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	Wastewater treatment in the fishery industry - 4. Biological treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The goal of all biological wastewater treatment systems is to remove the non-settling solids and the dissolved organic load from the effluents by using microbial populations.
		These systems originated in England in the early 1900's and earned their name because a sludge (mass of microbes) is produced which aerobically degrades and stabilizes the organic load of a wastewater.
		In all activated sludge systems, the cells are separated from the liquid and partially returned to the system to have a relatively high concentration of cells that degrade the organic load in a relatively short time.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/003/V9922E/V9922E05.htm (3749 words)

	Emergent Properties of Biological Systems
		As such, emergent properties are at the intrinsic core of the entire science of systems biology.
		A further elaboration of emergent properties deduces that the systems they form are called irreducible, since they cannot be fully comprehended when broken down into smaller segments, much in the way that a person would be unable to capture the essence of a movie by watching 3 of its scenes.
		At the same time, the systems that are produced through emergence are also considered complex, in that they are unpredictable even to people who are experts in the nature of the individual components.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Emergent_Properties_of_Biological_Systems (231 words)

	Irreversibility and Equilibrium in Biological Systems
		To be maintained in a stable state of no-equilibrium -or minimal entropy, the living beings must acquire thermal no-equilibrium from a system in a state of larger no-equilibrium -for this case, the system with a thermal state of no-equilibrium larger than the thermal state of no-equilibrium of the living beings is the universe.
		This is the meaning of death, and it obeys to the law of thermodynamics that says that all systems in the universe have a tendency to the equilibrium (entropy).
		Some thermodynamic systems can delay the dispersion or diffusion of their energy towards more available microstates, that is, by limiting the number of available final microstates toward which the free energy or internal energy of the thermodynamic systems can be diffused or dispersed.
	www.biocab.org /Irreversibility.html (5004 words)

	CHAOSOPHY '93: SELF-ORGANIZATION IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
		Nonequilibrium enables a system to transform part of the energy communicated from the environment into an ordered behavior of a new type--the dissipative structure--which is characterized by symmetry-breaking, multiple choices, and correlations of a macroscopic range.
		Nonlinear physics of far-from-equilibrium systems is the physics of unstable motions, of bifurcations, of probabilistic behavior, of multiple choices, and of self-organization.
		Because the systems show extreme sensitivity to their initial conditions and because their state cycle increase in length exponentially, they are characterized as chaotic.
	asklepia.tripod.com /Chaosophy/chaosophy15.html (4052 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » SYSTEMS BIOLOGY: AN OVERVIEW
		Biological systems contain two main types of digital information: genes, which encode the proteins through the intermediary of RNA, and regulatory networks which specify how these genes are expressed in time and space.
		The study of biological systems cannot be limited to simply listing its components (proteins, genes, cells, etc.); while an exhaustive list of all the parts of a car may give a vague impression, it does not necessarily help one to understand how the car functions.
		The Systems Biology approach starts with the definition of the structure of the system under study (the structure of the overall network, be it composed of genes, proteins, metabolites, etc.).
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=253 (1254 words)

	Chapter 7 - The future of renewable biological energy systems
		Biological energy production begins with the photosynthetic fixation of CO into biomass (starches, lignocellulosics, etc.) and is followed by conversion of biomass via various microbial processes to fuels (ethanol, methane, hydrogen, oils), as discussed in previous chapters.
		Other overriding issues in the future of biological energy systems are the overall efficiencies of converting biomass to useful fuels, the economics of such processes, their environmental impacts, their competitiveness with thermochemical conversion processes for biomass (combustion, gasification), their resource potential, and, perhaps most important, their compatibility with evolving economic and political structures.
		Although biomass energy systems are already competitive with fossil fuels in some specific cases, major expansion of renewable bioenergy will require not only advances in technology but also in economic accounting of their lower environmental and societal costs, compared to fossil fuels.
	www.fao.org /docrep/w7241e/w7241e0i.htm (4538 words)

	C&EN: COVER STORY - SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
		Systems biology has both experimental and computational aspects, but some people choose to focus on only one, preferring to define the empirical side as "-omics." For example, Luke V. Schneider, the chief scientific officer of Target Discovery in Palo Alto, Calif., describes systems biology narrowly as "mathematical modeling of biological systems."
		Systems biology has been called a return to hypothesis-based research and a repudiation of discovery- or data-driven research, in which it was thought that computational tools would yield answers simply by mining large quantities of data.
		Ingenuity Systems, based in Mountain View, Calif., has spent five years assembling its "knowledge base" of how various genes and proteins in cells and diseases are related to one another.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/8120/8120biology.html (4414 words)

	Molecular Systems Biology: a new journal for a new biology? : Article : Molecular Systems Biology
		A key part of such biological syntax is the organization of the elements encoded by the genome, particularly the proteins, into functional units such as complexes and organelles and the dynamic interactions between these units to control and carry out their various and complex biological functions.
		Systems biology on the other hand, with its focus on the dynamic networks that represent this syntax, offers the potential to break through some or many of the limitations inherent in common current approaches to biological research.
		It will therefore be incumbent upon system biologists to develop new quantitative technologies that are capable of systematically measuring the dynamics and ordering of, as well as the relationships and interactions between the molecules that constitute biological systems.
	www.nature.com /msb/journal/v1/n1/full/msb4100009.html (890 words)

