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	National High Magnetic Field Laboratory - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Karl Alexander Muller
		Georg Bednorz, abandoned the metal alloys typically used in superconductivity research in favor of a class of oxides known as perovskites.
		In the late 1970s he brought on Gerd Binnig, who a few years later developed the scanning-tunneling microscope with his colleague Heinrich Rohrer.
		Binnig and Rohrer shared part of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1986.
	www.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/muller.html (1012 words)

	BINNIG, Gerd Karl
		In the late 1970s at the IBM Research Laboratory in Zürich, Switzerland, Binnig and a colleague, the Swiss physicist Heinrich Rohrer, studied the interaction of substances on the surfaces of conducting and semiconducting materials.
		By making use of the tunnel effect, a quantum physics phenomenon described in 1960, Binnig and Rohrer were able to get electrons to travel or “tunnel” through a vacuum, a step that led to the design of their microscope.
		Binnig and Rohrer shared half of the 1986 Nobel Prize in physics for their invention; the other half went to the German physicist Ernst A. Ruska for his design (1933) of the first electron microscope.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..bi097450.a#FWNE.fw..bi097450.a (503 words)

	Gerd Binnig (Site not responding. Last check: )
		IBM Press Release: Gerd Binnig, along with his colleague, Heinrich Rohrer, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in in 1986 for his work in scanning tunneling microscopy.
		Binnig and Rohrer were recognized for developing the powerful microscopy technique, which can form an image of individual atoms on a metal or semiconductor surface by scanning the tip of a needle overthe surface at a height of only a few atomic diameters.
		Binnig was assigned to IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, Calif., from 1985 to 1986, and was a visiting professor at nearby Stanford University from 1987 to 1988.
	www.tu-darmstadt.de /surface/methoden/AFM/binnig.htm (179 words)

	CIRL - Pioneers in Electricity and Magnetism: Gerd Binning
		For their remarkable achievement, Binnig and Rohrer shared the 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics with Ernst Ruska, inventor of the electron microscope.
		Binnig entered the world on July 20, 1947, the elder of two sons born to Karl Franz Binnig and Ruth Bracke Binnig.
		Binnig’s dissertation was a study of superconductivity, an area of interest he would later share with Rohrer.
	education.magnet.fsu.edu /education/tutorials/pioneers/binnig.html (883 words)

	Invent Now \| Hall of Fame \| Search \| Inventor Profile
		The most recent revolution came with Heinrich Rohrer and Gerd Karl Binnig's scanning tunneling microscope (STM), invented in 1981, which provided the first images of individual atoms on the surfaces of materials.
		Binnig and Rohrer began their STM work at the IBM Zurich Division's Research Laboratory in 1978.
		Binnig, born in Frankfurt, West Germany, had just completed his Ph.D. at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University of Frankfurt, where he studied superconductivity.
	www.invent.org /hall_of_fame/14.html (242 words)

	Gerd Binnig Biography \| World of Invention
		Binnig was born in Frankfurt am Main, then West Germany, on July 20, 1947, the son of Ruth Bracke Binnig, a drafter, and Karl Franz Binnig, a machine engineer.
		While he was on leave at Stanford University in California in 1985, Binnig examined the use of the atomic force between atoms, rather than tunneling current, to move the scanning tip over a solid's surface.
		Binnig shared his ideas with Christoph Gerber of IBM Zurich and Calvin Quate of Stanford, and soon they had produced a prototype of a new type of scanner, the atomic force microscope (AFM), which started a new field of microscopy.
	www.bookrags.com /biography/gerd-binnig-woi (710 words)

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