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Topic: Biological pest control

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	Biological pest control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological control of pests and diseases is a method of controlling pests and diseases in agriculture that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals.
		Therefore biological control is about developing a range of techniques that use living organisms to maintain the beneficial equilibria in garden landscapes without causing adverse effects to humans or the wider environment.
		Biological control proves to be very successful economically, and even when the method has been less successful, it still produces a benefit-to-cost ratio of 11:1.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_pest_control (1552 words)

	Pest control - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Pest control refers to the regulation or management of another species defined as a pest, usually because it is believed to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
		Pest control is at least as old as agriculture.
		Chemical pest control is still the predominant type of pest control today, although its long-term effects led to a renewed interest in traditional and biological pest control towards the end of the 20th century.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pest_control (777 words)

	Biological pest control
		Biological control of weeds is the deliberate use of natural enemies to reduce the density of a particular weed to a tolerable level The objective of biological weed control is not eradication of the weed entirely, but simply the reduction of the weed population to an economically low level.
		For biological control to be continuously successful, small numbers of the weed host must always be present to assured the survival of the natural enemy.
		Biological control has most frequently been applied against these alien weeds and attempts are made to restore the natural control of these weed pests by introducing one or more host-specific, damaging natural enemies from the native region of the weed.
	www.landscape-america.com /problems/weeds/biological.html (363 words)

	Biological pest control in Walnuts
		Successful sustainable biological control is an ecological process, and inoculative releases of Rincon-Vitova's beneficials into the orchard ecosystem to augment existing natural controls is but one component of a larger sustainable ecological farming system that may take three to five years to establish.
		Biological control is maximized when alternate crops act as field insectaries, growing large populations of pest-fighting predators and parasites.
		Biological control of codling moth works when diverse plants act as field insectaries, growing large populations of pest-fighting predators and parasites that migrate into orchard trees.&& As adults, =Trichogramma feed on insect eggs, nectar, pollen and honeydew.
	www.rain.org /~sals/walnut.html (3423 words)

	pi_ppc-biostat
		Biological control in Hawaii began in 1890 with introduction by Koebele of the vedalia beetle, Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), to control cottonycushion scale, I.
		In the biological control of weeds, 36 attempts were made to control Lantana camara L. From 1890 to 1988, a total of 681 species, belonging to 98 families and 30 orders, have been introduced to aid in control of pests in Hawaii.
		Importation and release of phytophagous insects for control of weeds in Hawaii began in 1902 with introductions against lantana, a pest primarily of lowland pasture.
	www.hawaiiag.org /hdoa/pi_ppc_biostat.htm (945 words)

	FILE: <BC-2
		Further development of modern biological control awaited the recognition of the fact that insect pest problems were population phenomena.
		The Division of Biological Control became the Department of Biological Control at UC Riverside and Berkeley in 1954.
		The biological control unit at the new campus of the University of California in Riverside was by 1962 the most renouned research entity for that discipline in the world.
	www.faculty.ucr.edu /~legneref/biotact/bc-2.htm (4823 words)

	Biological pest control in cotton
		Late-season biological control of worms (caterpillars) is an added benefit of holding off on early-season pesticides and allowing small early-season populations of beneficials to multiply into large mid- to late-season pest-fighting armies.
		Biological control is also maximized when alternate crops act as field insectaries, growing large populations of pest-fighting predators and parasites that can migrate into cotton.
		Since not all cotton plants or parts of fields get pests at the same time, careful monitoring and sampling of the progress of biological controls is advised to identify "hot spots" for treatment with larger numbers of beneficials.
	www.rain.org /~sals/cotton.html (3080 words)

	UCONN IPM :Greenhouse:Vegetables:Biological Pest Control Success in Greenhouse Tomato (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If pests are a problem in the crop at the end of the season, treat the standing crop before pulling and again after removal with the appropriate pesticide.
		Other pests such as spider mite descend onto the crop over a period of time and must be treated with "curative releases" of biological control agents as soon as the pests are detected.
		Biological control technology is a rapidly changing area and there are many variables to consider in every pest control program.
	www.hort.uconn.edu /ipm/greenhs/htms/bpcsigt.htm (1746 words)

	Biological Control
		Natural control strategies that employ biological agents for pest suppression are generally classified as biological control tactics.
		Biological control is a particularly appealing pest control alternative because, unlike most other tactics, it does not always have to be reapplied each time a pest outbreak occurs.
		Biological control is not a "quick fix" for most pest problems.
	www.cals.ncsu.edu /course/ent425/text19/biocontrol.html (1251 words)

