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Topic: Biological evolution

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	Evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Evolution is the source of the vast diversity of extant and extinct life on Earth.
		Heneta, a protist, is an extant organism that is undergoing endosymbiotic evolution
		The chemical evolution from self-catalytic chemical reactions to life (see Origin of life) is not a part of biological evolution, but it is unclear at which point such increasingly complex sets of reactions became what we would consider, today, to be living organisms.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Evolution (9446 words)

	Human evolution - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Human evolution is the part of the theory of evolution by which human beings emerged as a distinct species.
		Though Darwin's first book on evolution did not address the specific question of human evolution— "light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history," was all Darwin wrote on the subject— the implications of evolutionary theory were clear to contemporary readers.
		This was made possible by the evolution of locking knees and a different location of the foramen magnum (the hole in the skull where the spine enters).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_evolution (3775 words)

	What is Evolution?
		Biological evolution may be slight or substantial; it embraces everything from slight changes in the proportion of different alleles within a population (such as those determining blood types) to the successive alterations that led from the earliest protoorganism to snails, bees, giraffes, and dandelions."
		It is important to note that biological evolution refers to populations and not to individuals and that the changes must be passed on to the next generation.
		Evolution is a process that results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/evolution-definition.html (940 words)

	Cosmic Evolution - Epoch 6 - Biological Evolution
		Biological evolution asserts that all life forms respond to their changing environments, inhibiting some traits while promoting others, thereby yielding an immense diversity of species throughout the course of time.
		A central feature of biological evolution is modification followed by adaptation—the positive response to a changing environment of an organism having some variation or trait that improves the organism’s chance for survival and reproduction.
		Darwin himself would probably be surprised at the microscopic roots of biological evolution as we know it today—a modern synthesis of Darwinian and Mendelian ideas, often referred to as neo-Darwinism.
	tufts.edu /as/wright_center/cosmic_evolution/docs/text/text_bio_5.html (7250 words)

	The Talk.Origins Archive: Evolution FAQs
		However, the mechanisms of evolution are less well understood, and it is these mechanisms that are described by several theories of evolution.
		Evolution does not proceed from any basic randomness, although genetic changes are not coupled to selection and may be characterised as "random" relative to selection pressures, nor do they anticipate the needs of a species.
		One of the favorite anti-evolutionist challenges to the existence of transitional fossils is the supposed lack of transitional forms in the evolution of the whales.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/faqs-evolution.html (1031 words)

	LiveScience.com - Behind the Controversy: How Evolution Works
		Evolution is well supported by many examples of changes in various species leading to the diversity of life seen today.
		Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection is one of the best substantiated theories in the history of science, supported by evidence from a wide variety of scientific disciplines, including paleontology, geology, genetics and developmental biology.
		Using evolution as their guide and knowing how natural selection works, biologists knew that the transition of early whales from land to water occurred in a series of predictable steps.
	www.livescience.com /othernews/051109_evolution_science.html (1088 words)

	Evolution: Library: Whale Evolution
		In doing so, it lost its legs, and all of its vital systems became adapted to a marine existence -- the reverse of what happened millions of years previously, when the first animals crawled out of the sea onto land.
		But we know for certain that this back-to-the-water evolution did occur, thanks to a profusion of intermediate fossils that have been uncovered over the past two decades.
		But the important thing is that each fossil whale shares new, whale-like features with the whales we know today, and in the fossil record, we can observe the gradual accumulation of these aquatic adaptations in the lineage that led to modern whales.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_05.html (583 words)

	Biological evolution. Concept of life.
		Biological evolution as internal dynamic or perception of external variations.
		The term of biological evolution is really not clear, especially when we are talking about the purpose driven life.
		The problem comes from the idea that the internal genetic modifications are random, so the real biological evolution is only external and due to the elimination of the non efficient changes.
	www.molwick.com /en/evolution/at0-200-biological-evolution.html (334 words)

	Biological Evolution
		The development of the macrosystems is based on the development of macrostructures of metabolic processes which corresponds to a long-drawn ontogeny of dissipative structures.
		Obviously, information is transferred at the macrobranch of the evolution of life in terms of flinctions which may evolve in dependence of the exchange relations with the environment.
		In the phylogeny of biological microevolution, in contrast, information is stored in conservative structures and transferred through them.
	www.kheper.net /evolution/biological.html (550 words)

