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Topic: Biodegradation

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	Biodegradation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biodegradation is the decomposition of organic material by microorganisms.
		The term biodegradation is often used in relation to sewage treatment, environmental remediation (bioremediation) and to plastic materials although biodegradation is perhaps better regarded as the closing of the loop commencing with photosynthesis.
		Whether a material is biodegradable makes little difference; biodegradable matter usually does not decay, because of the lack of oxygen required by the microorganisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biodegradation (593 words)

	UTCHEM BIODEGRADATION MODEL DESCRIPTION AND CAPABILITIES
		The biodegradation model equations describe the transport of substrate and electron acceptor from the aqueous phase into attached biomass, the loss of substrate and electron acceptor through biodegradation reactions, and the resulting growth of the free-floating or attached biomass.
		The flow and biodegradation system is solved through operator splitting, in which the solution to the flow equations is used as the initial conditions for the biodegradation reactions.
		For simplicity, a single population of microorganisms capable of biodegrading the benzene and toluene is assumed to exist in the aquifer.
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/mckinney/papers/UTCHEM_BIO/UTCHEM_BIO.html (3261 words)

	[No title]
		Given the similarity between the dimensions of benzene and MTBE plumes, and the similar biodegradation rate estimates obtained for benzene and MTBE it is reasonable to conclude that MTBE is as resistant to microbial attack as benzene, a compound that is notoriously resistant to anaerobic biodegradation (Krumholz et al, 1996).
		Biodegradation in the resulting anaerobic environments is dependent on the availability of alternate electron acceptors including solid-phase manganese and ferric oxides along with soluble electron acceptors including nitrate and sulfate.
		When biodegradation was not included in the model, chromatographic separation of the benzene and methanol plumes occurred at approximately 35 m at which point the methanol plume advanced ahead of the benzene plume.
	www.ethanol-gec.org /fatereport.doc (13917 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Enhanced-Rate Biodegradation of Organophosphate Neurotoxins by Immobilized Non-Growing ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Interpretive Summary: Recent progress in the biodegradation of organophosphate insecticides suggests that biological treatment may prove to be the most environmentally and economically feasible strategy for detoxifying these compounds and for cleaning up contaminated soils and water.
		In this research, scientists compared the biodegradation rates of the insecticide coumaphos by bacterial cells trapped (immobilized) in a synthetic gel to rates by the same cells that were suspended in buffer.
		Biodegradation technologies using non-growing immobilized cells should be particularly effective for cases growing organisms are not effective and where long-term storage is important.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/Publications.htm?seq_no_115=135357 (458 words)

	Biodegradation Overview (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The term "biodegradation" is usually applied to compounds that are xenobiotic - compounds manufactured or used by humans in the course of their activities and thereby introduced as a "foreign" substance (xeno = foreign) into an environment.
		It is also often applied to the study of the "biodegradation" of naturally occuring compounds such as lignin or cellulose - typically, in that case the compounds studied are those that are more resistant to decomposition.
		It is a function of the chemical structure of the compound, the environmental conditions, the organisms present and their quantities, the adsorption, release and solubility of the compound, the general bioavailability of the compound, interactions with other compounds present in the environment, kinetics of growth and metabolism, threshold effects, co-metabolic processes, acclimation effects, and others.
	wvlc.uwaterloo.ca /biology447/modules/module5/ovbiodegradation.htm (341 words)

	Novamont
		Biodegradability is characteristic of natural substances and materials of being assimilated by micro-organisms, and thus introduced into the natural cycles.
		So, in natural equilibrium, the process of biodegradation is as important as that of photosynthesis, of which it is both the outcome and the starting point.
		An important role is played in biodegradation by micro-organisms, which are present in every environment, and which are fed by organic waste.
	www.novamont.com /ing/html/prodotto/cosematerbi/biodegradabilita.html (219 words)

	Biodegradation of Sorbed Chemicals in Soil (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Different kinetics expressions describe biodegradation depending on whether the reaction is controlled by mass transfer (diffusion and sorption) or the intrinsic biodegradation rate, and whether biodegradation begins during or after the majority of sorption has occurred.
		If biodegradation is rapid relative to the mass transfer rate (n=0.1), there is little impact of sorption on the rate of degradation of a chemical starting out in the solution phase; however, sorption is more important if the chemical is already sorbed.
		The rate of biodegradation of phenanthrene by a pure culture of Arthrobacter oxidans incubated in sterile soil under unsaturated conditions was substantially reduced relative to the rate in freshly amended soil, regardless of whether incubations were done under saturated conditions or in soil suspensions (Figure 3).
	www.ehponline.org /members/1995/Suppl-5/scow-full.html (2275 words)

