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Topic: Biological agents

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	CBW Biological Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Biological agents are living organisms which are intended to cause diseases or death in human, animal, or plant life.
		Biological weapons were not used in that war, and in 1925, the Geneva Protocol, recognizing the danger of "alternative weapons," banned the use of bacterial agents.
		Agents were developed and stockpiled by the United States and the United Kingdom, and quite likely by the Soviet Union as well, although the Soviet government has always denied ever possessing BW agents or munitions.
	www.phoenixcommand.com /CBW3.htm (5309 words)

	Biological agent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological agents include prions, microorganisms (viruses, bacteria and fungi) and some unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes (for example parasites) and their associated toxins.
		Because many biological agents reproduce rapidly and require minimal resources for preservation, they are a potential danger in a wide variety of occupational settings.
		Examples of biological agents are anthrax, avian influenza, botulism, foodborne illness, hantavirus, legionnaires' disease, molds and fungi, pneumonic plague, smallpox, tularemia, and viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_agent (190 words)

	Lab Safety Supply - Identifying chemical and biological agents
		Biological agents are live microorganisms or toxins that can incapacitate or kill humans and animals, and damage crops.
		Biological warfare is the most economical and easily concealed of the weapons of mass destruction (biological, chemical and nuclear).
		One disadvantage to the use of biological agents is that many are rapidly degraded upon exposure to certain conditions in the environment, such as ultraviolet and visible radiation, heat, drying or humidity.
	www.labsafety.com /domprep/article2.htm (992 words)

	Biological Weapons Information - Federation of American Scientists
		A biological attack with botulinum toxin delivered by aerosol would be expected to cause symptoms similar in most respects to those observed with food-borne botulism.
		A biological attack, most likely delivered by aerosol, would be expected to elicit the rather specific spectrum of human clinical manifestations and to cause disease in sheep and cattle in the exposed area.
		A clue to the diagnosis of tularemia delivered as a BW agent might be a large number of temporally clustered patients presenting with similar systemic illnesses, a proportion of whom will have a nonproductive pneumonia.
	www.fas.org /biosecurity/resource/agents.htm (8053 words)

	Biological Warfare
		Biological weapons include any organism (such as bacteria, viruses, or fungi) or toxin found in nature that can be used to kill or injure people.
		Biological agents may be used for an isolated assassination, as well as to cause incapacitation or death to thousands.
		History: The use of biological agents is not a new concept, and history is filled with examples of their use.
	www.emedicinehealth.com /biological_warfare/article_em.htm (1188 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Biological Warfare Agents : Article Excerpt by: Daniel J Dire, MD, FACEP, FAAP, FAAEM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Biological weapons include any organism or toxin found in nature that can be used to incapacitate, kill, or otherwise impede an adversary.
		The use of biological agents is not a new concept, and history is replete with examples of biological weapon use.
		Before the 20th century, biological warfare took on 3 main forms: (1) deliberate poisoning of food and water with infectious material, (2) use of microorganisms or toxins in some form of weapon system, and (3) use of biologically inoculated fabrics.
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/byname/cbrne---biological-warfare-agents.htm (652 words)

	DefenseLINK News: Iraq and Biological Warfare Agents
		Biological agents can be made in "dual-use" facilities or in mobile labs.
		Biological warfare does not have to be aimed primarily at humans, either.
		Ricin: This highly lethal agent is derived from the castor bean.
	www.defenselink.mil /news/Jan2003/n01272003_200301274.html (680 words)

	Overview of Potential Agents of Biological Terrorism
		Biological agents are easy to develop as weapons, are more lethal than chemical weapons, are less expensive and more difficult to detect than nuclear weapons (5).
		In a military context, incapacitating agents may be more effective because the unit will not be able to perform their mission and casualties will consume scarce medical and evacuation assets (31).
		In a biological warfare attack with the virus disseminated as an aerosol, human disease would be a primary event or occur simultaneously with that in equidae.
	www.siumed.edu /medicine/infec/patinfo/current/bioterrorism.htm (9713 words)

	Biological Terrorism
		Thus, as with chemical agents, it is misleading to equate the number of LD doses an adversary may possess with the number of LD doses delivered, irrespective of a host of other problems associated with aerosol delivery.
		As Mengel puts it: "...biological technologies are principally characterized by...an inherent variability of effectiveness that makes their application unpredictable....The range of potential lethality within the spectrum of biological agents is indicative, in part, of the difficulty in preparation, delivery and dissemination problems, and resilience under differing environmental and meteorological conditions" (1976: 446).
		The uncontrolled tactical effect of biological agents, the high risk they pose to an attacker and the assurance of retaliation have led most national governments to ban their first use.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/Terrorism/bioterror.html (14421 words)

