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Topic: Biological target

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	Methods and kits for isolating biological target materials using silica magnetic particles patent invention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The methods of the present invention involve forming a complex of the silica magnetic particles and the biological target material in a mixture of the medium and particles, separating the complex from the mixture using external magnetic force, and eluting the biological target material from the complex.
		The preferred embodiments of magnetic silica particles used in the methods and kits of the present invention are capable of forming a complex with at least 2 μg of biological target material per milligram of particle, and of releasing at least 60% of the material from the complex in the elution step of the method.
		Upon binding of a target analyte, a particle and a reporter composition are associated and transported to an electrode surface.
	www.freshpatents.com /Methods-and-kits-for-isolating-biological-target-materials-using-silica-magnetic-particles-dt20051229ptan20050287583.php (5781 words)

	Biological Control for the Layman
		This lack of knowledge of biological control among students, growers, and the general public throughout the State of Virginia is readily perceived in my dealings with them during the past 27 years.
		Frequently their effectiveness as biological control agents becomes noticeable only after they have been eliminated through the wide use of pesticides that kill not only the target pests, but these natural enemies as well.
		The goal in biological control is to find out what the effective natural enemies are, where they can be found, and to try to import them from their native area into the affected areas to control the pests.
	everest.ento.vt.edu /~kok/Text_frame1.htm (3161 words)

	Webb, B (2001) Can robots make good models of biological behaviour?
		Biologically 'irrelevant' models, then, are those too far removed from biology to connect their outcomes back to understanding the systems that inspired them.
		For explaining biological behaviour, abstracting away from the real problems of sensorimotor interaction with the world is argued, within biorobotics, to be an example of the latter kind: in this case, abstraction reduces relevance because the real biological problem is not being addressed.
		Even where biological understanding is not the main aim of the study, it is possible that "animals provide a benchmark" for evaluating the robot system, such as Berkemeier and Desai's (1996) comparison of their "biologically-styled" leg design to the hindlimb of a cat at the level of force and stiffness parameters.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/Webb (17478 words)

	BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: Malignant Biology
		A "biological chemical weapon" is produced by cultivating an organism and extracting from it or its spent medium the toxic material.
		Biological weapons may target living organisms or an environment seen as affecting the outcome of a struggle for control.
		Biological weapon are characterized by the following: Their target system; The nature of the biological weapon; and Whether it is a natural product or one that has been produced by genetic engineering.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/101biologicalweapons.html (9526 words)

	Forum
		Since 1881, biological control—the deliberate use of one living organism to control another—has been one of the tools used to stem the spread of introduced pests.
		That's why for over 120 years, biological control ecologists have developed and modified a series of tests that take several years to complete before a biological control agent is proposed for release.
		First a weed is selected as a target for biological control because it is perceived as a significant domestic problem.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/mar00/form0300.htm (824 words)

	Bromeliad Biota - Weevils - Safety of Classical Biocontrol (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The federal laws that regulate use of biological control agents in the USA are complicated because none was designed to deal with importation of biological control agents.
		For importation of classical biological control agents, such permits are needed for importation into quarantine facilities for screening, and then a second set of permits is required for release into the field.
		Classical biological control was first practiced in the USA in the late 19th century, at a time when there were no regulations.
	bromeliadbiota.ifas.ufl.edu /wvbrom7a.htm (460 words)

	Midwest Biological Control News
		Many of the other success stories of biological weed control until about 1960 were also on alien perennial species infesting grazing lands, but more recently annual and biennial plants, aquatic and semi-aquatic weeds, and native weeds have been the target of biological control research, too.
		Biological control of weeds historically has usually been considered only after all other management options have been unsuccessful, often decades after the weed is discovered.
		Biological control is not a panacea, but is one of the options that should be considered when faced with a new weed problem.
	www.entomology.wisc.edu /mbcn/fea205.html (1676 words)

	Biological Control of Aquatic/Wetland Plants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The biological control of aquatic plants focuses on the selection and introduction of organisms that have an impact on the growth or reproduction of a target plant.
		Search for a classical biological control agent typically starts in the region of the world that is home to the nuisance aquatic plant.
		There are some good examples where numerous biological control agents have had little effect on a targeted species, and other examples where one biocontrol agent was responsible for the complete control of a problem species.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/wq/plants/management/biocontrol.html (1299 words)

	Model of Physical Attractiveness
		In the first filter, Filter One, the Target is rated on the biological attractiveness scale, shown at the far left of the poster.
		The first filters are primarily based on the Target’s biological and physical attractiveness and Love Style appeal to the Judge.
		The studies cited suggest that once the target surpasses a threshold of biological ugliness, historical, socio-cultural and individual differences factors strongly affect a judge’s physical attractiveness judgments.
	www.ejhs.org /volume9/Osborn.htm (1958 words)