	March Biological \| Natural Pest Control
		Many of the pests we are trying to kill are developing a tolerance to chemicals thus making them harder to stop while the Beneficial Insects nature intended to control pests are being killed off.
		Prior to the introduction of toxic insecticides in the 1940's the use of Beneficial Insects for pest control was standard practice.
		Every pest has a natural enemy, the key to successful pest control is to identify the pest and it's natural enemy, releasing the Beneficial Insect early when pest levels are low and let nature take it's course.
	www.marchbiological.com /home.html (323 words)

	Unasylva - No. 100 - Biological and integrated control of pest organisms in forestry
		Their potential for insect control is well known to practical foresters, who use trap-trees and the attractive odour of decaying bark to concentrate, supervise and eliminate wood-borers and bark beetles.
		A few practical control experiments have been made (Belton, 1962), for example: the population of corn borers was reduced to one third in control plots where high frequency sounds were broadcast from dusk to dawn during the growing season.
		Integrated control and pest management should not be thought of as synonymous, according to Stark (1970), who proposes that pest management should be considered as the higher level activity (i.e., as a component of resource management), whereas integrated control should be the approach by which regulation of pest populations is achieved.
	www.fao.org /docrep/b3350e/b3350e0a.htm (7180 words)

	Defenders Natural Biological Pest Control for Gardeners About Us
		All the biological controls that we send out are put through rigorous quality control tests to ensure that all of our biological controls are of the highest possible standard.
		Certain biological controls can be used outside, for instance, to keep slugs and vine weevil at bay.
		Biological control has proved itself to be an effective and environmentally safe alternative to chemicals, providing a long term solution to controlling pests.
	www.defenders.co.uk /about_us.htm (456 words)

	Landis & Orr: Biological Control
		Pests are constantly being imported into countries where they are not native, either accidentally, or in some cases, intentionally.
		Biological control is an exciting science because it constantly incorporates new knowledge and techniques.
		In order for biological control products to not be at odds with these industries, and to compete strongly with pesticides, they should have many of the same characteristics.
	ipmworld.umn.edu /chapters/landis.htm (3355 words)

	Integrated Pest Management-Biological Control: Natural Enemies
		Biological control utilizes natural enemies such as parasites, predators, pathogens or competitors, deriving its energy directly from the pests themselves.
		The biological control strategy was born in a citrus grove in 1889, in what is now the city of Los Angeles, California ("Biological Control Turns 100 This Year" by Jessica Morrison, Agricultural Research, V 37 (Mar 1989) n 3, p 4.
		The technique of releasing an imported organism that establishes itself and spreads to permanently control a pest is today known as the classical biological control concept (op.cit.).
	www.nal.usda.gov /afsic/AFSIC_pubs/afnotes3.htm (838 words)

	Biological and organic pest control
		Ideal to use before the introduction of biological controls, perhaps while waiting for the residue of previous chemical sprays to dissipate.
		Biological control (nematodes) is organic but can be expensive.
		100 parasitic midges to control Aphids and Greenfly
	www.goholistic.co.uk /eco_friendly_living/organic_pest_control.htm (1042 words)

	Biological Pest Control Program
		Biological pest control affords the opportunity to decrease agriculture's reliance on chemical pest control.
		Located in Palisade, Colorado, the work of the Insectary involves the importing, rearing, establishing, and colonizing of new beneficial organisms for control of specific plant and insect pests that are detrimental to agricultural industries and urban areas.
		The results of successful biological pest control are reduced production costs, decreased amounts of chemicals entering the environment, and established colonies of beneficial insects offering a natural permanent pest control solution.
	www.ag.state.co.us /CSD/Insectary/Index.html (154 words)

	Reduce Pests Naturally with Biological Pest Control / Radio Scripts / DCFRN
		Millions of people are poisoned by pesticides every year, and pest problems are often made worse when the balance between beneficial and harmful insects is disturbed by applying toxic chemicals.
		One control strategy for small-scale farmers is biological pest control, or reducing pests using their natural enemies.
		Biological pest control means using one living organism to control another living organism.
	www.farmradio.org /english/radio-scripts/72-4script_en.asp (721 words)

	Biological Pest Control Programs in New Mexico
		Agricultural pest management has tended to resort more and more to the use of insecticides and away from biological and cultural management programs for controlling insect pests.
		On this farm, weeds are controlled mechanically; manure is used for fertilization; and insects are controlled with pheromones, crop variety selection, and parasite releases.
		Use of biological control agents is severely hampered by lack of adequate research on effectiveness and quality control.
	www.cahe.nmsu.edu /pubs/_a/a-606.html (611 words)

