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Topic: Binding energy

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	Binding energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		At the nuclear level, binding energy is derived from the strong nuclear force and is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into neutrons and protons.
		At the atomic level, binding energy is derived from electromagnetic interaction and is the energy required to disassemble an atom into electrons and a nucleus.
		In astrophysics, gravitational binding energy of a celestial body is the energy required to disassemble it into space debris, not to be confused with the gravitational potential energy to separate e.g.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Binding_energy (424 words)

	Gravitational binding energy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gravitational binding energy of an object consisting of loose material, held together by gravity alone, is the amount of energy required to pull all material apart, to infinity.
		It is also the amount of energy that is liberated (usually in the form of heat) during the accretion of such an object from material falling from infinity.
		For a system consisting of a celestial body and a satellite, the gravitational binding energy is more in absolute value than the potential energy of the satellite with respect to the celestial body, because for the latter quantity, only the separation of the two components is taken into account, keeping each intact.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gravitational_binding_energy (277 words)

	Binding energy
		The neutron and proton binding energies are the energies necessary to release a neutron or proton from the nucleus.
		However in the case of the heaviest nuclei of an atom, such as uranium, the binding energy per nucleon is slightly less negative than for nuclei with medium mass numbers.
		Similarly the binding energy of the light nuclei of the hydrogen isotopes deuterium and tritium is significantly less negative than that of the helium nucleus He-4.
	www.euronuclear.org /info/encyclopedia/bindingenergy.htm (218 words)

	BINDING ENERGY FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		At the nuclear level, binding energy is derived from the strong_nuclear_force and is the energy required to disassemble a nucleus into neutrons and protons.
		At the atomic level, binding energy is derived from electromagnetic_interaction and is the energy required to disassemble an atom into electrons and a nucleus.
		The energy given off during either nuclear_fusion or nuclear_fission is the difference between the binding energies of the fuel and the fusion or fission products.
	www.redabacus.com /binding_energy (398 words)

	MSN Encarta - Nuclear Energy
		The binding energy of a nucleus is a measure of how tightly its protons and neutrons are held together by the nuclear forces.
		The binding energy per nucleon, the energy required to remove one neutron or proton from a nucleus, is a function of the mass number A.
		The curve of binding energy implies that if two light nuclei near the left end of the curve coalesce to form a heavier nucleus, or if a heavy nucleus at the far right splits into two lighter ones, more tightly bound nuclei result, and energy will be released.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558960/Nuclear_Energy.html (837 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		It is a graph that plots the Binding Energy per Nucleon as a vertical coordinate and the Mass Number of the elements as the horizontal coordinate.
		The more binding energy that is released per nucleon, the more stable a nucleus is. Since 56 is the high point of the graph, it means that any nucleus with a mass number of 56 will achieve the maximum stability possible.
		This slight excess of energy is released as gamma.
	www.bcpl.net /~kdrews/nuclearchem/nuclear.html (680 words)

	BINDING ENERGY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The difference in mass between the nucleus and the sum of all the protons and neutrons is known as the mass defect and it is this which is transformed into the binding energy.
		The relationship between mass and energy is given in Einstein's equation below where E is the energy released, m is the mass defect and c is the speed of light.
		If the binding energy per nucleon was plotted against molar mass you would find that elements with a molar mass of around 60 are the most stable.
	www.chm.bris.ac.uk /webprojects2002/sidell/BINDEN.htm (191 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Functional asymmetry in the lysyl-tRNA synthetase explored by molecular dynamics, free ...
		Binding free energies were calculated as the difference between the free energy of the enzyme-ligand complex and the free ligand and protein.
		The binding free energy trace shown in the middle panel of Figure 5 was considered to bear a similarity to an interaction between Arg 269' (where the prime indicates the residue is in the second monomer) and ATP that was observed in the simulations (Hughes et al, manuscript in preparation).
		Binding energies calculated during this interval would not correspond to a ground state enzyme-ligand complex, but rather to a quasi-transition state or quasi-product state, and therefore should not be included in the average binding free energy.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6807/3/5 (10649 words)

	Nuclear Binding Energy
		The Standard Model of physics refers to the "binding energy" of the atomic nucleus as though energy were the actual cause of the nuclear binding.
		In the atom, the total binding force should be calculated from the sum of all electromagnetic attraction force in the electrons, protons, and neutrons minus the total electrostatic repulsion force.
		Since energy is equal to force times distance, and we know the strong nuclear force and the measured binding energy of the isotopes, we can calculate the total distance the forces are moving within the atom.
	www.16pi2.com /binding_energy.htm (649 words)