	Biological Therapy - Information About Cancer - Stanford Comprehensive Cancer Center
		Biological therapy (also called immunotherapy, biological response modifier therapy, or biotherapy) uses the body's immune system to fight cancer.
		Nonspecific immunomodulating agents are biological therapy drugs that stimulate the immune system, causing it to produce more cytokines and antibodies to help fight cancer and infections in the body.
		Monoclonal antibodies are agents, produced in the laboratory, that bind to cancer cells.
	cancer.stanford.edu /information/cancerTreatment/methods/biological (1042 words)

	CHEMTRAILS - CONTRAILS
		The need for professional biological identification, medical and legal involvement, and the devotion of equipment and resources at a national level on these findings is now critical.
		Biological components as an aspect of the aerosol operations up to this time have been considered as being of a limited nature, with their significance and relevance to overall agendas remaining unknown.
		These findings drastically alter that interpretation, and biological operations must now be considered as a major and dominant consideration within the aerosol operations.
	www.carnicom.com /bio3.htm (603 words)

	Biological Control of Aquatic/Wetland Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The biological control of aquatic plants focuses on the selection and introduction of organisms that have an impact on the growth or reproduction of a target plant.
		Generally these biocontrol agents are found in the native range of the nuisance aquatic plants and, like the targeted plant, these biocontrol agents are also nonindigenous species.
		There are some good examples where numerous biological control agents have had little effect on a targeted species, and other examples where one biocontrol agent was responsible for the complete control of a problem species.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/biocontrol.html (1299 words)

	Biological Weapons Program - Iraq Special Weapons
		The Commission was compelled to cast a wider net in the biological field because of Iraq's incomplete disclosure of the full extent of its past biological warfare activities.
		Iraq requested that its biological weapons Full, Final and Complete Disclosure of September 1997 be assessed, again, by international experts during a special meeting for that purpose which was held in Baghdad in July 1998.
		What is still unknown is whether all of the R400 bombs were biological agent-filled or some were filled with chemical warfare agents; whether 157 R400 bombs was the total number of such bombs filled with biological warfare agents; and how many such bombs were produced for biological agent filling.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/world/iraq/bw-unscom.htm (3676 words)

	USNews.com: Health: Biological agents
		Although toxins are usually classified as being biologically produced, common language often refers to the poisons created by nonliving chemical agents as chemical toxins.
		In liquid form, agents are less stable, require refrigeration, and are difficult to refine to small particle sizes.
		The particle size and its potency (for example, in an aerosol release, the size must be between 1 and 5 microns to be inhaled and cause illness).
	www.usnews.com /usnews/health/articles/060329/29hhs_bioagents_2.htm (484 words)

	Biological warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any pathogen (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war.
		However, the consensus among military analysts is that, except in the context of bioterrorism, biological warfare is of little military use.
		In response to suspected biological weapons development in Germany and Japan, the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada initiated a BW development program in 1941 that resulted in the weaponization of anthrax, brucellosis, and botulism toxin.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_warfare (2366 words)

	Defending Against Invisible Killers -- Biological Agents
		Still, many people don't understand the nature of biological agents, how they would be deployed or how to protect themselves, according to Col. John V. Wade, an Army medical department officer who has specialized in the chemical/biological warfare field for the past 16 years.
		Lumping all biological warfare agents together as a class is almost as dangerous as comparing biological and chemical agents directly, they can be very different, he said.
		When vaccines are not available as a biological countermeasure, Wade said the answer is "rapid detection, warning, reporting, and masking." He said it was important to note that the protective mask is "effective against every known biological agent, including those for which we don't yet have vaccines."
	www.defenselink.mil /specials/chembio (1553 words)

	Safety and Health Topics: Biological Agents (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Biological agents include bacteria, viruses, fungi, other microorganisms and their associated toxins.
		However, botulinum toxins are currently among the most common compounds explored by terrorists for use as biological weapons.
		Along with smallpox, anthrax, plague, botulism, and tularemia, hemorrhagic fever viruses are among the six agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as the most likely to be used as biological weapons.
	www.osha.gov /SLTC/biologicalagents/index.html (704 words)

	Biological Weapons Treaties (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Biological weapons are described as weapons that project, disperse, or disseminate biological agents or toxins.
		These are: 1) the projection, dispersal, or dissemination of small amounts of biological agents sufficient to cause disease or illness among the targeted population; and 2) small incubation periods (hours to days) make it difficult to determine the time, location, and direction of attack before signs are manifested among the targeted population.
		The treaty defines BW "as microbial or other biological agents" but fails to define "agents." The term usually refers to living organisms or infective material (or their synthetic equivalent) obtained from them that multiplies inside the person, animal, or plant attacked.
	www.nawcwpns.navy.mil /~treaty/BWC.html (1151 words)

