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Topic: Biological phenomenon

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	Phenomenon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phenomenon has a specialized meaning in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant who contrasted the term 'Phenomenon' with 'Noumenon'.
		Phenomenon is also the name of a 1996 film starring John Travolta and Forest Whitaker.
		Phenomenon is also the name of a 1997 album by rapper LL Cool J.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phenomena (440 words)

	Biological phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Biological Warfare and the Implications of Biotechnology History, current worldwide status of Biological Weapons, and advantages and Disadvantages of Biological Warfare.
		Plague War A report on the growing threat of biological weapons in the world, biological warfare, bio agents, bio terrorism and the rise and fall of the Soviet Union's secret biological weapons program which included anthrax, plague and smallpox.
		Center for Biological Defense Agency that conducts research and offers education on the rapid identification and recognition of Biological warfare agents.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Biological_phenomenon.html (336 words)

	Morality bibliography
		Bischof, N., 1978, On the Phylogeny of Human Morality, in Stent, G. S., ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: Berlin, Abakon Verlagagesellschaft, p.
		Fried, C., 1978, Biology and Ethics: Normative Implications, in Stent, G. ed., Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: Berlin, Abakon Verlagsgesellschaft, p.
		Stent, G. S., 1978, Morality as a Biological Phenomenon: Berlin, Abakon Verlagagesellschaft, 323 p.; Report of the Dahlem Workshop, Berlin, 1977.
	www.talkorigins.org /origins/biblio/morality.html (172 words)

	The Problem of Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		By `consciousness' I simply mean those subjective states of sentience or awareness that begin when one awakes in the morning from a dreamless sleep and continue throughout the day until one goes to sleep at night or falls into a coma, or dies, or otherwise becomes, as one would say, `unconscious'.
		This phenomenon is unlike anything else in biology, and in a sense it is one of the most amazing features of nature.
		Instead of recognizing that consciousness is essentially a subjective, qualitative phenomenon, many people mistakenly suppose that its essence is that of a control mechanism or a certain kind of set of dispositions to behavior or a computer program.
	www.ecs.soton.ac.uk /~harnad/Papers/Py104/searle.prob.html (4299 words)

	CSLI Publications: What Brain for God's-eye?
		Biological naturalism seems to consider the very dynamic and interactive nature of biological phenomena only at specific levels of the living organization, namely, from the microscopic level (e.g., synapses, biochemistry of neurotransmitters, etc.), up to the level of the organism of one individual only.
		That is, a view which being consistent with Biological naturalism, is committed neither to Objectivism nor to Subjectivism, and that is rich enough to incorporate social and cultural dimensions at the very foundations of mental phenomena through the realm of the interactive nature of biological phenomena at levels that go beyond the individual.
		From this view, language is a biological phenomenon that emerges in the interaction between individuals during their individual histories, in recurrently making distinctions of events and regularities in the medium, and in learning them in an interactive manner (which progressively leads to the formation of relations between semantics and phonology).
	csli-publications.stanford.edu /papers/CSLI-95-194.html (12823 words)

	Is life as a multiverse phenomenon? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		If anything can be said to be alive, it will have to be organized on the biological level as a cell or as a system of cells (even viruses require a cell as a necessary part of their cycle of existence, and should thus be considered as a pathological subcomponent of the cell).
		This criterion reflects the evolutionary fact that life is not a pre-designed but a naturally evolved phenomenon, and the ecological fact that life is usually not dependent upon us for its existence, so an artificially created organism should be able to go on living a life of its own within a natural environment.
		From an biological perspective (coc.3), there is a point in restricting language- and concept-dependent processes (such as formal and mathematical computation) to the level of human society which is outside the realm of biology, and to preserve the term `information' for more simple kinds of sign-transfer.
	alf.nbi.dk /~emmeche/cePubl/93b.islifeas.html (5490 words)

