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	Biological Pump
		Biological processes affect transport of organic carbon into the oceans' interior which in turn affects atmospheric CO The annual uptake of CO by the surface ocean varies between 1-3 Gt carbon (Battle et al., 2000); how much of the interannual variability in the uptake rate can be attributed to the ocean's biological pump?
		The biological pump is the process by which CO fixed in photosynthesis is transferred to the interior of the ocean resulting in a temporary or permanent sequestration (storage) of carbon.
		In model simulations, the increase in the efficiency of the biological pump largely compensates for the decrease in the efficiency of the solubility pump, which slows down because of the increased stratification.
	www.msrc.sunysb.edu /octet/biological_pump.html (2001 words)

	Biological pump - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In oceanic biogeochemistry, the biological pump is the sum of a suite of biologically-mediated processes that transport carbon from the surface euphotic zone to the ocean's interior.
		The organic carbon that forms the biological pump is transported primarily by sinking particulate material, for example dead organisms (including algal mats) or faecal pellets.
		However, climate change may affect the biological pump in the future by warming and stratifying the surface ocean.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_pump (735 words)

	Solubility_Pump
		The Solubility Pump Working Group evaluated human-induced and climatic influences on spatial and temporal scales of solubility-driven storage of carbon in the oceans in relation to their impact on the atmospheric CO The solubility pump is often defined as the carbon exchange mediated by physical processes such as heat flux, advection, and diffusion.
		The solubility pump is also intricately linked to the biological pump since the same advective and diffusive processes that transport carbon also control nutrient supply into the euphotic zone and to some extent export of biological products from the mixed layer.
		Biological archives such as banded corals and mollusks represent a potential resource for providing tracer data to help reconstruct spatial and temporal variations in CO exchange and intra-annual to centennial-scale ocean circulation changes.
	www.msrc.sunysb.edu /octet/solubility_pump.html (3324 words)

	Phytoplankton and the Biological Pump
		The driving force of this pump is increased solubility of CO in the cold surface waters at high latitudes where the water sinks to join the deep ocean currents.
		Although estimates of the relative importance of these two pumps have a wide range, the most recent estimate (Sarmiento and Bender, 1994) suggests that 75% of the difference in dissolved inorganic carbon concentration between the surface and deep oceans is due to the biological pump.
		Here the biological pump is inefficient: the phytoplankton standing stocks are not large enough to assimilate the N and P in the surface waters fast enough to deplete them at any time throughout the year.
	www.agu.org /revgeophys/chisho00/node2.html (1023 words)

	Pump, Filtration and UV FAQs
		Biological filters are used to process the nutrients from the water using beneficial bacteria.
		Ideally, the biological filter would be pre-filtered by a mechanical filter to keep organic debris from clogging the biological part of the system.
		Pumps have a plate on the side of the pump or the box it came in, that gives the amps and watts ratings.
	www.springdalewatergardens.com /articles/filterfaqs.html (2227 words)

	Seasonality : Pump experiments
		The solubility pump is essentially the sum of a series of physico-chemical processes that act to transport carbon from the atmosphere into the ocean, and then into the ocean's interior.
		The biological pump is the sum a series of biological processes that act to transport carbon (as either particulate organic/inorganic or dissolved organic material) from the ocean's surface waters to its interior.
		The pump's influence is a function of ambient temperature and salinity, which affect the solubility of CO2.
	www.soc.soton.ac.uk /GDD/bio/Yool/GENIE/pump_intro.html (279 words)

	Sizing A Pump
		Therefore, using the example of a 500-gallon pond with a 3' waterfall, the pump's flow rate should be a minimum of 625 gallons per hour.
		When a biological filter is used, care should be taken not to oversize the pump.
		The pond should have a pump capable of pumping 2250 gallons per hour (not using a garden hose, but using the full discharge).
	store.waterpumpsupply.com /sizingpump.html (261 words)

	Biological pumps: does the ocean inhale or exhale? - NIWA Science (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is this rain of dead cells and faecal matter – called marine snow – that ‘pumps’ carbon from the surface of the ocean to the sea floor.
		Once the carbon settles on the sea floor, some of it is used by animal communities that inhabit the cold, dark ocean depths and the remainder is buried, thereby effectively removing the carbon from the ocean–atmosphere climate system for many thousands of years.
		Given the vast range of time scales, one way to study the biological pump is to make long-term measurements at a single location in the ocean.
	www.niwascience.co.nz /pubs/wa/13-2/pump (1401 words)

