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Topic: Biofilm

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	About Biofilm
		BioFilm has recently expanded its Astroglide product line to include a strawberry flavored lubricant and a thicker gel formula.
		BioFilm is registered with the Food and Drug Administration and the products have been approved to sell by the FDA.
		BioFilm's number one priority is to provide its customers with the best products possible.
	www.astroglide.com /about.asp (170 words)

	Biofilm control
		The development of biofilms and the role they play in corrosion and deposition processes may be the most misunderstood and baffling factor in the management of cooling and other industrial water systems.
		Biofilm structure is often imagined as a coating of microbial cells and the secreted biopolymer spread evenly across a surface.
		Coatings and deposits in the form of biofilm and biofilm with entrapped suspended debris are foulants that most of us can comprehend, but biofilms often lead to the additional formation of mineral scales as well.
	www.aquadyntech.com /BIOFILM-WHITEPAPER-I.htm (2769 words)

	Biofilm primer
		Biofilms are composed of populations or communities of microorganisms adhering to environmental surfaces.
		The biofilm is composed of mineral particals, a variety of microorgasims, and a network of slime, or glycocalyx (indicated by the arrows), that binds the microorgasims and particals together.
		The microbial inhabitants with in biofilms and microbial mats in a significant sense behave as multicellular assemblages.
	www.personal.psu.edu /faculty/j/e/jel5/biofilms/primer.html (1508 words)

	Welcome to the O'Toole Lab!
		The focus of my group is the study of biofilm development.
		Biofilms can be defined as communities of bacteria attached to a surface.
		In addition to studying these bacteria in the lab, we also want to know the role of genes required for biofilm formation in the "real world".
	www.dartmouth.edu /~gotoole/intro.html (89 words)

	ASM Biofilms Project (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Biofilms are usually defined as being an assemblage of microscopic animals, plants, and bacteria attached to a surface.
		A biofilm consisting of cell clusters, discrete aggregates of microbial cells in a slime matrix (teal), separated by interstitial voids or water channels (red).
		The biofilm was composed of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Klebsiella pneumoniae and was grown in a rectangular flow cell with an average flow velocity of 9 cm/s.
	www.rit.edu /~jadsbi/asmbiofilm/pseudomonas.html (415 words)

	MIOX : Benefits : Biofilm Removal
		Biofilm is a substance that forms readily in water distribution lines, cooling towers, and any other aqueous environment.
		Biofilm is resistant to chlorine and is difficult to remove once initial adhesion occurs.
		Biofilm removal in a hot springs facility in Japan using mixed oxidants was also dramatic when compared to sodium hypochlorite that had previously been used on a continuous basis.
	www.miox.com /benefits/item/biofilm_removal (406 words)

	Biofilm; Disinfecting using Hydrogen Peroxide Silver Biocides
		Biofilm - This short paper examines the use of Accepta 8101, a highly effective disinfecting biocide formulated from hydrogen peroxide and silver, for the removal of biofilm.
		Biofilm are bacterial communities that can appear almost anywhere, fouling machinery, clogging pipes, and contributing to many forms of human disease.
		The biofilm also acts as a barrier to biocides like chlorine, which react with its surface layers while letting the protected bacteria population grow unchecked, until they break out of the biofilm to cause disease and infection, such as an outbreak of Legionnaires disease.
	www.accepta.com /Industry_Water_Treatment/Biofilm_biocide.asp (839 words)

	Center for Genomic Sciences
		Biofilms are difficult to define because of their diversity, both in terms of the micro-organisms that inhabit them and the environmentsin which they are found.
		Detached biofilm particles can be single cells or clumps of cells that GREW on a surface in a biofilm and subsequently detached due to either a biological or environmental stimuli.
		Similar criteria are now increasingly being used to flag a putative biofilm etiology for chronic illnesses in which signs and symptoms suggest infection, but cultures may be negative and the illness does not respond to antibiotic treatment.
	centerforgenomicsciences.org /research/biofilm.html (1118 words)