	Biological Agents :: Research Protocol Approvals :: EHRS
		The use or possession of biological agents, toxins or recombinant materials in laboratories must be registered with EHRS.
		The use of biological agents, toxins and recombinant DNA in laboratory animals must be approved by EHRS and the Institutional Biosafety Committee.
		Studies involving the use of biological agents in humans and human gene transfer studies must be approved by the Institutional Biosafety Committee prior to their initiation.
	www.ehrs.upenn.edu /protocols/bioagents.html (83 words)

	Other Biological Agents: Botulism, Plague, Tularemia, HFVs - Council on Foreign Relations
		The agents would have to be converted into tiny particles by a specialized sprayer or milled into a very fine powder, then dispersed in an aerosol.
		Botulinum toxin is also the first biological toxin to be approved as a medical treatment: it is used to treat neuromuscular disorders, lower back pain, cerebral palsy, and—marketed as Botox—to temporarily eliminate wrinkles by paralyzing the facial muscles.
		Although tularemia is less lethal than some agents discussed here, death rates for those infected with the inhaled form can still climb as high as 30 to 60 percent if left untreated.
	www.cfr.org /publication/9552/other_biological_agents.html (1040 words)

	Truck Is Tested for Biological Agents
		Each truck-mounted lab, he said, had two or three trailers of components that would have to be parked alongside one another and connected.
		An Iraqi scientist, who claimed to have worked with the mobile labs, described a 1998 accident that killed 12 technicians exposed to biological agents, Powell said.
		Arms experts have expressed concern that deadly agents in the labs could fall into the wrong hands unless they were swiftly located by U.S. forces.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/trucktested.html (836 words)

	Iraq's Biological Weapon Program
		The activities undertaken in 1989 and 1990, which included field testing of aerial bombs, rockets and other munitions, the expansion of research and agent production, and the acquisition of additional facilities (Al Manal), have never been fully understood, and the inspectors were unable to draw conclusions about the full extent and scope of Iraq's program.
		Iraq admitted that it weaponized biological agents between December 1990 and January 1991.
		UN inspectors were certain that Iraq did not account for all the biological agents that it made before the first Gulf War, and that it produced anthrax on an industrial-scale.
	www.iraqwatch.org /profiles/biological.html (3603 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: North Korea: Biological Overview
		It likely has the capability to produce sufficient quantities of biological agents for military purposes within weeks of deciding to do so, and has a variety of means at its disposal for delivering these deadly weapons.
		BW agents are reportedly cultured in both civilian and military-related research institutes in North Korea.
		North Korean biological weapons scientists have reportedly treated anthrax spores with a form of microencapsulation, thereby protecting the organisms from UV light, and have been compared to the Soviet version of weaponized anthrax.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/NK/Biological/index.html (1608 words)

	The Biological Weapons Gateway
		Names include a list of the currently accepted biological names for possible biological warfare agents for which full datasheets or brief notes (the secondary agents) have been prepared or are in preparation.
		In addition to the agents described in detail in individual pages,there are a number of agents that although less likely to be used as weapons, are also of concern.
		In addition, there are a number of agents that have been tested or thought orthat have been thought about for agent use, for example infectious conjunctivitis virus (by Iraq) and hepatitis A virus (by South Africa), and simulants.
	www.cbwinfo.com /Biological/BWList.shtml (310 words)

	Biological and Chemical Agents Questions
		Some nerve agents, for example, are similar to some insecticides and to medications that treat the disease myasthenia gravis.
		The goal is to send materials within 12 hours of notification to any U.S. location in the event of a terrorist attack with a biological or chemical agent.
		SOURCES: Textbook of Military Medicine: Medical Aspects of Chemical and Biological Warfare • The Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons • United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs • Johns Hopkins Center for Civilian Biodefense Strategies • FDA • CDC.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/61/67286.htm (594 words)

	Examining the Likely Biological Agents
		October 9, 2001 — There are dozens of biological agents that could be used but the two that concern authorities most are anthrax and smallpox.
		Johns Hopkins encourages the public to rely on the government to supply the necessary medical treatments in case of a chemical or biological attack.
		Johns Hopkins also discourages the general public to purchasing gas masks for protection against a potential biological or chemical attack.
	www.redcross.org /news/ds/0109wtc/011009prepside.html (541 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Biological Overview
		The speaker of the Iranian parliament publicly stated in 1988 that "...we should fully equip ourselves in defensive and offensive use of chemical, bacteriological, and radiological weapons."[2] Canadian and Dutch scientists were approached by Iranian personnel looking to acquire mycotoxin-producing fungi (Fusarium spp.) in 1989.
		These scientists are supposedly experimenting with the causative agents of such diseases as Marburg, smallpox, plague, and tularemia.
		Given its current state of technology and the problems associated with delivering a sophisticated BW agent, it is unlikely that Iran currently has the means to carry out a significant biological attack.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Iran/Biological/2299.html (1565 words)

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