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Topic: Biological membrane

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Membrane protein

Cell membrane

Cell (biology)

Endocytosis

Biological cell

Membrane

Lipid anchored protein

Vesicle

Endoplasmic reticulum

Lipid bilayer

Phospholipid

Golgi apparatus

Organelle

G protein

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	Cell membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A component of every biological cell, the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane or plasmalemma) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell.
		The foundation is a phospholipid bilayer, and the membrane as a whole is often described as a fluid mosaic – a two-dimensional fluid of freely diffusing lipids, dotted or embedded with proteins which may function as channels or transporters across the membrane, or as receptors.
		Passive transport is a means of moving different chemical substances across membranes through diffusion of hydrophobic (non polar) and small polar molecules, or facilitated diffusion of polar and ionic molecules, which relies on a transport protein to provide a channel or bind to specific molecules.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cell_membrane (830 words)

	Biological membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A biological membrane or biomembrane is a membrane which acts as a barrier within or around a cell.
		It is, almost invariably, a lipid bilayer (except for Archaea which have isoprene membranes), being composed of a double layer of lipid-class molecules, specifically phospholipids, with occasional proteins intertwined, some of which function as channels.
		For example, the membrane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell from peroxides, and the plasma membrane separates a cell from its surrounding medium.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_membrane (252 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0040185445
		In another embodiment, when the probe is a biological membrane containing a glycolipid, such as a ganglioside or a phosphoinositide (PIP), or a membrane-bound protein such as a G protein-coupled receptor or a ion channel, the common ligand may be a biotinylated lipid molecule, a ganglioside molecule, or a phosphoinositide.
		According to an embodiment, when the common ligands is a biotin-moiety of a probe biologicals in array, or a biotinylated lipid molecule co-existed in probe biological membranes in array, the universal readout unit may be an anti-biotin antibody or a streptavidin.
		The probe biological molecule in the array is preferably an antibody, a recombinant protein, a peptide, an oligosaccharide, or a nucleic acid or peptide aptamer.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/search-bool.html&r=13&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=epsin&OS=epsin&RS=epsin (10700 words)

	Cell membrane - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A component of every biological cell, the selectively permeable cell membrane (or plasma membrane) is a thin and structured bilayer of phospholipid and protein molecules that envelopes the cell.
		The foundation is a phospholipid bilayer, and the membrane as a whole is often described as a 'fluid mosaic' - a two-dimensional fluid of freely diffusing lipids, dotted or embedded with proteins which may function as channels or transporters across the membrane, or as receptors.
		Some of these proteins simply adhere to the membrane (extrinsic or peripheral proteins), while others might be said to reside within it or to span it (intrinsic proteins -- more at integral membrane protein).
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /cell_membrane.htm (859 words)

	Membranes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Integral membrane proteins are those spanning the membrane in some manner, thus attached in the same manner as the amphipathic, lipid-based molecules within the membrane.
		It is important when thinking about membranes to keep in mind that a typical cell membrane tends to have a different composition on one side (a.k.a., leaflet; say, the inside, or inner leaflet) than on the other (the outside, or outer leaflet).
		Membrane asymmetries (which are defined to a significant extent by fixed membrane protein orientations) coupled with appropriate energy expenditure automatically maintains the internal cell environment at different solute concentrations relative to those found in the extracellular environment.
	www.mansfield.ohio-state.edu /~sabedon/biol1050.htm (1908 words)

	SimScience - Biological membranes
		Cell membranes are about 5 nm thick whereas the cells range from about 5 µm to several meters for a Giraffe's nerve cell (see: Cells and their sizes).
		It took nearly 100 years to uncover the structure of the cell membrane as it is now understood (see: Revealing the nature of the cell membrane).
		The fluid membrane isn't the determining factor in shape of red blood cell, instead the crystalline spectrin network is. Thus we attempt to understand the shape of red blood cells in terms of crystalline membranes rather then than a general fluid amphiphilic membrane model.
	www.simscience.org /membranes/advanced/essay/biological_membranes1.html (603 words)