	Oilfield Glossary: Term 'biodegradation'
		Biodegradation can be either aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen).
		The potential for biodegradation is commonly measured on drilling-fluid products to ensure that they do not persist in the environment.
		Biodegradation gradually raises oil viscosity, reduces API gravity, increases asphaltene content and increases concentration of certain metals and sulfur.
	www.glossary.oilfield.slb.com /Display.cfm?Term=biodegradation (116 words)

	Biodegradation
		Biodegradation refers to the degradation of organic contaminants in soil and/or groundwater by indigenous or transplanted/acclimated microorganisms, primarily bacteria and fungi.
		The specific contaminants in the soil need to be identified, and their biodegradability, chemical reactivity, and water solubility need to be quantified [1].
		The cost of in situ biodegradation can range between $20 and $80 per cubic yard of soil, depending on the type and depth of the contaminants, groundwater pumping rates, and whether non-indigenous microbes and/or hydrogen peroxide is used [1].
	www.hawaii.edu /abrp/Technologies/biodegr.html (418 words)

	Biodegradation Definition Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Biodegradation is the breakdown of organic contaminants by microbial organisms into smaller compounds.
		Biodegradation processes vary greatly, but frequently the final product of the degradation is carbon dioxide or methane.
		Biodegradation is a key processes in the natural attenuation of contaminants at hazardous waste sites.
	toxics.usgs.gov /definitions/biodegradation.html (214 words)

	DGBrown - Biodegradation Kinetics
		Biodegradation of phenanthrene as a model polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) was studied in soil slurry reactors in the presence and absence of a Triton N-101 surfactant solution.
		A mathematical model was developed which simulates the biodegradation of low solubility hydrocarbons in the presence of soils and surfactants by accounting for the hydrocarbon bioavailability in different phases of the system.
		The model was used to investigate the effect of different operating conditions on the overall biodegradation of phenanthrene.
	www.lehigh.edu /~dgb3/Research/Biodegradation.html (1049 words)

	A 3-D NAPL Flow and Biodegradation ModelA 3-D NAPL Flow and Biodegradation Model
		Advanced biodegradation capabilities have recently been incorporated into UTCHEM that allow both the flow of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) and the fate of organic NAPL constituents to be described within the same model.
		The biodegradation reactions are limited by both the substrate and electron acceptor concentrations through the Monod terms.
		The biodegradation rate expressions are multiplied by the factor E, the mass of electron acceptor consumed per mass of substrate biodegraded.
	www.ce.utexas.edu /prof/mckinney/papers/ASCE_DNAPL/ASCE_DNAPL.html (2593 words)

	Anaerobic Biodegradation Definition Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Anaerobic biodegradation is the breakdown of organic contaminants by microorganisms when oxygen is not present.
		This general mechanism of anaerobic biodegradation is an example of anaerobic respiration.
		Anaerobic biodegradation is an important component of the natural attenuation of contaminants at many hazardous waste sites.
	toxics.usgs.gov /definitions/anaerobic_biodegradation.html (191 words)

	Biodegradation Rates
		Rates of oxygen utilization and biodegradation are highly variable and subject to large uncertainties.
		Biodegradation rates have been assessed with a variety of analytical techniques.
		The availability of oxygen is the most important parameter controlling biodegradation rates in BV applications.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/rathfe01/node6.html (761 words)

	Biodegradation Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Depending on their composition, products take different lengths of time to naturally break down, also known as "biodegradation." Biodegradation is the decomposition of material by microorganisms.
		Biodegradable matter is material that can be biodegraded.
		However, in anaerobic landfills, whether a material is biodegradable makes little difference: biodegradable matter usually does not decay, because of the lack of oxygen required by the microorganisms.
	www.lastormwater.org /WPD/education/biodegrd.htm (107 words)

	Biodegradation - SINTEF
		Biodegradation is an important process which is initiated after discharges of oil to marine environments.
		Biodegradation is important both for the fate of the oil in the water column and sediments, and for the environmental impacts of the discharged oil.
		The scientific competence at our department enable studies of biodegradation related to other processes, including oil weathering characteristics (evaporation, photo-oxidation, dispersion, emulsification, dissolution), horizontal and vertical spreading and dispersion, interactions with particles (sedimented or suspended), and impacts on marine organisms in the water column and sediments.
	www.sintef.no /content/page1____2995.aspx (298 words)

	Biodegradation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons
		As is the case with aliphatic hydrocarbons, aerobic biodegradation of aromatic hydrocarbons involves the participation of molecular oxygen as a direct reactant and as the terminal electron acceptor.
		Therefore, this discussion of biodegradation pathways for aromatic hydrocarbons begins with a description of the pathways used for mineralization of benzene itself.
		The biodegradation pathways for m-xylene is shown in Figure 2-13.
	www.ence.umd.edu /~eseagren/bioAHC97.htm (1299 words)