	Early Theories of Evolution: Evidence of Evolution
		Biological evolution is genetic change in a population from one generation to another.
		For those who have difficulty in accepting evolution because of what they perceive as contradictions with their fundamental religious beliefs, it may be useful to distinguish the ultimate origin of life from its later evolution.
		The synthetic theory of evolution will be revisited with more detail in the 6th tutorial of this biological anthropology series.
	anthro.palomar.edu /evolve/evolve_3.htm (2473 words)

	Niche Construction, Biological Evolution and Cultural Change (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		According to the sociobiological standpoint, the only way in which development and culture can affect genetic evolution is by influencing the adaptations of individual organisms, and hence the probability that different individuals in a population will survive and reproduce to pass on their genes to the next generation.
		For human sociobiologists, the most appropriate way to think about evolution is from the perspective of the gene: those characteristics that have been favoured by selection are the expression of the "selfish genes"(Dawkins, 1989) that were best able to increase their representation in the next generation.
		Mathematical models that have explored the evolution of social learning reveal that it is a truism of the modelling exercise that the capacity for social learning cannot be favoured unless it generally increases some measure of fitness.
	bbsonline.org /documents/a/00/00/05/28/bbs00000528-00/bbs.laland.html (13385 words)

	Obfuscating Biological Evolution (Skeptical Inquirer November/December 2005)
		If the theory of evolution turns out to be wrong, a very unlikely proposition, it could only be replaced by another and better scientific theory—not by spurious special pleadings for which no scientific evidence exists.
		In the simplest terms, evolution is about changes taking place in populations of living organisms as a function of time and environment.
		The mainly religious hostility to the theory of evolution is as fierce today as was the opposition to Copernicus and Galileo’s heliocentric theory (that the sun and not Earth is at the center of our planetary system) centuries ago.
	www.csicop.org /si/2005-11/evolution.html (665 words)

	Cognition and evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The scientific study of cognition in the context of biological evolution (Cognition and Evolution, CE) has led to the result, that all our thoughts and cognitions, including science and philosophy, are dependent on our cognitive apparatus in its present stage of evolution.
		An account of natural science, biological evolution, and CE based on an idealist philosophy is offered, and it is argued that this account is free of contradictions.
		The theory of evolution itself, associated with the theory of linear time is also regarded as experienced in the Now and seen as a methodological arrangement of the present.
	cogprints.org /3373/01/evolutioncognition.html (3721 words)

	A post-darwinian probabilistic model of biological evolution
		a probabilistic interaction between the environmental variations and the biological evolution with three applications: the 5 mass extinctions (with the Dinosaurs death causes at the cretaceous extinction), the iodine influence, the increase in PO2 PAL.
		III The Mass extinctions models : the P/T extinction, the Ordovician/Silurian extinction, the late Devonian extinction, the KT extinction (with the Dinosaurs disappearance causes at the KT limit), the Trias extinction, with the mass extinctions causes and the "cambrian explosion".
		The probabilistic model of the biological evolution is integrated within the general framework of a probabilistic model of the universe where the chance, defined as a factor of probability, is proposed as the underlying factor of the order and the organization of all the phenomena, physics, biological, cosmological, etc..., on all the scales:
	dinosauresextinction.ifrance.com (232 words)

	Biological Evolution
		Yet biological and cultural evolution each have "rules of their own"; confusing the two is a grave error--one that marred the work of thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, and that has reappeared recently among the sociobiologists (see Harris 1979).
		Some biological anthropologists have speculated about humans of the distant future, and the picture is not one we would consider attractive: wimpy-bodied, swollen-headed, toothless and hairless creatures with senses so weak that everyone requires extensive artificial assistance of the kind pioneered by eyeglasses and hearing aids.
		Already we can see a new way in which cultural evolution is overwhelming biological evolution: genetic engineering is beginning to bring our genetic makeup, as a species, under the direct influence of science and technology--a "sobering and disquieting prospect," in the words of astronomer Carl Sagan (1985:26).
	www2.truman.edu /~rgraber/cultev/bioevo.html (633 words)

	revised white paper 3/97
		Evolution, which provides an explanatory framework for biological phenomena ranging from genes to ecosystems, is the single unifying theory of biology.
		Biological evolution consists of change in the hereditary characteristics of groups of organisms over the course of generations.
		Although most of the details of the history of evolution remain to be described (as is true also of human history), the statement that there has been a history of common ancestry and modification is as fully confirmed a fact as any in biology.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~ecolevol/fulldoc.html (8412 words)