	Binding energy : Stellar evolution : E-learning : Learning : National Maritime Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Energy is released by the fusion of light elements into heavier elements (elements on the left) or the fission of heavy elements into lighter elements (elements on the right).
		The general decrease in binding energy beyond iron is caused by the fact that, as the nucleus gets bigger, the ability of the strong force to counteract the electrostatic force between the protons becomes weaker.
		The peaks in binding energy at 4,8,16 and 24 nucleons is a consequence of the great stability of helium-4 a combination of two protons and two neutrons.
	www.nmm.ac.uk /site/request/setTemplate:singlecontent/contentTypeA/conWebDoc/contentId/731 (794 words)

	Cougar Labs, Inc. - Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		As a consequence of the randomness, the energies of individual particles are not all the same, and are characterized by a distribution.
		Energy goes into changes in configuration(s) that permit the bound state to form. To undo the bound state, that energy must somehow be put back in.
		The activation energy of desorption is generally the sum of the heat of adsorption and the activation energy of adsorption.
	www.cougarlabs.com /bind1.html (1489 words)

	Binding Energy
		Binding energy is defined as the amount of energy that must be supplied to a nucleus to completely separate its nuclear particles (nucleons).
		Binding energy is the energy equivalent of the mass defect. Since the mass defect was converted to binding energy (BE) when the nucleus was formed, it is possible to calculate the binding energy using a conversion factor derived by the mass-energy relationship from Einstein's Theory of Relativity.
		The state of lowest energy is the one in which the atom is normally found and is called the ground state.
	www.tpub.com /doenuclearphys/nuclearphysics11.htm (505 words)

	Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Einstein showed that mass and energy are really two different forms of the same thing; the "vanishing" mass of the protons and neutrons is simply converted to energy.
		The "binding energy" of a particular isotope is the amount of energy released at its creation; you can calculate it by finding the amount of mass that "disappears" and using Einstein's equation.
		The binding energy is also the amount of energy you'd need to add to a nucleus to break it up into protons and neutrons again; the larger the binding energy, the more difficult that would be.
	www.colorado.edu /physics/2000/isotopes/binding_energy.html (158 words)

	Manhattan Project: Physics: Mike Birken and Brian Sullivan (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The conversion of mass to energy follows Einstein's equation, E = mc2, where E is the energy equivalent to a mass, m, and c is the velocity of light.
		This difference is known as the mass defect and is a measure of the total binding energy (and, hence, the stability) of the nucleus.
		This binding energy is released during the formation of a nucleus from its constituent nucleons and would have to be supplied to the nucleus to decompose it into its individual nucleon components.
	www.bergen.org /AAST/manhattan_proj/projects.mp/phy_mbbs.html (1133 words)

	Binding energy
		The binding energy B of a nucleus consisting of Z protons and N=A-Z neutrons is defined implicitly in the atomic mass
		The binding energy per nucleon B(A,Z)/A for 342 beta-stable nuclei from the 1993 mass tabulation is plotted as a function of A in Figure
		The binding energy for massive nuclei (A;SPMgt;60) thus grows roughly as A; if the nuclear force were long range, one would expect a variation in proportion to the number of possible pairs of nucleons, i.e.
	www.phy.uct.ac.za /courses/phy300w/np/ch1/node20.html (333 words)

	Nuclear Binding Energy
		The binding energy curve is obtained by dividing the total nuclear binding energy by the number of nucleons.
		The fact that there is a peak in the binding energy curve in the region of stability near iron means that either the breakup of heavier nuclei (fission) or the combining of lighter nuclei (fusion) will yield nuclei which are more tightly bound (less mass per nucleon).
		The binding energies of nucleons are in the range of millions of electron volts compared to tens of eV for atomic electrons.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/nucene/nucbin.html (409 words)

	Nuclear Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This lost mass is the nuclear binding energy: the energy that holds the nucleus together.
		To compute the nuclear binding energy, simply total up the masses of the protons and neutrons in a nucleus and compare it to the mass of the nucleus.
		To judge the relative stability of nuclei, binding energy/nucleon is a better measure than absolute energy since large nuclei always have more binding energy than smaller.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/NuclearChemistry/NuclChemIndex/NuclearBindingEnergy/NuclearBindingEnergy.htm (243 words)

	The Curve of Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		This plot shows the amount of binding energy per nucleon (A nucleon is either a neutron or a proton.
		From the curve of binding energy, the heaviest nuclei are less stable than the nuclei near A=60.
		The curve of binding energy suggests a second way in which energy could be released in nuclear reactions.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/energy/bindingE.html (401 words)