	Science News Online (8/16/97): Biological Pest Control Harms Natives
		n theory, biological pest control is a clean and green technology, friendly to the environment and to the farmer alike.
		Control organisms, which typically come from other parts of the world, have traditionally been screened primarily for their impact on agriculture.
		Both she and McEvoy think the weevil, which was known to feed on a wide range of thistles, should not have been released in the first place and that there is much room for improving other biological control programs.
	www.sciencenews.org /sn_arc97/8_16_97/fob1.htm (783 words)

	Systematics and Biological Pest Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Numerous insects, fungi, and other microorganisms exist that hold great potential for controlling serious pests including diseases, but most are virtually undiscovered, much less described, characterized, and tested for their potential in controlling deleterious organisms.
		If the biological control potential of insects, fungi, and other microorganisms were harnessed, the use of chemicals that pollute our food and the environment would be considerably reduced.
		In addition to testing for biological control properties, these species must also be described, named, and accurately characterized prior to their introduction as biological control agents.
	www.dekker.com /sdek/178252862-64189127/abstract~db=enc~content=a713568374~words= (348 words)

	Fruit Pest Biological Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The main goals of the Fruit Pest Biological Control and IPM project area are to reduce pesticide use in Minnesota orchards and to facilitate communication and cooperation between growers and Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA).
		The focus of the Apple IPM Research Project is to develop efficient pest management tools and techniques for Minnesota apple industry and to enhance the adoption of integrated pest management and other low-input strategies, such as biological control and pheromone mating disruption in Minnesota apple orchards.
		The overall goal of the MDA Biological Control Contract Awards is to promote adoption of biological control in Minnesota by facilitating the discovery, development, and implementation of biological control strategies against plant and animal pests in Minnesota.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /biocon/fruitipm.html (591 words)

	Beneficial Insects & Biological Pest Control (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Beneficial insects and biological pest control for farms, gardens, orchards and greenhouses.
		Managing pest insects and mites by using their natural enemies against them is one of the oldest and most successful methods of pest control known and utilized by man. Beneficial insects are harmless to people, plants, and animals.
		We offer biological controls on a wide range of pests that are commonly found on farms and stables, in fields, gardens, greenhouses, and orchards: Aphids, worms and caterpillars, spider mites, thrips, greenhouse whiteflies, flies, mealybugs, sweet potato whiteflies, mosquitoes, fire ants, grasshoppers, broadmites, and many more!
	www.thebeneficialinsectco.com (145 words)

	Biological pest control harms natives - adverse impact on native species Science News - FindArticles
		Biological pest control harms natives - adverse impact on native species
		In theory, biological pest control is a clean and green technology, friendly to the environment and to the farmer alike.
		They found that a weevil imported to control exotic weeds has been attacking native plants--to the point where extinction threatens.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_n7_v152/ai_19690561 (422 words)

	Biological Garden Pest Control - Nematodes Nemaslug
		Start your control regime early and you will be able to target the young slugs growing under the ground feeding on humus.
		The nematodes reproduce inside the dead pest and release a new generation of hungry infective nematodes, which disperse and search for further prey.
		Plan to control slugs from early in the season when they are young and before they start to do the damage.
	www.nickys-nursery.co.uk /seeds/pages/nematode_info.htm (2299 words)

	Forestry Profile - East Africa: Biological Pest Control
		One alternative is biological control - the use of living organisms (natural enemies) as pest control agents.
		Training of regional scientists in biological control methods will be an important objective of the project.
		The project is concerned specifically with the biological control of aphids but its impact will be far reaching with very positive environmental and socio-economic consequences.
	www.rcfa-cfan.org /english/profile.3.html (1123 words)

	Biological Pest Control \| Removal, Treatment, and Prevention Tips \| PestControlZone.com
		The Biological Pest Control Program in the Division of Plant Industry works closely with scientists from the United States Department of Agriculture, researchers at Rutgers University and other.
		Pest Control Information Home Site Map Bookmark Biological pest control Biological control of pests and diseases Overview A key belief of the organic gardener is that diversity furthers health.
		ECLAIR Programme Cluster V - Biological Pest Control There are six projects in this cluster with research into various aspects of biological pest control ranging from resistance breeding, to the.
	www.pestcontrolzone.com /biologicalpestcontrol (1250 words)

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