	Biological evolution and the Genesis creation account- are they both true? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Biological evolution also explains the progression of life found in the fossil record.
		"Creation, Evolution and Adam" has a couple great articles, one shows that Adam was our representative head, and another refutes the argument that Biblically, death, and decay couldn't have existed before Adam sinned.
		For the record, I believe the evolution of all life forms, should be taught as a theory, not as a fact.
	www.trustbible.com /evolution.htm (4984 words)

	Evolution Happens
		Biological evolution is the change that species (kinds of living things) undergo over time.
		The theory of evolution is the only explanation for the origin of life that accounts for the fossil, anatomical, molecular (including genetic), behavioral and geological evidence.
		This is because evolution explains all of the evidence far better than all other proposed explanations for the origin of life.
	www.evolutionhappens.net (2440 words)

	An introduction to evolution
		Biological evolution is not simply a matter of change over time.
		The central idea of biological evolution is that all life on Earth shares a common ancestor, just as you and your cousins share a common grandmother.
		Evolution means that we're all distant cousins: humans and oak trees, hummingbirds and whales.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_02 (216 words)

	Gene Expression: BIOLOGICAL VERSUS CULTURAL EVOLUTION
		Analogies are often drawn between biological evolution and ‘social’ or ‘cultural’ evolution.
		Because of this it is often argued (or assumed) that in cultural evolution the group, rather than the individual, is the unit of evolution by natural selection.
		Biological traits are usually adaptive for the individuals who possess them, in the sense that possession of the trait enhances their reproductive fitness.
	www.gnxp.com /MT2/archives/000205.html (1467 words)

	Obfuscating biological evolution Skeptical Inquirer - Find Articles
		the theory of evolution was firmly established through one confirming discovery after another, in every single biological discipline from anthropology, through molecular biology and paleontology (filling in the "missing" intermediate forms of life, for example), to zoology.
		If the theory of evolution turns out to be wrong, a very unlikely proposition, it could only be replaced by another and better scientific theory--not by spurious special pleadings for which no scientific evidence exists.
		Evolution for example, is not synonymous with progress.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2843/is_6_29/ai_n15922448 (706 words)

	Amazon: So You'd Like To... - View Guide "Learn about biological evolution" (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In spite of the technical significance of the principle of natural selection, the evolutionary story of life on earth is not itself told by that principle, it is told rather by the details of the history it produces.
		The acceptance of the modern synthesis was met by a tide of opposition from people (The Creationists: The Evolution of Scientific Creationism) who saw atheism and immoral implications in evolutionary theory.
		These 20th century Creationists were a rear-guard action, a pale shadow of the majesty of Agassiz' view, but they were not to be denied their voice.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/guides/guide-display/-/1ZVZDKO9Z0ETC (1803 words)

	Biological Evolution Notes
		Evolution: all changes that have occurred in living things since beginning of life.
		Evolution is a great unifying Theory of biology.
		Punctuated equilibrium is newer model of evolution, with stasis punctuated with rapid change or speciation.
	www.texarkanacollege.edu /~mstorey/1405/evolution_notes.html (1873 words)

	CNN.com - Georgia considers banning 'evolution' - Jan. 30, 2004
		Superintendent Kathy Cox said the concept of evolution would still be taught under the proposal, but the word would not be used.
		Cox repeatedly referred to evolution as a "buzzword" Thursday and said the ban was proposed, in part, to alleviate pressure on teachers in socially conservative areas where parents object to its teaching.
		Social conservatives who prefer religious creation to be taught instead of evolution criticized the proposal as well.
	www.cnn.com /2004/EDUCATION/01/30/striking.evolution.ap/index.html (358 words)

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