	2_1.3.html - Nuclear Structure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The term BE/c2 is the total binding energy** of the nucleus, expressed in units of mass.
		When the total binding energy is expressed in terms of mass such as this, it is known as the Mass Defect or Mass Deficit.
		Since the atomic mass unit mu is defined in terms of the 1/12 of the mass of the C-12 atom, it is useful to compare a particular nucleus' binding energy to that of C-12.
	www.med.harvard.edu /JPNM/physics/nmltd/radprin/sect2/2.1/2_1.3.html (365 words)

	Foundations to Chemistry - adapted from "Chemistry, Matter and the Universe"
		With nuclear reactions, the energies involved are so great that the changes in mass become easily measurable.
		Some of the mass of the separated particles is converted into energy and dissipated when the nucleus is formed.
		This energy is termed the binding energy of the helium nucleus.
	www.chem.ox.ac.uk /vrchemistry/Conservation/page21.htm (215 words)

	Re: binding energy calculations -- summary (fwd)
		Once all of these calculations are done we average the binding energy results.
		The variation between binding results in some cases as small as 3 kcal/mol to 9 kcal/mol.
		When averaged we obtain free energies of binding within 1-2 kcal/mol of the experimental numbers.
	www.ibiblio.org /water/wsn-archive/msg00243.html (482 words)

	Lectures 23 - PHY357: Strings & Binding Energy
		This is a phenomenological potential and the string part is not, as yet, derivable from the fundamental theory of QCD, although numerical calculations and plausibility arguments suggest that QCD is in agreement with the observations.
		The binding energy of an atom (Z protons and electrons, N neutrons, A=N+Z) is the difference between the summed masses of the separate nucleons and electrons and the atomic mass:
		The net binding energy is due to several factors, but the measured binding energy per nucleon is almost constant (B/A~8MeV) for stable nuclei withA>25.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/DBailey/SubAtomic/Lectures/LectF25/Lect25.htm (522 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Improved prediction of HIV-1 protease-inhibitor binding energies by molecular dynamics ...
		The enthalpy of binding is calculated by molecular mechanics, while properties such as complementary hydrophobic surface area are used to estimate the entropy of binding through heuristics.
		The binding energies of all protease molecules bound to different inhibitors were influenced by the movement of the flap regions with the correlation coefficient decreasing as the flaps moved away from the experimental structure.
		Three binding energy terms were taken into account in the docking step: the van der Waals interaction represented as a Lennard-Jones 12–6 dispersion/repulsion term, the hydrogen bonding represented as a directional 12–10 term, and the Coulombic electrostatic potential.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1472-6807/3/2 (4530 words)

	Binding Energy
		The loss in mass, or mass defect, is due to the conversion of mass to binding energy when the
		Binding energy is the energy equivalent of the mass defect.
		the binding energy using a conversion factor derived by the mass-energy relationship from
	www.tpub.com /content/doe/h1019v1/css/h1019v1_42.htm (155 words)

	Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Eddington argued in his 1920 presidential address to the British Association for the Advancement of Science that Aston's measurement of the mass difference between hydrogen and helium meant that the sun could shine by converting hydrogen atoms to helium.
		If, indeed, the sub-atomic energy in the stars is being freely used to maintain their great furnaces, it seems to bring a little nearer to fulfillment our dream of controlling this latent power for the well-being of the human race---or for its suicide.
		Calculate the binding energy (in MeV) liberated in each of the following nuclear reactions.
	hypertextbook.com /physics/modern/binding/index.shtml (236 words)

	Binding Energy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		The binding energy we are interested in is that of the interacting molecules minus separate H
		There is a problem in that the electrons in the fully interacting system can switch molecules and have no effect on the computation, but these configurations are very unlikely in the non-interacting system.
		Figure 3.5 shows the error in the VMC binding energy for various intermolecular distances.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Science/CMP/dewing/thesis/node26.html (206 words)

	Free Energy Determinants of Binding the rRNA Substrate and Small Ligands to Ricin A-Chain -- Olson and Cuff 76 (1): 28 ...
		RNA binding is dominated by the nonspecific interactions of the phosphate backbone.
		The calculations indicate that for PTA and ApG, the free energies of binding reproduced the estimated
		Binding affinities for sulfonamide inhibitors with human thrombin using Monte Carlo simulations with a linear response method.
	www.biophysj.org /cgi/content/full/76/1/28 (5372 words)

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