	Chapter 30 Selection of Appropriate Future Target Weeds for Biological Control - Biological Control of Invasive Plants ...
		Biological control of weeds programs were, and still are, with few exceptions, the exclusive providence of federal and state departments of agriculture, and agricultural colleges in land grant universities.
		Because almost all the risks to native plants by biological control agents is borne by close relatives of the target weed, harm to native plants can be avoided by targeting weeds with few or no close relatives in the country or broad region that the weed infests.
		Biological weed control has been most useful in controlling agricultural weeds that infest pastures and rangeland, and this may continue to be the best place for its use in agriculture.
	www.invasiveplants.net /biologicalcontrol/30FutureTargets.html (5473 words)

	Code Red - Weapons of Mass Destruction [Online Resource] - Biological Weapons
		Biological warfare is the intentional use of microorganisms or toxins (poisonous substances produced by living organisms or synthetic processes) to cause death or disease in humans, animals, or plants.
		Biological agents can also be used to destroy crops and animals--cut off the target's food source.
		Biological weapons have the potential to bring deadly effects upon their victims.
	library.thinkquest.org /05aug/00639/en/w_biological.html (1133 words)

	Biological Control
		Biological control agents of plant diseases are most often referred to as antagonists.
		There are three broad and somewhat overlapping types of biological control: conservation, classical biological control (introduction of natural enemies to a new locale), and augmentation.
		They are adapted to the local environment and to the target pest, and their conservation is generally simple and cost-effective.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/info/biocont.html (1829 words)

	Selections from the Current Issue
		Researchers are tapping millions of years of biological evolutionary experience to develop the next generation of materials.
		This in turn is enabling scientists to understand the genomic basis for the survival of these biological organisms in a particular environment, which lays the groundwork for using the same principles in manufacturing.
		Biological architectures, on the other hand, feature deliberately layered structures that localize the effects of any small impact, crack or other damage.
	www.afcea.org /signal/archives/content/Mar00/futuristic-mar.html (2755 words)

	[No title]
		Target 3.1: Genetic diversity of crops, livestock, and of harvested species of trees, fish and wildlife and other valuable species conserved, and associated indigenous and local knowledge maintained.
		Target 11.1: New and additional financial resources are transferred to developing country Parties, to allow for the effective implementation of their commitments under the Convention, in accordance with Article 20.
		Target 11.2: Technology is transferred to developing country Parties, to allow for the effective implementation of their commitments under the Convention, in accordance with its Article 20, paragraph 4.
	www.biodiv.org /2010-target/goals-targets.asp (545 words)

	AAD: Biological Therapies Target T-Cell Pathology Of Psoriasis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		NEW ORLEANS, LA -- February 26, 2002 -- A number of biological therapies that target various aspects of the T-cell mediated pathology that underlies psoriasis are achieving remarkable clearance of psoriasis, even in the most severe cases, several studies have shown.
		For this study, 112 patients with plaque psoriasis over at least 10 percent of their body surface area were randomized to either subcutaneous etanercept 25 mg twice a week or placebo.
		A series of studies evaluating alefacept, a selective biologic agent that binds CD2 on T cells, thus inhibiting T-cell activation and proliferation, suggest that it appears to work well in chronic plaque psoriasis.
	www.pslgroup.com /dg/214C4E.htm (757 words)

	UNL Department of Physics and Astronomy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Other targets are not clearly identifiable, as in the case of biological cells having a nucleus, the eucaryotic cells, where the targets are known to be in the cell nucleus but are of uncertain composition, identity, structure, size, and precise location.
		In chemical systems, in scintillation counters, in thermoluminescent dosimeters, the target may be a region in which deposited energy may act collectively, defined by a difusion length.
		Two size parameters are required, one to describe the internal targets, and a second to describe the size of the cell nucleus.
	physics.unl.edu /research/other/paper.html (645 words)

	A model-driven approach to industrializing discovery processes in pharmaceutical research IBM Systems Journal - Find ...
		The viability of chemical compounds as disease-fighting drugs is determined by a set of complex characteristics including potency, selectivity (i.e., effectiveness against the biological target and harmlessness to other tissue), toxicity, solubility, metabolic rate and kinetics within a test organism, ease of chemical synthesis, and patent-ability.
		Such targets are mainly enzymes or receptors but may also be regulatory processes within an organism.
		The target needs to be prepared in such a way that a very large number of compounds can be tested for potency against (or ability to bind with) this target in order to identify a few compounds that best inhibit or neutralize the malignant biological behavior of this target.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ISJ/is_1_44/ai_n13664734 (861 words)

