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Topic: Biological control

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	Blaine County Idaho Biological Knapweed Control Project
		Biological control is the practice of importing, and releasing for establishment, natural enemies to control an introduced (exotic) species.
		Most biological control efforts are, in essence, attempts to alter this "balance of power" by introducing the weed's natural enemies from its native land and thereby placing the invader under greater stress allowing native vegetation to compete with the new invader.
		Biological control is considered to be the long-term solution to the vast potential environmental disturbance posed by invasive weed species.
	www.pesp.org /2003/idaho03.htm (1895 words)

	Biological pest control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological control of pests and diseases is a method of controlling pests and diseases in agriculture that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals.
		Therefore biological control is about developing a range of techniques that use living organisms to maintain the beneficial equilibria in garden landscapes without causing adverse effects to humans or the wider environment.
		A biological control being developed for use in the treatment of plant disease is the fungus Trichoderma viride.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_pest_control (1607 words)

	Biological Control for Weeds - Frequently Asked Questions
		Biological control is the intentional manipulation of natural enemies by humans for the purpose of controlling pests.
		Biological control of aquatic weeds is especially attractive because rivers and lakes are sensitive ecosystems important to wildlife and human health.
		Biological control is most effective when used together with other compatible pest control practices in an integrated pest management program.
	bc4weeds.tamu.edu /faq.html (845 words)

	Biological Control of invasive aquatic plants - Your Guide...
		Biological control is the purposeful introduction of natural enemies by scientists and environment managers as a means to weaken and suppress invading plants.
		In 2003, a new state-of-the-art biological control quarantine and rearing facility, was constructed in Ft.
		Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes): Three biological control insects have been imported, studied, and released to control invasive water hyacinth, a floating macrophyte that was introduced to the U.S. during the New Orleans Cotton Exposition in 1884.
	plants.ifas.ufl.edu /guide/biocons.html (2825 words)

	Biological Control of Aquatic/Wetland Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The biological control of aquatic plants focuses on the selection and introduction of organisms that have an impact on the growth or reproduction of a target plant.
		There are some good examples where numerous biological control agents have had little effect on a targeted species, and other examples where one biocontrol agent was responsible for the complete control of a problem species.
		The University of Washington is conducting research into the suitability of the milfoil weevil for the biological control of milfoil in Washington lakes and rivers.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/biocontrol.html (1299 words)

	Introduction to Biological Control: Basic Definition
		Biological control can be defined as the use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by a pest population.
		According to most biological control practitioners, biological control differs from "natural control." Natural control is what occurs much of the time, natural enemies keeping populations of potential pests in check without intervention.
		Biological control is an approach that fits into an overall pest management program, and represents an alternative to continued reliance on pesticides.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cee/biocontrol/introduction/basicdef.html (159 words)

	Weed Biological Control
		Biological control has been defined as "the use of parasitoid, predator, pathogen, antagonist, or competitor populations to suppress a pest population, making it less abundant and thus less damaging that it would otherwise be" (Van Driesche and Bellows 1996).
		In the case of leafy spurge, the biological control agents (also called natural enemies) being used to suppress this weed in North America are considered the antagonist.
		The leafy spurge biological control agent complex includes a leaf-feeding moth, two species of root-feeding moths, six species of flea beetles, a root-boring beetle, and a gall midge.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /weedcontrol/leafyspurge2.htm (1650 words)

	Biological Control
		Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists.
		Periodic releases of the parasitoid, Encarsia formosa, are used to control greenhouse whitefly, and the predaceous mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis, is used for control of the two-spotted spider mite.
		There may also be some conflict with pest control for the large producer because of the difficulty of targeting the pest species and the use of refuges by the pest insects as well as natural enemies.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/info/biocont.html (1829 words)

	Biological Control
		Natural control strategies that employ biological agents for pest suppression are generally classified as biological control tactics.
		Biological control is a particularly appealing pest control alternative because, unlike most other tactics, it does not always have to be reapplied each time a pest outbreak occurs.
		Biological control is not a "quick fix" for most pest problems.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/text19/biocontrol.html (1251 words)