	Systems Biology at PNNL - Microbial Biofilms (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, biofilms also contribute to biocorrosion, are associated with tooth decay, and are responsible for infections of the human body.
		We are designing and evaluating a fermentor to grow biofilms reproducibly; constructing genetically modified bacteria to study biofilm development; investigating single- and multiple-species interactions with reactive surfaces; and providing well-defined, controlled samples for developing biofilm research capabilities.
		Noninvasive Biofilm Characterization Using Acoustic Microscopy – New acoustic microscopy-based capabilities are being developed and demonstrated at PNNL to better understand biofilm community structure and dynamic space-time processes in three-dimensional, heterogeneous, living biofilms.
	www.sysbio.org /sysbio/biofilms.stm (979 words)

	BDSP - Base documentaire - Visualisation de la notice
		Le biofilm était présent sur les canaux d'aspiration et de biopsie de 5 des 13 endoscopes, et était très étendu sur l'un d'eux.
		We predicted that biofilm would form on surfaces of endoscope tubing in contact with fluids, and may be difficult to remove by current washing procedures.
		Biofilm (bacteria plus exopolysaccharides matrix) was present on the suction/biopsy channels of five of 13 instruments, and was very extensive on one of these.
	www.bdsp.tm.fr /Base/Scripts/ShowA.bs?bqRef=320381 (417 words)

	Chapter Abstracts: The Biofilm Mode of Life: Mechanisms and Adaptations
		Recent advances in studies of biofilm systems have generated a wealth of novel information on multicellular prokaryotic biology and have established models for the formation of biofilms and the biology of their lifecycles.
		While the particular roles of the signaling systems in biofilm formation varies among species, the implications of several phenomena, from natural transformation of streptococci to quorum sensing variant generation in staphylococci, may only be fully appreciated in the context of biofilms and cell-to-cell signaling.
		Biofilm formation is now commonly associated with concepts of development, differentiation, and dispersal of microorganisms, and often more broadly with multicellular biological systems.
	www.horizonpress.com /hsp/abs/absbiofilm.html (1784 words)

	Biofilm
		Biofilm cells typically have very slow growth rates relative to those that are grown in planktonic mode.
		The biofilm mode of growth appears to contribute the increased resistance to antibiotics (4, 7, 9, 10).
		aeruginosa is increased 20 to 100-fold for biofilms relative to equivalent planktonic counterparts (9).
	www.fiu.edu /~matheek/biofilm.htm (891 words)

	CDC - Biofilm on Ventriculo-Peritoneal Shunt Tubing as a Cause of Treatment Failure in Coccidioidal Meningitis
		Biofilms are matrix-enclosed populations of microorganisms adherent to each other or to surfaces or interfaces (1).
		Most reports are of bacterial biofilms, in which organisms have been shown to have an altered cell metabolism, slowed or suspended replication rates, and resistance to killing by antibiotics and macrophages (1-3).
		The depth of the colonization was indicative of a biofilm and is consistent with previous studies showing biofilm growth on explanted medical devices (3).
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/eid/vol8no4/01-0103.htm (1863 words)

	CiteULike: Isoniazid resistance of exponentially growing Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm culture (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Biofilm growth of Mycobacterium smegmatis was found to be unaffected at an isoniazid concentration that inhibited growth of planktonic bacilli (i.e.
		Significant growth (50% of drug-free control) of biofilms was observed at up to 40 [mu]g ml-1 and the MIC for biofilm growth showed an increase to up to 80 [mu]g ml-1 isoniazid.
		Thus, the biofilm growth modus appears to be a strategy for replicating bacilli to evade the onslaught of antibacterials.
	www.citeulike.org /user/bala/article/448226 (182 words)