	C&EN: COVERSTORY - SYSTEMS BIOLOGY
		Despite different approaches to systems biology, people generally agree that its aim is the understanding of the function of a biological system–tissue, organ, or organism–as a whole.
		However cautious big pharma might be, the smaller companies are moving forward with systems biology and are applying it to all stages of drug discovery and development, from target discovery and validation to preclinical research and clinical trials.
		Another application of systems biology is in the evaluation of so-called combination products, in which drugs are administered together to achieve a synergistic effect, according to Pieter Muntendam, president and chief operating officer of BG Medicine, Waltham, Mass.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/83/8307biology.html (3420 words)

	MIT Course Catalogue: Biological Engineering Division
		They are applying not only engineering principles to the understanding of how biological systems operate, especially when impacted by genetic, chemical, infectious, or other interventions; but also a synthetic design perspective to creating biology-based technologies for medical diagnostics, therapeutics, and other devices, as well as for application in diverse industries unrelated to health care.
		Enrollment in the Biological Engineering SB is limited at the present time, and students who wish to pursue this degree must complete the sophomore fall-term subject 20.110 Thermodynamics of Biomolecular Systems with a passing grade in order to apply for admission.
		Systems biology is an emerging field that involves quantitative study of biological processes as integrated systems rather than as isolated parts.
	web.mit.edu /catalogue/degre.engin.biolo.shtml (3074 words)

	MIT Biological Engineering Division
		Biological Systems Analysis, Design and Synthesis: We are learning how to construct, experimentally validate, and apply molecular mechanism-based models of specific biological systems such that a user of the model could predict the future behavior of the system (both as the system exists, and in response to specific perturbations).
		Were still other synthetic systems specified, the process of their construction would be similarly tedious and stand-alone, and not reflect the practice of a modern engineering discipline.
		While obviously useful, such software is not designed to support the fabrication of synthetic biological systems, and the integration of system design and validation with the process of system construction (e.g., oligonucleotide synthesis and assembly).
	web.mit.edu /be/people/endy.htm (605 words)

	Statistical Physics of Biological Information and Complexity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Possible applications of dynamical systems theory will be discussed, which may provide a systematic approach for building an integrated picture of biological entities or networks from their basic elements.
		Systems biology workbench project - an integrated environment to enable researchers to model holistically biological systems.
		Systems Biology Institute, and interdisciplinary institute for the study of systems biology.
	guava.physics.uiuc.edu /~nigel/courses/498BIO (1052 words)

	BSE Home -> Undergraduate -> Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Biological systems engineering graduates are typically employed by environmental consulting firms, state and federal agencies, universities, and food processing, pharmaceutical, and biotechnology industries.
		The overall educational goal of the Biological Systems Engineering (BSE) program is to graduate biological systems engineers to support sustainable production, processing, and utilization of biological materials and to protect natural resources.
		Biological, chemical, and engineering principles are applied to the wise use, conservation, and management of natural resources, particularly land and water.
	www.bse.vt.edu /BSE_Undergrad/Catalog.php (1102 words)

	Magnesium in biological systems - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological membranes are impermeable to Mg (and other ions) so transport proteins must facilitate the flow of Mg, both into and out of cells and intracellular compartments.
		Biological cell membranes and cell walls are polyanionic surfaces.
		In biological systems, only manganese (Mn) is readily capable of replacing Mg, and only in a limited set of circumstances.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Magnesium_in_biological_systems (5441 words)

	Biological Filtration /Pond Doctor Dave/ Biological Filtration Systems. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Biological filtration systems or "bio" is the most natural and powerful way to maintain water quality within backyard ponds and waterfall.
		While the skimmer is the most important 'pre filter' by removing debris as it enters the garden waterfall/pond, nothing can replace the polishing effect a good biological filtration system can provide.
		A well functioning system with the water being'prefiltered' through the skimmer and seeded periodically with pond bacteria culture, should be virtually maintenance free.
	www.pond-doctor-dave.com /biological-filtration.html (343 words)

	Biological Systems Simulation Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The Biological Systems Simulation Group Conference provides a forum for researchers from a broad range of disciplines to interchange ideas and experiences with the ultimate goal of improving the efficiency and productivity of agricultural production, while conserving or even enhancing soil and water resources.
		The Biological Systems Simulation Group is in its 36th year and brings together an international group of scientists interested in using integrated systems approaches to study agricultural and natural systems.
		Topics range from basic physiological and biological systems to ecosystem simulations of field-level flows of water, carbon, energy, and nutrients to region-level analyses of the impacts of climate variability and global change.
	www.gpsr.ars.usda.gov /bssg (1167 words)