	Biological Control
		Biological control programs are currently available for the control of greenhouse whitefly, but many of the remaining pest species--particularly aphids, leafminers, mealybugs, scales, and various species of Lepidoptera--will require additional research.
		First, during 12 years of research on biological control of pests in greenhouses in Florida, California, and New York, we have detected a strong interest, on the part of growers and others, in the use of biological control.
		Biological control can be defined as the action of natural enemies which maintains a host's (or pest) population density at a level lower than would occur in the absence of these enemies.
	www.mrec.ifas.ufl.edu /lso/SpMite/b853a1.htm (1027 words)

	Understanding Biological Control in Greenhouses
		When selecting a biological control agent for use in a particular crop, make sure the biological control agent is compatible with conditions in which the crop is grown.
		One approach is to use the biological control agent(s) that have the best chance of succeeding in the particular crop environment and control the remaining pest(s) with alternatives that wonât harm the biological control agents you are using.
		Biological control agents are meant to keep pest populations at acceptable (non-damaging) levels, not eliminate the population.
	www.extension.umn.edu /distribution/horticulture/DG6682.html (1908 words)

	Landis & Orr: Biological Control
		Biological control of the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhall) is a example of a successful program using importation of natural enemies (Bryan et al.
		Biological control is an exciting science because it constantly incorporates new knowledge and techniques.
		In order for biological control products to not be at odds with these industries, and to compete strongly with pesticides, they should have many of the same characteristics.
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/landis.htm (3355 words)

	Biological Control of Codling Moth (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The three basic approaches to biological control are relevant for an areawide IPM program for pome fruit in the west.
		However, Helsen and Blommers (1989) have demonstrated the benefits of changing from a broad-spectrum chemical program for codling moth control in the Netherlands, where natural control of the summer fruit tortrix in IPM orchards, primarily from general predators, was found to be responsible for 99% mortality of eggs and larvae.
		It seems probable that natural biological control, classical biological control, and augmentative biological control all could play substantial roles in the suppression of the most important secondary pests of apple and pear under a selective management program against codling moth.
	ippc.orst.edu /codlingmoth/ipm/biocontrol.html (1519 words)

	Glossary
		Biological control: The use of living organisms, such as predators, parasitoids, and pathogens, to control pest insects, weeds, or diseases.
		Introduction (classical biological control): The importation of a natural enemy from a foreign country or continent, usually to control a pest also of foreign origin.
		Mechanical control: Control of pests by physical means such as the use of screens or row covers.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/glossary.html (2086 words)

	Weeds CRC: Biological Control
		Biological control, often shortened to 'biocontrol', is the use of natural enemies to suppress a pest or weed.
		Biological control is a slow process, depending on increases in numbers of the biocontrol agents and persistence of standing plants and seeds already in the soil.
		A range of biological control agents, including both insects and plant diseases, may be needed before a weed becomes visibly less common.
	www.weeds.crc.org.au /weed_management/biological_control.html (887 words)

	Biological Control - Cambridge University Press (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Biological control of insect pests, plant pathogens and weeds, is the only major alternative to the use of pesticides in agriculture and forestry.
		Biological control of soil-borne pathogens of wheat: benefits, risks and current challenges David M. Weller, Linda S. Thomashow and R. James Cook; 14.
		Biological control of foliar fungal diseases Nyckle J. Fokkema; 16.
	www.cambridge.org /uk/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=052154405X (871 words)

	Biological Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Biological control is a safe and sound approach to keep pests (insects, mites, and weeds) under control.
		The advantage of using biological control is that it is a safe and effective method that is environmentally friendly.
		SPC-BCL complies with protocols for biological control stipulated in Guidelines for Biological Control Projects in the Pacific (SPC document 57) and FAO Code of Conduct for the Import and Release of Exotic Biological Control.
	www.spc.org.nc /pps/biological_control.htm (291 words)