	American Society of Limnology & Oceanography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Only when a biological pump was included were they able to reproduce the very steep gradient in inorganic carbon as a function of depth that is characteristic of the world ocean.
		There are several important characteristics and controls of the biological pump, and I'd like to focus on a couple of these in the time remaining.
		This pump is driven by nitrogen (N2) fixation, which is a process whereby certain prokaryotic microorganisms can use the unlimited supply of N2 gas dissolved in seawater as a nitrogen source to drive their metabolism and growth.
	aslo.org /meetings/carbon2001/karl/transcript2.html (670 words)

	Scott Doney: Ocean Carbon Cycle and Climate (Responses and Feedbacks)
		Oceanic anthropogenic CO uptake is primarily dictated by the vertical transport of CO -laden water (physical pump) and of organic matter (biological pump).
		These effects are partially counteracted in the ocean carbon model by variations in the biological pump which act to concentrate DIC in the deep ocean.
		Biological systems may in turn affect the dynamics of the climate system, giving a complicated set of feedbacks which are difficult to predict.
	www.asp.ucar.edu /colloquium/2000/Lectures/doney.html (3834 words)

	Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis
		The primary controls are the circulation of the ocean (a function of the climate system), and two important biogeochemical processes: the solubility pump and the biological pump, both of which act to create a global mean increase of dissolved inorganic carbon with depth.
		Any complete model of the natural ocean carbon cycle should therefore include the biological system; however, most recent assessments of the oceanic uptake of anthropogenic CO have assumed that the biological system would not be affected by climate change and have therefore only modelled the chemical solubility in addition to the physical circulation.
		The importance of this pump needs careful evaluation and its past (palaeo) role in the carbon cycle needs to be considered (see end of Chapter 3, Section 3.2.3.3).
	www.pnl.gov /aisu/pubs/eemw/papers/ipccreports/workinggroup1/510.htm (656 words)

	Introduction to the Workshop Topics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Photosynthesis by phytoplankton (oceanic algae), export of organic carbon from the ocean surface layer and remineralization of that carbon in the deep sea comprise a ‘biological pump’, which transports CO from the atmosphere to the deep ocean at globally significant rates.
		In regions of the ocean that provide the other essential biologically active elements such as nitrogen and phosphorus, high rates of “new production” (photosynthesis based upon an input of nutrients) occur; the biological pump is active and atmospheric CO carbon is effectively removed.
		These areas are large spatially and the functioning of the biological pump in these regions has great role in atmosphere/ocean CO flux and consequently climate change.
	userwww.sfsu.edu /~rtcsa/eqbktext.htm (2476 words)

	MIT-WHOI Joint Program: Research: Chemical Oceanography
		The biological response was much slower and less dramatic, and total thorium levels never responded, indicating that the biological pump was not activated (Figure 1, lower graph).
		We speculate that the difference is due to the colder waters and the resulting slowness of the biological community's response to stimulation.
		Whether the biological pump turned on after we left the site is a more complicated question, but for now we cannot say that simply adding iron to these waters will result in enhanced removal of atmospheric carbon dioxide to the deep ocean.
	web.mit.edu /mit-whoi/www/research/co/iron_fertilization.html (703 words)

	The Simplest Pump
		And as they had hoped, the pores pumped potassium ions to one side, increasing their concentration there at the expense of the other side.
		Surprisingly, "the concentration gradient [opposing pumping] had to be 10-fold or larger to make the pumping stop," says Siwy, who adds that this is the first simple "diode" for ions.
		Biological potassium ion pumps are asymmetric in shape--as are the synthetic pores--and Siwy hopes their device will reveal something about that or other living systems.
	focus.aps.org /story/v10/st19 (600 words)

	Garden Pond Kits, Fountains, Water Pumps, Lighting, and Accessories. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Garden pond kits, water pumps, sump, backyard supplys, fountain filters and liners.Only the Cal Pond System (CPS) allows the backyard water gardener the luxury of installing all necessary components using only a shovel.
		With the unique CPS hand-tightened swivel fittings, no tools are required to connect the skimmer, tubing, pump, biological filter and finishing touch accessories in your pond or water garden.
		Are you looking for a swimming pool pump, give us a call and we will gladly help you find the right one.
	www.calpump.com (751 words)

	Coupled Biological-Physical Dynamics of the Oceanic Upper Mixed Layer (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The so-called ``biological pump'', by which carbon is exported by the sinking remains of organisms from the surface waters of the ocean to the ocean floor, is believed to play an important role in the global carbon cycle [#!ipcc01a!#].
		Because the structure of the surface ocean ecosystem, both in terms of biomass and of community structure, may be sensitive to anthropogenic climate changes, associated changes in the biological pump could act as an important feedback in the global climate system's response to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.
		Because of the intimate role of physical processes, particularly mixed-layer turbulence, in the population dynamics of the ecosystem of the upper mixed layer, coupled biological-physical models are the natural tools with which to explore the role of the biological pump in climate dynamics.
	web.uvic.ca /~monahana/cfcas_2002_proposal/node9.html (304 words)