	Mobile Hospital Air Purification Systems Health Care HEPA Filtration TB Tuberculosis Airborne Infection Control ...
		Biological Controls celebrates 32 years of serving organizations such as hospitals, health care (healthcare) facilities, pharmaceutical companies, research labs, electronic component manufacturers, and military and government agencies with high-performance air purification systems.
		Clean air purification systems, particularly those using mobile clean air purifiers for airborne infection control in hospitals and health care (healthcare) facilities (and other air purification systems in general), are vitally important in the control of airborne diseases and airborne infections, especially for drug resistant strains.
		Biological Controls products are used effectively in removal of airborne pathogens, creation of negative pressure, monitoring of pressure differential conditions and enclosures for use in performing high risk procedures or holding patients who are known or suspected to be at risk of transmitting airborne diseases and airborne infections.
	www.biologicalcontrols.com (7831 words)

	NIH Guide: QUANTITATIVE APPROACHES TO THE ANALYSIS OF COMPLEX BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
		In the case of the nervous system, the challenge is to decipher the mechanisms that underlie specific neuronal and behavioral systems.
		The goal of the various computational, or mathematical, analyses is similar, to discover the principles of organization of the system as a whole, and to acquire the means to model its dynamics.
		In the particular case of the nervous system, information processing is based on a massively parallel structure employing, as the basic processing units, neurons, whose activity appears to exhibit significant stochastic as well as deterministic components.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-98-077.html (2164 words)

	NIH-CSR Instrumentation and Systems Development [ISD] (BSTIRG)
		Although a test biological problem may be used to provide context, grant applications referred to this study section need not necessarily be hypothesis driven.
		Systems for the large-scale acquisition of multivariate information from biological systems also are of interest.
		Single molecule/cell approaches: Techniques, approaches, and devices for the analysis of biological systems at the single molecule, assembly, or single cell level.
	cms.csr.nih.gov /PeerReviewMeetings/CSRIRGDescription/BSTIRG/ISD.htm (899 words)

	Biological Systems Simulation Conference (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		There is a need to improve the understanding and integration of processes that comprise the biological systems that underpin our economy and environment.
		This includes topics as diverse as basic physiological and biological systems, ecosystem simulations of field-level flows of water, carbon, energy, and nutrients, and region-level analysis of the impacts of climatic variability and climate change.
		You are invited to attend the Biological Systems Simulation Conference.
	conference.ifas.ufl.edu /bssg/index.html (1008 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The committee, in fact, recommends that the Navy consider dedicating a ship to chemical and biological simulant testing in a fashion analogous to the use of the ex-LSD Shadwell for fire research.
		Providing adequate protection against chemical and biological warfare applications for health care personnel is not an impossible task, but it cannot be done by picking up a catalog and ordering what is on sale.
		It is becoming more common for large vendors to have arrangements with knowledgeable personnel who can answer chemical warfare and biological warfare related inquires, and it is the responsibility of the health care facility to know all the facts before equipping staff members with personal protective equipment.
	www.lycos.com /info/biological-warfare--systems.html (386 words)

	Nanomachines and biological systems: Utopia or Dystopia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Fahey contends "the difference between nanotechnologists and biotechnologists is that the former do not restrict themselves to the biological limitations of the latter..." and that "the real promise for the future, however, lies in the development of fully artificial enzymes" (9).
		He claims that artificial enzymes will not be limited to the twenty amino acids that nature employs and that these "...amino acids could contain totally non-biological catalytic groups or even pre-made machine parts, such as structural support struts, molecular bearings, or the like..."(9).
		In addition to the possibilities for manipulating biologic functions through new types of enzymes and protein reactions, recent discoveries in physics are expected to bring about super-strong molecular bonds.
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /biology/b103/f00/web2/plotnick2.html (1790 words)

	A new way to share models of biological systems
		This approach, known as 'computational systems biology,' is becoming increasingly popular now that scientists are accumulating detailed parts lists for many organisms, thanks to genome sequencing projects and other efforts to comprehensively document the components of living entities.
		The Systems Biology Markup Language (SBML), an open-source computer language developed by the SBML Team, is now widely accepted and is supported by over 75 different software systems worldwide.
		This allows computational systems biologists to write models using the tool of their choice, and then to share them so that others can build on their work.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-04/embl-anw041105.php (492 words)

	2006 CSHL Meeting on Engineering Principles in Biological Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		We are pleased to announce a special Cold Spring Harbor conference on Engineering Principles in Biological Systems, which will begin at 7:00 pm on Sunday, December 3 and run through lunch on Wednesday, December 6, 2006.
		There are two key ideas behind this meeting: that theoretical engineering principles that have been developed in the context of human engineered systems are useful in understanding biological function, and that these principles apply across scales, from the cellular to the organism level.
		The conference is intended to foster cross-disciplinary exchange of ideas and expertise between engineers, mathematicians and biologists interested in the analysis of diverse biological systems through the application of engineering principles.
	meetings.cshl.edu /meetings/engine06.shtml (356 words)

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