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Topic: Biological sex

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	Sex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The female sex is definitely defined as the one which produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell) and which typically bears the offspring.
		Discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels, such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex, or between the various psychosocial levels, such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity, are even more common, but less well understood, generally speaking.
		An example of this in the article pictogram shows the man with broader shoulders (sex dimorphism) and the woman in clothing that is, in the western world, rarely worn by men, and which functions as a gender signal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_sex (1657 words)

	Gender - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Likewise, a wide variety of phenomena may have gendered characteristics ascribed to them, either by analogy to male and female bodies, such as with the gender of connectors and fasteners, or due to social norms, such as interpreting the color pink as feminine and blue as masculine.
		In social sciences, the word "gender" is sometimes used in contrast to biological sex, to emphasise a social, cultural or psychological dimension.
		The discipline of gender studies investigates the nature of sex and gender in a social context.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gender (2679 words)

	Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Biological sex elicits certain behaviors and expectations from others, and these instantaneously executed behaviors and immediately formulated expectations are not easily influenced by the person being observed.
		For this reason, where biological sex is used as a predictor it should be considered only a measure of that part of sex-role relevant life experience not captured by relational orientation.
		Biological sex is too low-resolution a predictor of interaction style, and requires some refinement before it can be considered a useful measure of this construct.
	www.scarecro.net /dis/ch1.htm (12187 words)

	Trans Accessibility Project: Overview Of Transgender Issues
		Biological sex is determined by chromosomes, hormones, gonads, internal reproductive organs, and external sex and reproductive organs.
		For example, some people are born with both female and male reproductive and sex organs; for others, the sex reflected in their hormones may not be the same as that suggested by chromosomes.
		In addition, because some transsexuals are hampered by biological markers of their opposite sex, they may need more numerous and more obvious signals of their gender in order to be recognized for who they are.
	www.queensu.ca /humanrights/tap/2tg101.htm (3184 words)

	Biological sex, gender roles, and attitudes toward persons with mental illness
		The current study investigated the attitudes that undergraduate students hold toward individuals with mental illness to identify if biological sex is a sufficient variable in the prediction of attitudes toward mental illness or whether the students' views differed according to their gender role adherence.
		Therefore, to analyze hypothesis one, that differences in tolerance would be based on the biological sex of the participant, a MANOVA was run with biological sex as the independent variable and the CAMI subscales and HGIS total score as the dependent variables.
		Therefore, the results of the current study support the hypothesis that biological sex alone is not a significant predictor of tolerance toward persons with mental illness and helps explain why previous research that has used biological sex as a predictor for attitudes toward persons with mental illness has yielded mixed results.
	mpelembe.mappibiz.com /archives_04/mental_illness.html (4166 words)

	Introduction to Sociology/Gender - Wikibooks, collection of open-content textbooks
		Sex, on the other hand, is conventionally perceived as a dichotomous state or identity for most biological purposes, such that a person can only be female or male.
		The female sex is defined as the one which produces the larger gamete (i.e., reproductive cell) and which bears the offspring.
		In addition to different sex organs, the average male is 10 percent taller, 20 percent heavier, and 35 percent stronger in the upper body than the average female (Ehrenreich 1999; that physicological differences may have been influenced by social/cultural decisions in the past is still debated).
	en.wikibooks.org /wiki/Introduction_to_Sociology/Gender (3663 words)

	EBE APA Address (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Biological explanations of homosexuality have become more popular with the public over the past several years: In 1983, 16% of Americans believed that "homosexuality is something that people are born with"; by 1993, that figure had nearly doubled to 31% (Moore, 1993).
		Finally, it is sometimes argued that the biological explanation of sexual orientation should be politically attractive to gays and lesbians because it "naturalizes" homosexuality, thereby refuting the argument that it should be seen as sin or sickness.
		Most biological theories of homosexuality are based on the evolutionary argument that heterosexuality is the natural consequence of reproductive advantage and, accordingly, homosexuality is a relatively rare evolutionary anomaly that requires additional theorizing to account for it.
	instruct1.cit.cornell.edu /courses/psych128/ebe_theory.html (6067 words)