	1.1 Membrane Structure and Composition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		This is known as the fluid mosaic model of biological membranes (mosaic because it includes proteins, cholesterol, and other types of molecules besides phospholipids).
		Membrane proteins diffuse throughout the membrane in the same fashion, though at a slower pace because of their massive size (a phospholipid may be 650 d (daltons, or MW), and a medium sized protein can be 100,000 d).
		There is a good diagram of the fluid mosaic model of a biological membrane in The WWW Cell Biology Course.
	web.mit.edu /esgbio/www/cb/membranes/structure.html (512 words)

	United States Patent Application: 0020099356
		The membrane through which the pores are made may include a mucous membrane, such as inside the mouth, an intestinal surface, such as the stomach, small bowel, or colon, or the inside of an airway such as the trachea.
		Preferably a semi-permeable membrane (not shown) is positioned towards the skin with a reservoir of drug within the membrane or on the surface thereof.
		A drug may be topically applied to the biological membrane of a patient before the microneedle array and transducer assembly 72 is worn on the same area.
	appft1.uspto.gov /netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO1&Sect2=HITOFF&d=PG01&p=1&u=/netahtml/PTO/srchnum.html&r=1&f=G&l=50&s1='20020099356'.PGNR.&OS=DN/20020099356&RS=DN/20020099356 (7615 words)

	Biological membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A biological membrane is a lipid bilayer, typicallyembedded with proteins, which acts as a barrierwithin or around a cell.
		Such membranes typically define enclosed spaces or compartments, in whichcells may maintain a chemical or biochemical environment that differs from the outside.
		Forexample, the membrane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell fromperoxides, and the plasma membrane separates a cell from itssurrounding medium.
	www.therfcc.org /biological-membrane-66998.html (80 words)

	Small Molecule Transport
		membrane solubility characteristics of the phospholipid bilayer and
		Unlike artificial membranes, however, biological membranes are permeable to specific ions and certain polar molecules of moderate size (e.g.
		In dilute solutions including most biological fluids, it is the difference in the proportion of unbound water that causes osmosis, rather than the actual difference in water concentration.
	home.earthlink.net /~dayvdanls/CampOLs/MemTransport.html (1663 words)

	Membrane - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A membrane is a thin, typically planar structure or material that separates two environments.
		Because it sits between environments or phases and has a finite volume, it can be referred to as an interphase rather than an interface.
		Membranes selectively control mass transport between the phases or environments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Membrane (88 words)

	CASH REWARD
		Two recent theories of transduction are entirely dependent on the existence of a biological membrane surrounding the disk stack of the Outer Segment.
		Both the calcium gate and the glutamate cascade theories depend on gates in the biological membrane surrounding the disk stack of the Outer Segment.
		No definitive record could be found in the vision literature substantiating the existence of such a biological membrane enclosing the portion of the Outer Segment extending from the end of the inner segment of the photoreceptor cell and the beginning of the phagocytosis region associated with the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells.
	www.4colorvision.com /reward.htm (791 words)

	COMPONENTS AND FUNCTION OF THE MEMBRANE. Essay Sample. Free term papers for college students
		Overall the biological membrane is an extensive, self-sealing, fluid, asymmetric, selectively permeable, compartmental barrier essential for a cell or organelles correct functioning, and thus its survival.
		Biological membranes surround all living cells, and may also be found surrounding many of an eukaryotes organelles.
		The membrane is essential to the survival of a cell due to its diverse range of functions.
	www.essaysample.com /essay/000868.html (2422 words)

	MEMBRANES
		Membranes separate and maintain the chemical environments of the two sides of the membrane.
		The beta-subunit is a glycoprotein, with the carbohydrate on the external surface of the membrane.
		The receptor-insulin complex migrates to a region of the plasma membrane with the protein clathrin coating its inner surface.
	www-medlib.med.utah.edu /NetBiochem/membrane.htm (2845 words)

