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Biological warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia As a strategic weapon, biological warfare is again militarily problematic, because unless it is used to poison enemy civilian towns, it is difficult to prevent the attack from spreading, either to allies or to the attacker, and a biological warfare attack invites immediate massive retaliation, usually in the same form. Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. The primary civil defense against biological weaponry is to wash one's hands whenever one moves to a different building or set of people, and avoid touching door knobs, walls, the ground and one's mouth and nose. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_warfare

Biology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia While biology is unlike physics in that it does not usually describe biological systems in terms of objects which obey immutable physical laws described by mathematics, it is nevertheless characterized by several major principles and concepts which include: universality, evolution, diversity, continuity, homeostasis and interactions. Indeed, it is one of the reasons that biological organisms exhibit the striking similarity of units and processes discussed in the previous section. The first broad group consists of disciplines that study the basic structures of living systems: cells, genes etc., a second grouping considers the operation of these structures at the level of tissues, organs and bodies; a third grouping considers organisms and their histories; a final constellation of disciplines focuses on the interactions. en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biology

Biological scientists Biological scientists doing applied research and product development in private industry may be required to describe their research plans or results to nonscientists who are in a position to veto or approve their ideas, and they must understand the potential cost of their work and its impact on business. Biological scientists should be able to work independently or as part of a team and be able to communicate clearly and concisely, both orally and in writing. Biological scientists are less likely to lose their jobs during recessions than are those in many other occupations because many are employed on long-term research projects. www.bls.gov /oco/ocos047.htm

Biological Weapons Convention Biological and chemical weapons have generally been associated with each other in the public mind, and the extensive use of poison gas in World War I (resulting in over a million casualties and over 100,000 deaths) led to the Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibiting the use of both poison gas and bacteriological methods in warfare. Under the terms of the convention, the parties undertake not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins "of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and other peaceful purposes," as well as weapons and means of delivery. In the postwar negotiations on general disarmament, biological and chemical weapons were usually considered together with nuclear and conventional weapons. www.state.gov /t/ac/trt/4718.htm

National Cancer Institute - Biological Therapy Biological therapy may be given once a day or a couple of times a day. Biological therapy and chemotherapy are both treatments that fight cancer. Biological therapy (BYE-o-loj-ee-cal THER-ah-py) is a type of treatment that works with your immune system. www.cancer.gov /cancerinfo/biologicaltherapy

BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: Malignant Biology A "biological chemical weapon" is produced by cultivating an organism and extracting from it or its spent medium the toxic material. Biological weapon are characterized by the following: Their target system; The nature of the biological weapon; and Whether it is a natural product or one that has been produced by genetic engineering. She is "absolutely convinced" that a major biological arsenal could be built with $10,000 worth of equipment in a room 15 feet by 15. www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/101biologicalweapons.html

EPA - About Biological Indicators Biological integrity is commonly defined as "the ability to support and maintain a balanced, integrated, and adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity and functional organization comparable to those of natural habitats within a region" (Karr, J. and D. Dudley. Biological integrity is equated with pristine conditions, or those conditions with no or minimal disturbance. The reference condition is commonly associated with biological integrity, and the threshold is some proportion of the reference condition www.epa.gov /bioindicators/html/about.html

Biological Weapons Program - Iraq Special Weapons What is still unknown is whether all of the R400 bombs were biological agent-filled or some were filled with chemical warfare agents; whether 157 R400 bombs was the total number of such bombs filled with biological warfare agents; and how many such bombs were produced for biological agent filling. The Commission was compelled to cast a wider net in the biological field because of Iraq's incomplete disclosure of the full extent of its past biological warfare activities. Iraq requested that its biological weapons Full, Final and Complete Disclosure of September 1997 be assessed, again, by international experts during a special meeting for that purpose which was held in Baghdad in July 1998. www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/iraq/bw-unscom.htm

EWM Biocontrol Research Biological control (biocontrol) is the use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen, antagonist or competitor populations to suppress a pest population (Van Driesche and Bellows 1996). Biological control has been used successfully for at least four genera of floating and emergent aquatic macrophytes, but work on submersed macrophytes such as Eurasian watermilfoil is recent and not yet operational. The aim in biological control of weeds is not to eliminate the pest (and thus the control agent), but to suppress the pestpopulation to levels that are no longer a nuisance. www.fw.umn.edu /research/milfoil/milfoilbc/bcresearch.html

Biological Control Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists. There are three broad and somewhat overlapping types of biological control: conservation, classical biological control (introduction of natural enemies to a new locale), and augmentation. The reasons for failure are often not known, but may include the release of too few individuals, poor adaptation of the natural enemy to environmental conditions at the release location, and lack of synchrony between the life cycle of the natural enemy and host pest. www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/info/biocont.html