	Abnormal Psychology
		The nature of onset, distribution of cases, development and course, treatment response, and associated features seen in psychological disorders are seen to be parallel to what occurs in physical diseases (Carpenter, 1987).
		Of the etiological factors that we have examined, the biological realm is primary.
		Biological levels do pretty good at providing explanations of "form", that is, it answers "how" questions: how a particular disease process occurs, what its mechanisms are, etc. Biological explanations do not, however, provide explanations of the "function" of the disorder.
	ccvillage.buffalo.edu /Abpsy/lecture16.html (2205 words)

	Computer Modeling and Biological Learning (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Robust learning, as we know it, is therefore a biological phenomenon rather than one that is independent of the machinery on which it is implemented.
		Neurophysiologists and neurobiologists alike emphasize that biological systems, while they receive stimuli at their periphery, are closed in informational terms (e.g., Maturana and Varela, 1987; G. Roth, 1992).
		Biological learning is therefore central both to new ways of perceiving the physical world and to developing new conceptual frameworks that account for different perceptions.
	ifets.ieee.org /periodical/vol_1_2001/roth.html (5703 words)

	Phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Phenomenon has a specialized meaning in the philosophy of Immanuel Kant who contrasted the term 'Phenomenon' with Noumenon '.
		Phenomenon is also the name of an by a rock band called UFO.
		Phenomenon is also the name of a film starring John Travolta and Forest Whitaker.
	www.freeglossary.com /Phenomenae (770 words)

	HumanEvol.com - Biological Aging: A General Theory
		The biological aging process, is explained by genetic (1) (2) (3), metabolic (4) (5) (6), biochemical (7) (2) (8), and evolutionary (9) (10) (11) (12) theories.
		Although the aging is a biological theme (13) (14) (15), the work to propose a general theoretical frame beyond the biological (16) (17) (10) (18) thing only.
		Thus, the biological aging is defined by the homeostasis loss, and this one, could be due to the real physical space gradual curvature (nonflat) that forms the biological system environment.
	www.humanevol.com /imprimir/doc200405290101.html (2592 words)

	Evolution (from biology) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Evolution itself is a biological phenomenon common to all living things, even though it has led to their differences.
		The theory of evolution is one of the fundamental keystones of modern biological theory.
		Another biological discipline is physiology, the study of the functioning of organs and the chemical and physical processes in living things.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-48817?tocId=48817 (898 words)

	Jahrbuch-CD der MPG 2003 - Bridging the gap between cell b
		Based on structural information available for a given biological phenomenon, unsolved chemical problems are identified.
		These compounds are used as molecular probes for the investigation of biological phenomena that involve both the determination of biophysical properties and cell biological studies.
		The interplay between organic synthesis, biophysics and cell biology in the study of protein lipidation may open up new and alternative opportunities to gain knowledge about the biological phenomenon that could not be obtained by employing biological techniques alone.
	www.mpg.de /forschungsergebnisse/wissVeroeffentlichungen/archivListenJahrbuch/2002/18/publZIM121.html (219 words)

	Defining Life, Explaining Emergence
		Furthermore, "the biological phenomenology is the phenomenology of autopoietic systems in the physical space and a phenomenon is a biological phenomenon only to the extent that it depends in one way or another on the autopoiesis of one or more autopoietic unities."[46] Autopoiesis is an all-or-non property; a system cannot be `more or less' autopoietic.
		It is a theory of biological organization that explains the autonomy of living systems, not a chemical theory of the `structure' of the cell's component macromolecules.
		When we investigate the possibility of defining life as a semiotic phenomenon, as a system of signs mediated by interpreting organisms, we should remember that a definition of life is itself a sign -- a sign of the quest for simplicity, comprehension and scientific understanding.
	www.nbi.dk /%7Eemmeche/cePubl/97e.defLife.v3f.html (14232 words)

	Biological Determinism and Epistemology in Linguistics: Some Considerations on the Chomskyan Revolution
		The superorganism attacks language - this "curious biological phenomenon" (Chomsky, 1988: 41) - with natural scientific methods ("the methods of rational inquiry", ibid), quickly discovering beneath the apparent chaos of surface forms, highly abstract principles of syntactic organization, principles which are inviolable and yet have no functional motivation in the exigencies of social communication.
		The problem of coherently theorizing the interrelation of biological and mental properties, the "mind-body" problem, is one of the trickiest of all and it is beyond the scope of this paper to tackle it in detail.
		I have argued that the biological determinist framework of Chomsky's theory is an unsound philosophical and methodological foundation for the scientific investigation of human affairs in general and language in particular.
	www.marxists.org /subject/psychology/works/jones/biology.htm (7473 words)