	Building fish ponds, and construction of waterfalls. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		CPS Biological filters are designed to aid in the ecological balance of the water allowing beneficial bacteria to grow.
		Cal Pumps are rated by the flow rate measured in GPH, or gallons per hour, and the vertical lift also known as dynamic head.
		Cal Pump's comprehensive line includes magnetic drive pumps, aluminum, epoxy encapsulated, stainless steel and bronze, submersible waterfall pumps, and our latest addition the Torpedo pump.If you are looking to create a big pond for commercial or residential, we help you get he right tools to start.
	www.calpump.com /gardenpondkits.asp?category=17 (526 words)

	J-Pac 2002 Cruise (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This complex carbon-transporting ocean process, often called the “biological pump,” is a critical mechanism in preventing what we now know as the “greenhouse effect,” the collection of gases in the atmosphere that hinders upward transport of heat.
		The biological pump operating in a Silica Ocean removes CO2 carbon from the upper to the deep ocean in the form of particulate organic carbon on a short time scale of a few to several weeks.
		The significance of the biological pump in a Carbonate Ocean is principally concerned with the long term CO2 balance in Earth’s atmosphere.
	jpac.whoi.edu /cruise/science/background.html (1629 words)

	MIT CGCS Research: Oceans
		This difference is due to the biological flux of organic material from surface to deep waters where it is re-mineralized, i.e.
		the "biological pump." In order to understand and model the coupling between the biological pump and the physics and chemistry of the oceans and atmosphere, the regulating basic processes must first be understood.
		The results of these efforts are elucidating how biological processes interact with large-scale ocean and atmospheric circulation to control the CO2 cycle, and allow hindcasting of changes that might have occurred during past large-scale climate perturbations as reflected in the paleoceanographic record.
	web.mit.edu /cgcs/www/oceans.html (1082 words)

	The Southern Ocean Biogeochemical Divide
		Because of this "biological pump" of carbon to the deep ocean, atmospheric carbon dioxide is lower than it otherwise would be.
		An increase in the efficiency of the biological pump during glacial periods is the leading candidate for explaining why carbon dioxide was lower during glacial periods.
		Studies of changes in the biological pump have been bedeviled by the fact that it is difficult to find a mechanism that acts in both the Subantarctic zone (affecting the northern branch) and the Antarctic zone (affecting the Southern branch).
	www.gfdl.noaa.gov /~a1g/divide.html (644 words)

	The biological pump
		Biological processes in the upper water column are closely linked to physical circulation.
		As already pointed out, the biological pump transports particulate organic carbon, calcite, and biogeneous silica towards the deep sea.
		Many studies focused on the effect of the biological pump on organic carbon.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /GEO/Publ/PhDs/RUsbeck/node5.html (1278 words)

	Diatoms: Save the Biological Pump
		If you want to save the biological pump, read about and appreciate the Diatoms and then realize that this is a great time to convert to non-fossil alternative fuels and become more energy efficient.
		This pump sequesters (removes) carbon at a rate that balances with respiration but at a much slower rate than humans currently burn fossil fuel putting extra carbon into the atmosphere, even more than the amount that comes from natural biological and geological emisions.
		Global warming is changing the global thermohaline circulation pattern (also called the Ocean's Conveyor Belt and the Earth's Heat Pump) that normally causes cold water to sink in the North Atlantic and around Antarctica and transports nutrients and the heat that it picks up along the way to the Northern Pacific Ocean.
	mysite.verizon.net /respgewl/id15.html (1618 words)

	GAIM 1993-1997 Report: OCMIP
		The carbonate pump affects the DIC distribution though the biogenic precipitation of calcium carbonate in surface waters and the subsequent sinking and dissolution of this material deeper in the water column.
		The solubility pump is determined in a fairly straightforward fashion by specifying atmospheric CO and determining the oceanic DIC distribution that results from air-sea gas transfer of CO and its dissociation, as given by the inorganic chemistry of CO in sea water.
		It was possible to evaluate models of the solubility pump by removing the biological pump and anthropogenic contamination from the DIC distribution.
	gaim.unh.edu /Products/Reports/Report_6/OCMIP.html (5234 words)

	Sodium Pumps
		As one measure of their importance, it has been estimated that roughly 25% of all cytoplasmic ATP is hydrolyzed by sodium pumps in resting humans.
		ATP is hydrolyzed, leading to phosphorylation of a cytoplasmic loop of the pump and release of ADP.
		Expression of sodium pump activity is regulated at multiple levels and in both acute and chronic timeframes.
	arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu /hbooks/molecules/sodium_pump.html (1015 words)

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