	Development of a scientific fact - the cell membrane
		To understand the current model of biological membranes, one has to know the history of the study of cell membranes, both from a structural and functional point of view.
		The pore forming activity of gramicidin peptides had been shown before using diverse biological membranes, such us mitochondria and red blood cells, both depending on functional ion gradients which are destroyed by the presence of gramicidin.
		The structural and functional characterization of biological membranes and its components is a marvel of reductionist experimentation, of logic and deduction.
	www.whatislife.com /education/fact/history.htm (1676 words)

	Synthetic biological membrane with self organizing properties - US Patent 6537575 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The material is formed by the noncovalent self-assembly of a quaternary mixture of a phospholipid, a lipopolymer, or diblock or triblock co-polymer or polymer-grafted amphiphile, and a surfactant dispersed in water.
		Given the colloidal nature of such membranes, wherein polar groups extend outwardly in physiologic situations, the encapsulation of proteins, organic molecules, aqueous molecules, metals and colloidal metals (such as semiconductor colloids) is facilitated with the invented material.
		This would allow the membrane to be used as a package or to encapsulate samples of proteins and other organics for analysis and for carrying medications into the blood stream for slow release.
	www.patentstorm.us /patents/6537575.html (4227 words)

	Interfacing molecular dynamics with continuum dynamics in computer simulation: Toward an application to biological ...
		There are various models for biological membranes ranging from very detailed atomistic models of lipid bilayer systems [1, 2] to greatly simplified models (hard spherocylinders, ellipsoids of revolution) used in liquid crystal studies [3, 4].
		The membrane is formed by introducing the lipid molecules at the small hole between the two aqueous compartments on either side of the barrier.
		The inherent selectivity of biological membranes gives rise to osmotic pressure effects: If a solution of water and a substance impermeable to the membrane are placed in one compartment and pure water is in the other, a flux of water from the pure side to the solution side is observed.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/453/ayton.html (4873 words)

	Rednova NEWS \| The Protein-Tethered Lipid Bilayer: A Novel Mimic of the Biological Membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The tethered bilayer lipid membrane is generated by substitution of protein-bound detergent molecules with lipids using in-situ dialysis or adsorption.
		Solubilized membrane proteins are purified and reconstituted; i.e., reintegrated in an (artificial) lipid bilayer, which mimicks their native environment in the plasma membrane.
		Protein-tethered bilayer lipid membranes have been shown to be a feasible concept to reconstitute complex membrane proteins in a tethered lipid bilayer system.
	www.rednova.com /modules/news/tools.php?tool=print&id=104504 (5133 words)

	Age-dependence of molecular and functional changes in biological membrane properties. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The liquid-crystalline fluid state of a biological membrane is an essential condition for maintenance of different membrane functions.
		The age-dependent changes in membrane lipid composition influence respiratory activity in rat heart mitochondria of old animals.
		Rat liver plasma membrane lipids also show a decrease in membrane fluidity which results in a change in transport parameters of cholic acid and thymidine.
	www.arclab.org /medlineupdates/abstract_6259454.html (203 words)

	Biological membrane (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A biological membrane is a lipid bilayer typically embedded with proteins which acts as a barrier within around a cell.
		For the membrane around peroxisomes shields the rest of the cell peroxides and the plasma membrane separates a cell from its surrounding Most organelles are defined by such membranes.
		Membrane Transporters: Methods and Protocols (Methods in Molecular Biology (Clifton, N.J.), V. Cell Calcium and the Control of Membrane Transport (Society of General Physiologists Series)
	www.freeglossary.com /Biological_membrane (144 words)

	Definition of Peripheral membrane protein
		Peripheral membrane proteins are proteins that adhere only loosely to the biological membrane with which they are associated.
		These molecules do not span the lipid bilayer core of the membrane, but attach indirectly, typically by binding to integral membrane proteins, or by interactions with the lipid polar head.
		These proteins, in contrast to integral membrane proteins, tend to collect in the water-soluble fraction during protein purification.
	www.wordiq.com /definition/Peripheral_membrane_protein (206 words)

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