	Toward a Science of Consciousness 3: II. Of Color and Consciousness (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		What is needed for CNC to progress is an active interaction between the theoretical and the empirical points of view when trying to understand consciousness as a biological phenomenon, instead of endless arguments with the defenders of all kinds of far-fetched antibiological views.
		At a stage when no well-developed theory of a given phenomenon is available, the researchers tend to describe it in terms of a suitable metaphor.
		In the ideal case the phenomenon is clearly isolated from others with which it might otherwise be confused, and it is accessible to easy observation or manipulation by the researchers.
	cognet.mit.edu /posters/TUCSON3/Revonsuo.html (3920 words)

	Adept Alchemy. Part II. Chapter 8. Biological Transmutations
		Biological transmutations exist and cannot be denied; they are the very core of living nature, which could not function without them.
		Biological transmutation is a phenomenon completely different from the atomic fissions or fusions of physics...
		This integration of results for the phenomenon is not constant: it is imperceptible during the first days when one witnesses the synthesis of enzymes which will provoke the transmutations; even at the end of a week the effect is hardly to be noticed.
	www.levity.com /alchemy/nelson2_8.html (3355 words)

	Phenomenon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Nintendo Unleash A Puppy Phenomenon Nintendogs Becomes A European...
		Mohammed Al-Menshawi, head of the department of criminal statistics and studies in the holy capital, is currently studying the suicide phenomenon in Mecca.
		Phenomenon is also the name of an album by a rock band called UFO.
	www.wikiverse.org /phenomenon (494 words)

	Pluralism, Antirealism, and Units of Selection: Revised Version
		In an important article, Kim Sterelny and Philip Kitcher (1988) challenge the common assumption that for any biological phenomenon requiring a selectionist explanation, it is possible to identify a uniquely correct account of the relevant selection process.
		They assume that for any biological phenomenon requiring a selectionist explanation, it is possible to identify a uniquely correct account of the relevant selection process.
		Unless genes, organisms, and perhaps other biological entities as well are assumed to exist, then their claim that a given selection process can be represented as the result of selection upon genes, or as the result of selection upon organisms, etc., is incoherent.
	myweb.lmu.edu /tshanahan/RE-PLUR3.html (4441 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Typically this approach entails careful, often intensive experiment-based scrutiny of a very limited number of components in a biological system, model building and hypothesis development based on those empiric observations, and further experimenting to test elements of those hypotheses.
		Another element of biological complexity is what some researchers are calling "not-strong" genetic effects--a term that seems to apply to phenomena associated with mating cell signal transduction in yeast.
		Moving to a clinical setting, multi-organ failure provides an important example of a complex, poorly understood biological phenomenon that often proves deadly and, even when it can be successfully countered, is very expensive to treat.
	www.nigms.nih.gov /news/reports/complexbio.html (2861 words)

	Louis Kervran: Biological Transmutations and Modern Physics~ 1982, English translation
		The "biological transmutations" had, accordingly, made their mark despite certain oppositions which are inevitable when one upsets accepted ideas, taught traditionally, sacrosanct, and distributed via all channels: books, reviews, television, radio, where certain people had established their position such that they could no longer recognize their error, which is not scientific.
		Biological observations in animals and plants were numerous and varied, but for very "humane" reasons they had been kept under the blanket and were relegated to trivial publications which people were reluctant to quote and therefore they remained practically unnoticed.
		We see that this investigator anticipated the phenomenon of transmutation and was studying the correlation between the augmentation of one element and the diminution of another.
	www.rexresearch.com /kervran/kervran.htm (21448 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The phenomenon of the establishment of a zone of biological width has been with us for many years in dentistry.
		The presence of bacteria and their associated toxins within approximately 2mm of the boney margin will cause and inflammatory response in the soft tissue and an eventual apical migration of the entire periodontal complex (gingiva, periodontal ligament and bone).
		The purpose of this paper is to discuss the phenomenon of biological width as it pertains to dental implants and to look at any contributing factors in the re-establishment of biological width that may be attributed to dental implants alone.
	www.dds-online.com /bio_width_01.html (279 words)