	- Nina Lykke, ARE CYBORGS QUEER? biological determinism and feminist theory in the age of new reproductive technologies ...
		But biological determinism in the traditional sense came under attack also from quite a different angle during the last decades of the 20th century: as an effect of scientific reproduction and the separation of reproduction from sex, engendered by the new reproductive technologies and reprogenetics.
		Biological determinist arguments about causal relations between sexed bodies, sexual desires, object-orientations, gender identities and gender performances in relation to among other things reproduction and family building should be seen on this background.
		She will emphasize that the feminist fight against biological determinism must be able to combine the critical deconstruction of the monocausal links from sex to gender with an exploration of the potentials as well as the problems implied in the effects of the "opposite" kind of detachment: the desexualization of reproduction.
	www.women.it /cyberarchive/files/lykke.htm (6387 words)

	administration hormone therapy cross dressing androgyne tracie o'keefe
		The andryogenon and androgenan identities are trying to become more like their opposite biological sex and gender and less like their original, in order to attain an androgynous concept of self, appearing to belong to both sexes and bipolar genders.
		In biological females there may be facial hair growth, acne, increase in sex drive, lowering of the voice, cessation of periods, and increased danger of polycystic ovaries.
		Sinandrogynon: A person who comes from the male end of the biological spectrum, but who does not wish to be identified with either of the polarity biological sexes, having negative self-identification of their original sex and gender image.
	www.tracieokeefe.com /crossdress.htm (1408 words)

	Definition of Terms and Concepts Related to Sex, Gender, and Sexual Orientation - Boulder County Public Health
		Biological sex is the biological distinction between men and women.
		Sex refers to the biological characteristics of a person at birth, while gender relates to his or her perception of being male or female and is known as the gender role.
		Transsexuals are people with the biological characteristics of one sex who identify themselves as the opposite gender and have had some type of surgical alteration and/or hormone treatments that changes their bodies’ appearance in alignment with their identity.
	www.co.boulder.co.us /health/commhlth/safeZone/LGBTIQ/definitions.htm (979 words)

	Sex Roles
		This uneasiness is probably due to internal biological pressures of the individual that are opposite to his or her assigned sex.
		This is an example of relative biological causation of behavior because it takes a certain amount of biological reaction to the cold for him to put on warmer clothes, and the degree of biological reaction regulates the amount of clothes he puts on himself.
		Granted, the interaction of biological and environmental factors (being reared in a verbal milieu) causes him or enables him to speak, but the biology of man is the main reason that he learns to speak.
	becomingone.org /sexRole_3.htm (15025 words)

	The Self and Society
		Almost by definition it is clear that sex and gender are not the same thing because transsexuals’ patterns of gender identification contradict social expectations of gender associated with their biological sex (eg.
		By ‘gender markers’ we are referring to those biological qualities that are socially significant in public situations in determining a person’s gender.
		It also needs to be mentioned, in making the point that biological sex and gender are two different concepts, that other gender markers are not qualities that are linked to the differences in biological sex.
	arts.anu.edu.au /sss/selfandsociety/Modules/modtwo.htm (1424 words)

	[No title]
		Whatever the supposed biological cause (hormonal differences, differences in brain functions, differences in physical stature and so forth), the basic idea is fairly simple to express: Natural biological differences predispose males and females to different gender characteristics.
		In relation to this position, biological sex is only significant insofar as it can be used to discriminate against a particular group of people (men or women).
		To argue that "sex determines gender" is as unhelpful as arguing that "being born" is a cause of death - there is a relationship between the two (just as there is a relationship between sex and gender), but it is difficult to justify the idea that it is a causal one...
	www.sociology.org.uk /fgender2.doc (6039 words)

	Fathom :: The Source for Online Learning
		The more sex researchers (most of them the essentialists) looked for the anatomy that is destiny, the more they found that "biological sex" is not a matter of anatomy; it is made up of a multitude of different, heterogeneous elements.
		Certain very specific, and not yet well understood, biological syndromes have conveyed this lesson and suggested that each human being's biological sex is a unique conjunction, changing over the course of a lifetime, of the various sexual elements.
		We can manipulate the sex of our young very complexly, by proscribing or promoting some of their sexual expressions and not others, or by taking them to a clinic for sex assignment and treatment if their biological sex is ambiguous.
	www.fathom.com /feature/35637 (3805 words)

	Administration Hormones Transgendered Community tracie o'keefe
		A biological male who seeks to be transgendered may undergo hormone treatment, plastic surgery and electrolysis, living socially and working as a female or transgendered person full or part time.
		The transgendered person is the true sex and gender adventurer and they choose to make their journey out of a sense of exploration of their own experience.
		There is a great need for those professionals who work with sex, gender and sexuality to re-educate themselves to be empathic to the needs of all the Trans-community, and to reserve their judgmentalism.
	www.tracieokeefe.com /transgend.htm (1449 words)