	New tool targets bacteria in biofilm (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Biofilms cause serious problems in industrial and medical settings, and yet little is known about how to prevent them.
		According to Howard Ceri, chair of the Calgary-based Biofilm Research Group (BRG), a biofilm is a “consortium of bacteria”; that adhere to a surface.
		Biofilms can be found “anywhere liquid flows.” They form in medical catheters and dental lines, and cause problems for the dairy industry by contaminating milk lines.
	www.ucalgary.ca /UofC/events/unicomm/Research/biofilm.htm (574 words)

	ScienceDaily: Chronic Middle Ear Infections Linked To Resistant Biofilm Bacteria
		Biofilms are antibiotic resistant colonizations of bacteria that attach to surfaces and form a slime-like barrier that acts as a formidable defense mechanism, protecting the bacteria from eradication.
		Though antibiotics have proven to be effective for children with acute OM where biofilms have not yet formed, those with chronic disease typically benefit little from the drugs and more so from myringotomy, a surgical procedure in which small tubes are placed in the eardrum to continuously drain infectious fluid (called effusion).
		Biofilms were not observed in eight control middle ear mucosa specimens obtained from cochlear implant patients.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/07/060712075834.htm (896 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Identification of biofilm proteins in non-typeable Haemophilus Influenzae
		Biofilm structure includes cells and secreted extracellular matrix that is "slimy" and believed to contribute to the antibiotic resistant properties of biofilm bacteria.
		Biofilm formed on glass, anopore filter and Millipore filter are shown in electron micrographs at differing magnifications (fig 1a–f) which illustrate the extensive structure formed by the NTHi bacteria.
		The idea that these types of proteins may contribute to biofilm structure is possible in that dead cells and cell death have been reported to be part of biofilm structure and function [30,31] and an earlier proteomic approach in another bacteria, Shewanella oneidensis MR-1, identified ribosomal proteins as well in their analysis [32].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2180/6/65 (4712 words)

	Sticky Situations: Science News Online, July 14, 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Although microscopy pioneer Anton van Leeuwenhoek included biofilm bacteria—conveniently harvested from the plaque on his teeth—among his first observations in the late 1600s, scientists weren't aware of the complexity and prevalence of biofilm lifestyles until the 1970s.
		She tracks the biofilm process from start to finish in unaltered bacteria by monitoring the proteins they produce.
		Bacterial biofilms were first connected to human disease and then to antibiotic-resistant infections in the 1980s by Danish pioneers, such as Niels Høiby, and microbiologist William Costerton, who later founded Montana's Center for Biofilm Engineering.
	www.sciencenews.org /articles/20010714/bob12.asp (2342 words)

	Biofilms - Overview
		The biofilm was grown under high shear, turbulent, flow with a flow velocity of 1 m/s (a corresponding flow rate of 540 ml/min).
		Untreated biofilm samples (control) and those following exposure to a low level (4 mg/L) of chloramine were stained with two fluorogenic compounds, frozen and cut into thin (5 µm) sections that were observed by fluorescence microscopy and photographed.
		The base of the biofilm that rests on the substratum is at the bottom of each image; the biofilm surface that is exposed to the overlying bulk fluid is the upper aspect of each picture.
	bordeaux.uwaterloo.ca /biology447/Biofilms/biofilmsoverview.htm (1878 words)

	Biofilm definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Biofilm: An aggregate of microbes with a distinct architecture.
		A biofilm is like a tiny city in which microbial cells, each only a micrometer or two long, form towers that can be hundreds of micrometers high.
		Bacteria growing in a biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics, up to 1,000 times more resistant than the same bacteria not growing in a biofilm.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=16932 (257 words)

