "flow" or "not flow" inputs to outputs of "dyed" or "not dyed" liquid.
	trnmag.com /Stories/2004/100604/Fluid_chip_does_binary_logic_100604.html (987 words)

	The Logic of More: Ternary Logic in Ripple Adders and Scramblers. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Combined with the lack of a multi-value logic based circuit technology there is little interest in the application of multi-value logic.
		However binary logic in a way is as artificial and alien as multi-value logic, if not more so, because of its limited capabilities compared to our natural logical capabilities.
		That means 16 functions for binary logic, close to 20,000 functions for ternary logic and a whopping 4 billion functions for 4-value logic.
	lablans.home.att.net (1362 words)

	Binary Numbers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Binary digits are most often referred to at bits, short for "binary digits." The binary number system has exactly two symbols (0,1).
		Simply put, a binary number is just a series of bits such as: 010110.
		In order to distinguish between the binary number system and other number systems such as decimal, octal, or hexadecimal, we use a subscript of either 2 or B on binary numbers.
	instruction.blackhawk.tec.wi.us /jbellman/binary_numbers.htm (113 words)

	Fuzzy Logic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fuzzy logic manipulates such vague concepts as "warm" or "still dirty" and so helps engineers to build air conditioners, washing machines and other devices that judge how fast they should operate or shift from one setting to another even when the criteria for making those changes are hard to define.
		This principle preserves the structure of logic and avoids the contradiction of an object that both is and is not a thing at the same time.
		In this way, fuzzy logic just skirts the bivalent contradiction-that something is 100 percent cool and 100 percent not cool-that would destroy formal logic.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/fuzzylog.html (4865 words)

	Scientific American: What is 'fuzzy logic'? Are there computers that are inherently fuzzy and do not apply the usual ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fuzzy logic is supposed to be used for reasoning about inherently vague concepts, such as 'tallness.' For example, we might say that 'President Clinton is tall,' with degree of truth of 0.9.
		In fuzzy logic, the three operations AND, OR and NOT return a degree of membership that is a number between 0 and 1.
		Fuzzy logic can be used for situations in which conventional logic technologies are not effective, such as systems and devices that cannot be precisely described by mathematical models, those that have significant uncertainties or contradictory conditions, and linguistically controlled devices or systems.
	www.sciam.com /print_version.cfm?articleID=000E9C72-536D-1C72-9EB7809EC588F2D7 (1335 words)

	Logic History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Even though he thought logic should be binary for past and present events with its law of the excluded middle (no intermediate values for truth) he did not accept binary truth values for future events since that would result in determinism.
		Another rule of binary logic is that it must have the property of cascadability so that the output of one operation can be used as the input to the another.
		The great advance of circuit logic is that it added the element of topology (interconnectedness and temporal sequencing) to logic design which allowed for a greater freedom of design than was usual using the symbolic, non-graphical, approach of most logisticians.
	www.neurocomputing.org /Logic_History/body_logic_history.html (2755 words)

	Binary Reasoning
		Well, if you were to convert that in to binary logic you might say: "It is true that X is 75% true".
		binary logic serves a very good purpose, but relying on it exclusively for life hinders you from things in the long run.
		That statement can be either 100% true or 100% false, thus fitting into binary logic.
	captaincynic.com /thread.php3/thrdid=36910-u-frmid=12 (251 words)

	Embedded.com - Is it time to move beyond zeroes and ones?
		One of those discarded ideas was to move beyond binary logic to circuits based on multi-valued logic in which the information density and processing efficiency of a circuit could theoretically be increased substantially without any further expensive "improvements" to the underlying fabrication technology.
		Despite the fact that all of the theoretical work on multi-valued logic that is available, we may be faced with a situation similar to that of the missionary in an apocryphal story I heard in an undergrad class in anthropology.
		Binary logic is like driving through Manhattan and only to be able to drive straight and make right turns.
	www.embedded.com /showArticle.jhtml?articleID=13100886 (1904 words)

	Binary Number System
		Since there is a correspondence between the logic levels used by the computer and the two digits used in the binary numbering system, it should come as no surprise that computers employ the binary system.
		When performing the division, the remainders which will represent the binary equivalent of the decimal number are written beginning at the least significant digit (right) and each new digit is written to more significant digit (the left) of the previous digit.
		When performing the subtraction, the digits which will represent the binary equivalent of the decimal number are written beginning at the most significant digit (the left) and each new digit is written to the next lesser significant digit (on the right) of the previous digit.
	www.danbbs.dk /~erikoest/binary.htm (2077 words)

	Ternarylogic LLC
		However when processing speed is an issue binary logic will create overhead related to word synchronization and higher clock-rates to maintain a constant multi-level symbol throughput.
		Binary logic may be considered to be a subset of a higher valued logic.
		Logic circuits with gates and inverters in 'chained' expressions.
	www.ternarylogic.com (1134 words)