United States The potential effects of biological weapons on military and civilian populations were still conjectural, and for obvious ethical and public health reasons, could not be empirically studied. Stocks of pathogens and the entire biological arsenal were destroyed between May 1971 and February 1973 under the auspices of the US Department of Agriculture, the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, and the Departments of Natural Resources of Arkansas, Colorado, and Maryland. Biological weapons were considered untried, unpredictable, and potentially hazardous for the users as well for those under attack. www.fas.org /nuke/guide/usa/cbw/bw.htm

Biological Altruism Biological altruism is defined in terms of fitness consequences, not motivating intentions. Indeed, some of the most interesting examples of biological altruism are found among creatures that are (presumably) not capable of conscious thought at all, e.g. This biological notion of altruism is not identical to the everyday concept. plato.stanford.edu /entries/altruism-biological

Defending Against Invisible Killers -- Biological Agents Lumping all biological warfare agents together as a class is almost as dangerous as comparing biological and chemical agents directly, they can be very different, he said. On Oct. 1, 1998, he became deputy for counter proliferation and chemical and biological defense to the director of defense research and engineering and the undersecretary of defense for acquisition and technology. Biological warfare encompasses "a mixed bag of bacterial agents, viruses and toxins," Wade explained. www.defenselink.mil /specials/chembio

Biological Weapons Program - Iraq Special Weapons It was anticipated that the biological weapons research would be productionoriented and thus, in addition to laboratory-scale equipment, a pilot plant in the form of one 150-litre fermenter was purchased by Muthanna. Early in 1988, efforts began in the weaponization of biological warfare agents and some of the senior scientists involved in the biological weapons program at TRC were sent to Iraq's munitions factories to familiarize themselves with this aspect. It is also reasonable to assume that, given that biological weapons were considered as strategic weapons and were actually deployed, detailed thought must have been given to the doctrine of operational use for these weapons of mass destruction. www.fas.org /nuke/guide/iraq/bw/program.htm

NTI: Country Overviews: Iraq : Biological Chonology Chemical and biological sampling of two intact filled bombs showed the presence of B. anthracis and also high levels of manganese and formic acid, which are consistent with Iraq's claims of chemical inactivation with potassium permanganate and formaldehyde. Regarding biological weapons, Duelfer says that the ISG has new information on Iraq's dual-use facilities and research projects and their potential to be quickly converted to weapons programs. According to the document, these two biological supply houses shipped 17 types of biological agents to Iraq in the 1980s, among which were anthrax and bacteria needed to make botulinum toxin. www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Iraq/Biological/3889_3894.html

Mitretek Systems :: Chemical/Biological Defense As the worldwide threat from biological weapon use by hostile military and terrorist groups grows, Mitretek is playing a larger role in assisting federal agencies in developing defenses against these weapons. In the area of assessing the potential for nefarious use of biological organisms or materials, Mitretek has internally developed a process for modeling scenarios of bioweapon development that would identify triggering criteria to use in the detection and interdiction of such development before the intended nefarious event. We are assisting in all phases of plan development, including the overall concept; short, intermediate, and long-term implementation; and the assessment of available technologies to deal with biological threats, including technical, operational, and cost risk factors for individual technologies as well their viability for implementation. www.mitretek.org /home.nsf/HomelandSecurity/ChemBioDefense

All the Virology on the WWW - Biological Weapons and Warfare The Biological Weapons Convention requires Parties not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins "of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and other peaceful purposes," as well as weapons and means of delivery. The Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute is a nonprofit corporation established to promote the goals of arms control and nonproliferation, with a special, although not exclusive focus on the elimination of chemical and biological weapons. The Federation of American Scientists Chemical and Biological Arms Control Program covers all aspects of chemical and biological weapons and their control, but concentrates, at present, on efforts to prevent the development and use of biological weapons (BW) and the further proliferation of BW programs. www.virology.net /garryfavwebbw.html

Biological quantum dots go live (March 2003) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb Having successfully kept the quantum dots away from water, the team went on to chemically alter the surface of the micelle to allow it to act as glue onto which biological macromolecules could be attached. The fluorescence quantum yield - the ratio of the amount of light emitted from a sample to that absorbed by the sample - of the quantum-dot micelles in water was 24%, a value very similar to the original quantum dots. However, it is the hydrophobic nature of this outer shell that prevents quantum dots from being used in aqueous biological environments. physicsweb.org /article/world/16/3/3

frontline: plague war FRONTLINE presents new evidence culled from scientists, intelligence agencies, and policymakers to examine the threat biological warfare poses to world security and the responses the U.S. is frantically developing. Cheap and now technologically possible to produce and refine into weapons of mass destruction, biological warfare has the potential to do as much damage to civilian populations as nuclear weapons. Today, there are at least ten nations in the world with the ability to produce biological weapons. www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague

Biological Motion Perception of a biological organism engaged in an activity must entail global integration of these motion signals over space and time - perception of such animation sequences is literally the creation of motion information (in the same sense that perception of an object in a random-dot stereogram is the creation of binocular disparity information). Shown below are two frames (not successive in the animation) from a "normal" biological sequence (in this case, the actor is throwing an object) and two frames (nonsuccessive) from a phase-scrambled sequence created from the "throwing" animation. Johansson G (1973) Visual perception of biological motion and a model for its analysis. www.psy.vanderbilt.edu /faculty/blake/BM/BioMot.html