	The G Factor and the Role of Biology in Complex BehaviorThe G Factor and the Role of Biology in Complex Behavior (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		It appears that Jensen's primary reason (leaving aside for the moment justifications for racial disparity) for trying so hard to find a biological foundation for general intelligence is that if it were a biological phenomenon then it would be a real phenomenon.
		In relating biological factors to complex behaviors, of which a second order latent factor like Spearman's g is certainly an example, a model of strong reductionism simply does not work.
		Thus, from this perspective the statement that g is a biological phenomenon is without meaning.
	psycprints.ecs.soton.ac.uk /perl/local/psyc/makedoc?id=695&type=html (973 words)

	Is there a God?
		So, we said that the experiential God is a biological phenomenon, and that we may predict that the external God as a default explanation for the unexplainable may one day become unnecessary.
		As the Biological God has had less and less effect compared to the juggernaut of organized religion, mutations that reduced the Biological God have not been eliminated by evolution, so, in general, the phenomenon of the Biological God has decreased over the centuries.
		In that case, the absence of a Cultural God (and the existence of a biological God) should be taught in school, but not in antithesis of spirituality.
	indra.com /~davide/God/God.html (1850 words)

	The Biological Theory of Knowledge (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		He is, along with Lorenz (1973), among the first biological scientists to propose that knowledge is a biological phenomenon that can only be studied and known as such, and who has devoloped a fully biological theory consistent with this view.
		It is ontological because it visualizes human experience from a point of view situated within the conditions of the constitution of humanness and not from an external view, and it is explanatory because it proposes a view of the relational dynamics that generate cognitive phenomena.
		In his view, the mind, as a relational phenomenon, arises in the relation between the organisms and the medium in the same way that walking arises from the movement of the legs in relation to the ground or as a body displacement.
	www.hum.aau.dk /~rasand/Artikler/contrib2.htm (501 words)

	Hormesis as a Biological Hypothesis
		Numerous biological end points were assessed; growth responses were the most prevalent, followed by metabolic effects, longevity, reproductive responses, and survival.
		The present analysis suggests that chemical hormesis is a reproducible and relatively common biological phenomenon.
		This assessment of chemical hormesis has been restricted to those dose-response relationships most conforming to the ß-curve and would be affected by the magnitude of the low-dose stimulatory response, the number of doses establishing the reliability of the ß-curve, the presence of statistical analysis, and the reproducibility of the findings.
	ehp.niehs.nih.gov /members/1998/Suppl-1/357-362calabrese/full.html (3959 words)

	Notes on Searle, Rediscovery, Chapter 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Being neurotically self-absorbed is a feature of certain complex biological organisms, as is preferring Gaugin to Van Gogh.
		S thinks we may be able to discover the neurological basis of consciousness, the biological features that cause consciousness.
		In general if we find the basis of a biological phenomenon, we regard ourselves as having learned what constitutes that phenomenon: e.g.
	www.trinity.edu /cbrown/mind/rediscoveryChap4.html (330 words)

	''Ontology of Observing'' por Humberto Maturana
		My purpose in this essay is to explain cognition as a biological phenomenon, and to show, in the process, how language arises and gives origin to self consciousness, revealing the ontological foundations of the physical domain of existence as a limiting cognitive domain.
		These two experiential conditions are my starting point because I must be in them in any explanatory attempt; they are my problems because I choose to explain them, and they are my unavoidable instruments because I must use cognition and language in order to explain cognition and language.
		That is, I intend to show that the observer and observing, as biological phenomena, are ontologically primary respect to the object and the physical domain of existence.
	www.inteco.cl /articulos/004 (213 words)

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