	Sex Disorders
		sex, or arousal aspects; women define a good sexual relationship in terms demonstrations of love and intimacy during sex.
		Some are very happy since the biological predisposition makes it difficult for others to assume that homosexuals are morally deprave or deviant.
		Usually, and depending on the genitalia development, hermaphrodites are assigned to a particular sex at birth and given surgery and or hormone therapy to enhance their sexual anatomy.
	xnet.rrc.mb.ca /tomh/sex.htm (3158 words)

	OrangePhilosophy: Philosophy of Race Archives
		Sex is a biological category, and gender is social.
		Whatever you say about these issues, there are cases of people who have resisted their own biological status and adopted the charicteristics of the gender of the opposite sex.
		Since the older ideas of racial essences have been refuted by science, one might argue that those who still have such ideas are not referring to nothing with their racial terms but are in fact referring to a socially-caused phenotypic division with vague boundaries.
	orangephilosophy.ektopos.com /archives/philosophy_of_race (1635 words)

	Gay,Lesbian,Straight Education Network: The Language of Gender
		People who are born biologically female, for example, may be expected to like the Power Puff Girls but not baseball; people who are born biologically male may be expected to like baseball but not the Power Puff Girls.
		But our biological ‘maleness’ or ‘femaleness’ does not naturally determine whom we are attracted to, and our sexual attractions do not naturally indicate whether we are male or female—whether in terms of biology or gender.
		Primary Sex Characteristics: Those physical characteristics present at birth that are used to determine the biological sex of an infant, including, but not limited to, the penis and scrotum (M), and the vagina, clitoris, and labia (F).
	www.glsen.org /cgi-bin/iowa/all/library/record/811.html (2043 words)

	Aetiology
		The Biological Model of gender development is largely rejected by many psychologists, social researchers, sociologists and anthropologists{6}.
		Whilst there is no good evidence to suggest a biological basis for transsexualism{9}, it has been known for some time that there are a number of psychological factors which may contribute to a patient’s request for sex reassignment and these need not necessarily occur in childhood{10}.
		Sometimes the desire for sex reassignment is simply a cry for help, an expression of psychological pain stemming from a long history of anxious attachments, generalized anxiety, social phobia, intimacy dysfunction, depression, loneliness and despair{23}.
	www.users.bigpond.com /megabyte_mcguire/Aetiology.htm (2398 words)

	The Hunger Project \| HIV/AIDS Exercise 3: Gender Roles vs. Biological Sex
		Your sex is whether you are a male or a female.
		It is the biological, physical fact of being born a boy or a girl.
		Unlike sex, gender is determined by culture — it is how the community wants you to behave and think based on whether you are a man or a woman.
	www.thp.org /aids/302/manual/exercise3.htm (1058 words)

	Biological sex and psychological gender as predictors of routine and strategic relational maintenance Sex Roles: A ...
		Biological sex and psychological gender as predictors of routine and strategic relational maintenance Sex Roles: A Journal of Research - Find Articles
		Biological sex and psychological gender as predictors of routine and strategic relational maintenance
		Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, May, 2004 by Brooks Aylor, Marianne Dainton
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2294/is_9-10_50/ai_n6123931 (408 words)

	devarim: people have sex
		The primary definition of gender in Merriam-Webster is not related to biological sex at all.
		Definition 2a basically defines "gender" as a synonym for biological "sex." I suppose that means that using the two words interchangably is not actually wrong, but "sex" is still the preferred term in American English (ask any biologist), and therefore it is more correct.
		I accept the 2b definition (as described in the last paragraph of the original blog entry) out of necessity, since otherwise we would have people describing their "biological sex" and their "emotional sex." Using "sex" for the former and "gender" for the latter keeps things tidy and readily understandable.
	home.devarim.com:443 /archives/000093.html (1028 words)

	!km2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		It is my belief that although biological sex does impact the experience and knowing of both men and women, it does so to a much lesser extent.
		The experience that most resonates for me as I reflect upon my own life in which biological sex clearly impacted my access to and “ways of knowing” was the extent to which my “voice” was heard and/or viewed as credible.
		I am also aware that biological sex still wreaks havoc in my workplace both intentionally and unintentionally by offering men an unfair advantage in terms of access to information, etc. each time a business decision is made or a problem solved in the men’s room.
	www.usm.maine.edu /~dlarson/!km2.htm (1359 words)

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