CNN.com - Source: Fear of bioweapons grounded flights - Feb. 2, 2004 The specter of a biological attack was raised Sunday as a possible reason that a handful of transatlantic and domestic flights were canceled this weekend. CNN's Elaine Quijano reports that fears of a biological attack were possibly behind flight cancellations. One federal law enforcement source told CNN that the U.S.-bound flights were grounded mainly out of fears that terrorists would use the planes as "air taxis" to deliver biological, chemical or radioactive weapons material to cities in the United States. www.cnn.com /2004/US/02/01/flights.canceled

The Henry L. Stimson Center - Biological Weapons Proliferation Concerns Taiwan, which joined the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1973, is said not to have biological weapons, but it continues to manifest an active interest in conducting biological research of a military-applied nature. China began an offensive biological weapons program during the 1950s and there are suspicions that this work continues to this day, even though China signed the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1984. Iran joined the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention in 1973, but is thought to have begun an offensive biological weapons program during the 1980s Iran-Iraq War. www.stimson.org /cbw?sn=CB2001121274

Bermuda Biological Station for Research, Inc. Their goal is to better understand the biological, chemical and physical processes that take place in the ocean, and the ocean's role in regulating the Earth's climate. www.bbsr.edu

CNS - Chemical and Biological Weapons Resource Page Serving legitimate functions in biological research and in specialized chemical industry, osmium tetroxide's suitability as a terrorist agent - a dual use compound - is limited, despite the characterizations of it generating "chemical fallout." An overview of the technologies underlying detectors and the type of sensing systems currently employed or under near-term consideration for detecting chemical and biological warfare or terrorist weapons. The Basics of Chemical and Biological Weapons Detectors cns.miis.edu /research/cbw/index.htm

Biological Control - Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book (PPIGB) The main objectives of their research programme are (1) to elucidate the mechanisms involved in natural disease suppressive soils, (2) to identify and characterize potential antagonistic microorganisms, and (3) to study the effect of biological control on the epidemiology of plant pathogens. Biological Control Virtual Information Center, maintained by NSF Center for Integrated Pest Management and the Consortium for International Crop Protection. The Biological Control Working Group (BCWG) fosters the development and implementation of biological control of pests and pathogens as the central component of an ecologically-based approach for integrated pest management (IPM). www.pk.uni-bonn.de /ppigb/ipm.htm

Ready.gov - Be Informed - Biological Threat While it is possible that you will see signs of a biological attack, as was sometimes the case with the anthrax mailings, it is perhaps more likely that local health care workers will report a pattern of unusual illness or there will be a wave of sick people seeking emergency medical attention. In the event of a biological attack, public health officials may not immediately be able to provide information on what you should do. A biological attack is the deliberate release of germs or other biological substances that can make you sick. www.ready.gov /biological.html

Biological Sciences Program Undergraduate degree programs in Biological Sciences include the Bachelor of Arts in Biology [offered jointly with the Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Molecular Genetics], the Bachelor of Science in Biological Sciences, the Bachelor of Science in Marine Biology, and the Bachelor of Science in Environmental Plant Biology [offered jointly with the Department of Plant Sciences]. Biological Sciences to Change Colleges in July 2005. Because of the stress on basic biology and the supporting sciences of mathematics, chemistry, and physics, these degrees offered by the Department assist students with interests in the health and environmental sciences, or those students who understand the advantage in a broad background in biology at the undergraduate level. www.uri.edu /artsci/bio

Battlefield of the Future During the Korean War, the biological capability was maintained primarily for retaliation in the event an adversary employed a biological agent against United States or allied forces. This discovery clearly demonstrates that a terrorist organization had the resolve, the biological agent, and the wherewithal to conduct a horrendous biological attack against an unprotected population. While the United States biological warfare program was flourishing and even after our unilateral biological warfare disarmament, there is evidence that the Soviet program was thriving, although they had signed the BWC in 1972. www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/battle/chp8.html

WMD First Responders - Biological Agents Biological and Chemical Terrorism: Strategic Plan for Preparedness and Response April 21, 2000 (CDC - Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report) Biological Weapons Improved Response Program (BWIRP) Response Decision Tree Workshop. An Assessment of the Biological Weapons Threat to the United States www.wmdfirstresponders.com /Biological.htm

Biological Control: A Guide to Natural Enemies in North America This project was funded, in part, by the National Biological Control Institute and Communication Services and the Department of Entomology at Cornell's New York State Agricultural Experiment Station. It is also a tutorial on the concept and practice of biological control and integrated pest management (IPM). This guide provides photographs and descriptions of biological control (or biocontrol) agents of insect, disease and weed pests in North America. www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol

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