	Biodegradation and In Vivo Biocompatibility of Rosin: a Natural Film-Forming Polymer
		The specific aim of the present study was to investigate the biodegradation and biocompatibility characteristics of rosin, a natural film-forming polymer.
		In this context, it seems particularly desirable to elucidate the biodegradable and compatible characteristics of rosin.
		One of the major problems faced by researchers is the lack of sufficient biocompatibility over extended periods.
	www.aapspharmscitech.org /view.asp?art=pt040455&pdf=yes (2554 words)

	Technical Summary : MMS Publication 2000-060 Biodegradation of Aromatic Heterocycles from Petroleum Produced Water, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Biodegradation and bioremediation research attempts to develop treatment approaches that detoxify pollutant mixtures as well as remove these compounds from affected systems.
		Attempts are being made to enhance the biodegradation of heterocycles by selecting for effective microbial communities.
		This work examines in detail the biodegradation pathways and rates of degradation for toxic organic chemicals in marine sediments by indigenous microflora.
	www.gomr.mms.gov /homepg/regulate/environ/techsumm/2000/2000-060.html (771 words)

	Biodegradation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		When biodegradation is incomplete, molecules which are smaller than the original ingredient are formed.
		Of all the fate processes affecting consumer product ingredients, biodegradation is the most important because it results in the elimination of the ingredient.
		There are a number of different biodegradation tests, ranging in complexity from the simple Ready Biodegradation Test to the more complex Porous Pot Test.
	www.pgbeautyscience.com /en_UK/safety/biodegradation_en.html (206 words)

	EI - Biodegradation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Biodegradation is nature's way of recycling wastes, or breaking down organic matter into nutrients that can be used by other organisms.
		Through composting, we accelerate natural biodegradation and convert organic wastes to a valuable resource.
		In this case the purpose is to break down organic matter so that it will not cause pollution problems when the water is released into the environment.
	ei.cornell.edu /biodeg?PFP=yes& (254 words)

	CLER Fact Sheet LAS BIODEGRADATION AND SAFETY
		For a chemical such as LAS, this distinction is significant, for LAS biodegrades in anoxic environments and, once initial biodegradation has occurred, LAS will continue to biodegrade even in strictly anaerobic conditions.
		Standard laboratory tests on anaerobic biodegradability, while predicting fate with no oxygen present, do not reflect the behavior of LAS in real-world environments, which are typically subject to oxygen diffusion.
		In an extensive series of studies on a domestic septic system, including the subsurface soil and groundwater, LAS was shown to be rapidly and extensively biodegraded by the microbial populations in the soil.
	www.cler.com /facts/anaerobic.html (1148 words)

	Program Element 1: Biotransformation and Biodegradation
		The goal of all bioremediation efforts is to reduce the potential toxicity of chemical contaminants in the field by using microorganisms, plants, and animals to transform, degrade, or immobilize toxicants.
		At present, the understanding of biotransformation and biodegradation pathways and mechanisms in the field is incomplete.
		Develop sufficient understanding of the interactions between organic biodegradation, metal and radionuclide toxicity, speciation and mobility, and soil and water biota to test new concepts for control of metal toxicity and mobility in field experimental centers.
	www.er.doe.gov /production/ober/nabir/elem1.html (1590 words)

	Biodegradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Oil-Contaminated Beach Sediments Treated with Nutrient Amendments ...
		Enhancement of solubilization and biodegradation of polyaromatic hydrocarbons by the bioemulsifier Alasan.
		Effects of nutrients on crude oil biodegradation in the upper intertidal zone.
		Preliminary study on biodegradation of phenanthrene by bacteria isolated from mangrove sediments in Hong Kong.
	jeq.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/33/3/861 (3435 words)

	HBGC123D Sample 6: Kinetic adsorption and biodegradation
		This "no growth condition" reflects a separate simulation (input file not included) performed with injection of the aqueous microorganism and its subsequent transport through and adsorption to the porous media; biodegradation reaction (5) was not included.
		As biodegradation removes NTA from the system, less is available to complex with Co and adsorb to the surface.
		Though the impact is small for the particular parameters chosen for this example, this result helps to illustrate the value of the capability of simulating kinetic geochemical and microbiological effects simultaneously.
	hbgc.esd.ornl.gov /hbgc123d-1.1/apps/sample6/sample6.html (1151 words)

	4-29 Enhanced Biodegradation
		Oxygen enhancement with air sparging is typically used in conjunction with SVE or bioventing to enhance removal of the volatile component under consideration.
		During hydrogen peroxide enhancement, a dilute solution of hydrogen peroxide is circulated through the contaminated ground water zone to increase the oxygen content of ground water and enhance the rate of aerobic biodegradation of organic contaminants by naturally occurring microbes.
		Fuel has been shown to degrade rapidly under aerobic conditions, but success often is limited by the inability to provide sufficient oxygen to the contaminated zones as a result of the low water solubility of oxygen and because oxygen is rapidly consumed by aerobic microbes.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-31.html (1587 words)

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