	Biological Control - Plant Pathology Internet Guide Book (PPIGB)
		Biological Control, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen Agricultural University (WAU), Wageningen, Netherlands.
		The main objectives of their research programme are (1) to elucidate the mechanisms involved in natural disease suppressive soils, (2) to identify and characterize potential antagonistic microorganisms, and (3) to study the effect of biological control on the epidemiology of plant pathogens.
		Biological control of major insects, diseases and weed pests in North America, photographs, discriptions.
	www.pk.uni-bonn.de /ppigb/ipm.htm (1768 words)

	IPM - Biological Control
		Another type of biological control, sometimes called microbial control, is the use of disease-causing bacteria, viruses, fungi, or nematodes as control agents.
		A good example of this type of control is the use of the bacterium, Bacillus thuringienses or Bt, to control pests.
		One of the strong points of this type of biological control is that it is specific towards certain types of pests and will not harm other insects in the landscape, such as ladybeetles.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/Horticulture/landipm/ipm/biological_control.htm (364 words)

	NCSU Biological Control Information Center : NCSU Department of Entomology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Biological control is, generally, human's use of a specially chosen living organism to control a particular pest.
		A complete Biological Control program may range from choosing a pesticide which will be least harmful to beneficial insects, to raising and releasing one insect to have it attack another, almost like a "living insecticide".
		In some cases, biological control measures can actually prevent economic damage to the plants.
	cipm.ncsu.edu /ent/biocontrol (230 words)

	UC Riverside - Hoddle Laboratory
		The evaluation of biological control agents are conducted primarily in the field and, when necessary, aspects of both pest and natural enemy biology and behavior are studied in the laboratory.
		Fifth California Conference on Biological Control (CCBC V) to be held at the historic Mission Inn in downtown Riverside, July 25-27, 2006.
		If biological control is to continue to prosper in southern California, the continuing recruitment and training of high quality students is paramount.
	www.biocontrol.ucr.edu (417 words)

	Biological Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The control strategy is aimed solely against the larvae, so if the beetle itself is causing serious damage a chemical insecticide must be used for short-term control.
		It is less appropriate for use by small landowners, who may control the larvae in their own turf only to find their trees and shrubs being eaten by beetles from their neighbours' properties.
		The success of the control programme must be judged not on this basis but by the fact that over a number of years the mean level of pest damage is lower than it would be in the absence of B.
	helios.bto.ed.ac.uk /bto/microbes/control.htm (2216 words)

	Biological Control
		It is mainly used for biological control of the Potato Aphid (Macrosiphum euphorbiae) and the Foxglove Aphid (Aulacorthum solani).
		For a successful biological control it is important to detect the pest early and to act immediately.
		Mealybug is one of the hardest pests to control.
	www.plantprod.com /EN/catalogue/09BioControl.html (3438 words)

	APSnet Feature - Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: Research, Commercialization, and Application in the USA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Biological control of plant pests and pathogens continues to inspire research and development in many fields.
		The CREES Biological Control Working Group (Appendix 1), which brings together representatives of state and federal agencies and the private sector, have published a white paper defining a new paradigm for biocontrol and outlining action steps to foster further development of the industry (4).
		Applications of diverse biological control strategies have been successful in the greenhouse industry (where environmental design and control is greatest) and continue to increase (18).
	www.apsnet.org /online/feature/biocontrol/top.html (3990 words)

	SERAMBO - Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative Workshop - Minutes
		A Southern Appalachian Biological Control Initiative workshop was held at the North Carolina Arboretum near Asheville, North Carolina, on September 2627, 1996 (enclosures 1 and 2).
		The first day was devoted to invited presentations on biological control including a discussion of concepts, practices, and requirements of biocontrol.
		With regard to biological control, Bob feels that several things need to be done--determine if the fungus occurs elsewhere in the world, figure out why some trees in the U.S. are recovering, and pursue the genetics work.
	www.main.nc.us /SERAMBO/BControl/WebBiocontrol.htm (3644 words)

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