	Digitallab - Logic Gates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the binary numeration system is an interesting mathematical abstraction, we haven't yet seen its practical application to electronics.
		What makes binary numeration so important to the application of digital electronics is the ease in which bits may be represented in physical terms.
		Because a binary bit can only have one of two different values, either 0 or 1, any physical medium capable of switching between two saturated states may be used to represent a bit.
	www.digitallab.uni.cc /electronics-tutorials/logic-gates/logic-gates.php (362 words)

	Digital Logic
		Using this two-valued logic system, every statement or condition must be either "true" or "false;" it cannot be partly true and partly false.
		One essential reason for basing logical operations on the binary number system is that it is easy to design simple, stable electronic circuits that can switch back and forth between two clearly-defined states, with no ambiguity attached.
		Digital logic may be divided into two classes: combinational logic, in which the logical outputs are determined by the logical function being performed and the logical input states at that particular moment; and sequential logic, in which the outputs also depend on the prior states of those outputs.
	www.play-hookey.com /digital (645 words)

	Binary Logic Gates (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A logic gate, then, is a circuit that can decide to say yes or no at the output based upon the inputs.
		We generally express the logical operation of a gate with a truth table that lists all input combinations and the corresponding outputs as illustrated in Table 1.
		The logical operation of the 2-input OR gate is described in Table 2.
	hagar.up.ac.za /catts/learner/leonb/rbo/logic_gates.htm (823 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Boolean algebra, sometimes referred to as the algebra of logic, is a two-valued system of algebra that represents logical relationships and operations.
		The binary 0 and 1 states used by computers are naturally related to the true and false logic variables.
		In the field of computer science binary logic is called “digital logic” (a set of rules for representing the relationships and interactions among numbers, symbols, words, and other data stored or entered in a computer's memory).
	users.galesburg.net /~atkins/boolean.html (892 words)

	MV logic for binary hardware (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This is due to the fact that (a) there is no good multi-valued multi-level logic optimization package available that has a complete suite of algorithms, (b) the encoding problem is difficult for large circuits since it is hard to see how an encoding decision ultimately affects the binary logic optimizations to be applied afterwards.
		The notion of don't cares used in binary logic is generalized to multi-valued logic.
		This method traverses the logic network from primary outputs to inputs and encodes all multi-valued variables into binary by satisfying input-output constraints, and thus maintains the optimality of MV synthesis results (Ref[6]).
	www-cad.eecs.berkeley.edu /research/mvsis/proj/hardware.html (470 words)

	[No title]
		Abstract Multiple-valued quantum logic is in such relation to binary quantum logic as multiple-valued reversible logic to binary reversible logic.
		This result is different from binary reversible logic, where the minimum universal gate is 33 [19,44] (all quantum gates are reversible and reversible gates have the same number of inputs and outputs and are one-to-one mappings, kk gate has k inputs and k outputs).
		Generalization of binary quantum algorithms to multiple-valued ones: for Fourier Transform [46], EPR [3], encoding[8], teleportation [9] and entanglement [40] were presented.
	www.ee.pdx.edu /~mperkows/=PUBLICATIONS/PDF-2003/sendai.doc (4707 words)

	E8200 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		This 5 day course is designed to introduce the participant to the fundamentals of Digital Logic as used in Industrial Electronic circuitry.
		The course starts with the Binary numbering system, followed by Binary logic gate theory and testing.
		Test basic Logic states by using an O'Scope, a DVM (digital voltmeter), or a Logic probe.
	users.snip.net /~nickf/Techtng/COURSES/E8200.htm (145 words)

	Dark Logic: Understanding Binary, Hexadecimal and Octal
		Why are binary, hexadecimal and octal important in the world of computers?
		Well, a 'byte' (8 Binary digits) can be expressed as two hexadecimal digits, or as three octal digits.
		Many binary file editors use hexadecimal to express each byte.
	www.dark-logic.com /pgm/binary.html (1073 words)

	New Straits Times: Binary logic and wayang view of the PM@ HighBeam Research
		Binary logic and wayang view of the PM «Read the Full Article, get a FREE TRIAL for instant access» This is a premium article.
		Binary logic and wayang view of the PM
		THERE is a school of political study that chides the binary logic of Western philosophy, describing it as characteristic dualisms, of paired opposites.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:82741456&refid=holomed_1 (203 words)

	Binary Logic Fundamentals (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Logic gate; Logic circuit; AND gate; OR gate; NOT gate; EXCLUSIVE OR gate
		In Week 2 we will examine the fundamentals of binary logic - the means by which a binary computer runs programs.
		Note: the downloadable notes are in the form of an executable Winzip file.
	cmedia.glos.ac.uk /gbs/CL/howcomp/plogic.htm (83 words)

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