	Physical Structure of a Biofilm
		Once a biofilm has been initialized, that is, once bacteria have attached and begun to produce EPS, the bacteria begin to multiply.
		It indicates an important area of biofilm control since it is the EPS which locks the bacteria together and to the substratum.
		However, if one subjects a biofilm made up of Pseudomonas aeriginosa bacteria to a concentration of an anti-microbial agent that would be sufficient to kill a population of the same number of planktonic bacteria, one finds that the biofilm bacteria are essentially unharmed.
	www.math.utah.edu /~cogan/research/paper/node4.html (934 words)

	NOVAFLUX Technologies -- Biofilm info
		As biofilm accumulates along the walls of a tube, an increasing number of bacteria are swept into the flow of the fluid.
		Biofilm is a truly incredible adaptation for the survival of bacteria.
		In addition, biofilm cannot be manually removed in the situations where its presence is most dangerous because of the tiny diameter of the tubing in which it resides.
	www.novaflux.com /biofilm.html (668 words)

	Biofilms
		Biofilms are communities of bacteria or other single-celled organisms organized in "slime." You can find them in plaque, in many persistent infections, on slippery rocks in streams, and in many other everyday places.
		For one, the bacteria nearer the interior of the biofilm have a slower metabolism.
		This causes a pH difference between cells in the biofilm of up to 1.5 units, causing the metal to move away from the pipe surface to other areas of the biofilm where there is a higher pH, and thus causing the corrosion of the pipe.
	www.princeton.edu /~ccaro/papers/biofilms.html (1649 words)

	ScienceDaily: Biofilm Breakthrough Could Have Big Impact On Health Care, Manufacturing, And More
		Biofilms are complex aggregations of bacteria marked by the excretion of a protective and adhesive matrix.
		Biofilms, for instance, fog your contacts, help to rot your teeth, and cause a host of diseases from cystic fibrosis and ulcers to colitis and ear infections.
		Annual worldwide costs of biofilm infection and remediation are in the high billions, even according to the most modest estimates, and they are costs borne by industries and consumers worldwide.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2006/10/061012184318.htm (1031 words)

	Welcome to the USC School of Dentistry Website
		While this preponderance of biofilms is widely accepted by Microbial Ecologists, and while the predominance of biofilm infections is widely accepted in the health professions such as Dentistry and Medicine, we have only recently realized that traditional microbiological methods are unsuitable for the study of biofilms.
		The central theme of this conference will be to present modern biofilm concepts and methods to the dental and medical communities, in both theoretical (symposium) and practical (workshops) formats, so that they may select new and effective methods to study the etiology and pathogenesis of biofilm diseases.
		New methods have allowed us to study biofilm structure and “behavior”, we are now able to speciate and enumerate bacterial cells in situ in mixed-species communities, and new molecular-based methods facilitate the analysis of natural and pathogenic biofilm communities.
	www.usc.edu /hsc/dental/continuing_ed/biofilmsymposium (308 words)

	Maryland Sea Grant Marine Education: Biofilms & Biodiversity Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Biofilms moved to the forefront of microbiology after a 1994 case that involved the infection of hundreds of asthmatics.
		The common demoniator is all the biofilms are comprised of a primary layer of bacteria that provide an attractive environment for other bacteria and larger organisms.
		Biofilms found on the hull of a ship consist of large organisms like barnacles, mussels, and host of other zooplankton and phytoplankton.
	www.mdsg.umd.edu /Education/biofilm/intro.htm (601 words)

	The Biofilm Mode of Life: Mechanisms and Adaptations
		Biofilm consortia are essential for cycling of elemental cycles and hence for turning the wheels of the planet.
		This includes studies on interactions among biofilm cells, metabolic interactions, cell to cell communication and signal transmission across cells and species, competition and predation across species and domains, the use of modern molecular techniques and confocal laser scanning microscopy to study biofilm community structure and composition, mechanisms of biofilm dissolution, and genomic based studies.
		Biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotics and antimicrobials a fact that motivates scientists to focus on more applied aspects of the discipline with new ideas and approaches generated from the basic knowledge.
	www.horizonpress.com /hsp/books/biofilm.html (480 words)

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