	Millennium \| Glossary
		Discovery: Identification of a biological, genetic or protein target linked to a particular disease, and subsequent lead identification of a potential drug that interacts with the target to help cure the disease or halt its progression.
		Small molecule drug: One or more active chemical compounds, typically formulated as an orally available pill, that interact with a specific biological target, such as a receptor, enzyme or ion channel, to provide a curative effect.
		Target validation: Evaluation of a gene's specific function in the disease process.
	www.mlnm.com /glossary/popup.asp (1260 words)

	CHI presents Genomics On Target 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Unlike other target ID and validation strategies, the chemical biology approach uncovers only those targets that are both validated in a cell-based disease model and amenable to modulation by small molecules.
		target discovery method, which combines gene perturbation of animal disease with pathway analysis, selectively and rapidly identifies those novel targets, operating in complex biological processes, which are activated as disease pathology expands or contracts.
		The target family-directed masterkey concept is based on the attempt to encode protein familywide structural and functional commonalities into low-molecular-weight compounds that, upon specific derivatization, allow the synthesis of target family-biased compound arrays comprising active and selective compounds suitable for further hit-to-lead and lead-to-candidate progression.
	www.genomicsontarget.com /chg.asp (3592 words)

	CHAPTER 5 - BIOLOGICAL REFERENCE POINTS AND REGULATION MEASURES
		The Target Reference Points, TRP are BRP defined as the level of fishing mortality or of the biomass, which permit a long-term sustainable exploitation of the stocks, with the best possible catch.
		The evaluation of the biological reference points has to be updated, taking into consideration the possible changes in the biological parameters or any other necessary correction of the exploitation pattern.
		It is important to make clear that the target points may also, in certain cases, be considered as limit or precautionary points depending on the combined analyses of the exploitation of the stock and of the biological reference points obtained.
	www.fao.org /DOCREP/006/X8498E/x8498e0c.htm (3684 words)

	Selection of Appropriate Future Target Weeds for Biological Control - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the ...
		Environmental considerations may restrict future biological control practice because of increased concerns about possible damage to non-target native plants, but these same environmental concerns also may expand the use of biological control through greater use against invasive weeds that threaten natural communities and their functioning.
		Avoidance of risks to economic plants that might be posed by introduced biological weed control agents has always been the most critical safety consideration of biological weed control.
		Targeting these weeds would likely entail host specificity testing against many crop plants and probably require longer and more expensive programs.
	www.invasive.org /eastern/biocontrol/30FutureTargets.html (5473 words)

	C&EN: COVERSTORY - THE SMALL-MOLECULE APPROACH TO BIOLOGY
		Actin-disrupting agents such as cytochalasin and latrunculin have played key roles in unraveling the mysteries of the actin cytoskeleton, and recently discovered small molecules that specifically target motor proteins that carry their cargo along the actin and microtubule polymers are now being used to reveal previously hidden facets of motor function.
		The goals are to target broad swaths of chemical space empirically found to overlap with the biology space that characterizes an area of biology.
		These include the development of methods to profile biological states with small molecules; to identify the protein target of a small-molecule modulator identified in a phenotypic screen; and to understand the relationship between chemical and biological descriptors and, ultimately, chemical space and biological space.
	pubs.acs.org /cen/coverstory/8109/8109genomics.html (6169 words)

	PPQ \|
		Note that the preliminary information about a target weed and a candidate agent may be incomplete at this point in the research.
		Identify the economically and environmentally important plants that are closely related to the target weed.
		Examine the placement of the target weed family in the classification systems of Thorne and Dahlgren which are available in a concordance of plant family names as per Cronquist, Dahlgren, Reveal, Takhtajan, and Thorne.
	www.aphis.usda.gov /ppq/permits/tag/app-e.html (1379 words)

	Ento Content
		It is recommended that one group or agency prepared a submission for the Australian Weeds Committee, proposing a specific weed as a target for biological control.
		Research is sometimes required to determine the appropriateness of proposed targets for biological control.
		As the establishment of biological control programs requires significant resources, often millions of dollars over 10-20 years, biological control is usually only considered for high priority weeds (e.g.
	www.ento.csiro.au /weeds/biocontrol/target_weed.html (332 words)

	Biological target - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A biological target is an enzyme, receptor or other protein that can be modified by an external stimulus.
		The definition is context-dependent and can refer to the biological target of a pharmacologically active drug compound, or the receptor target of a hormone (like insulin).
		The implication is that a molecule is "hit" by a signal and its behavior is thereby changed.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_target (143 words)

	PNNL S&E - Biological Sensors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		capabilities that enable the development of effective biological sensors (e.g., identification of key biological organism signatures, selective surface treatments for the capture/detection of target biological organisms, etc.),
		capabilities that allow the prediction and understanding of biological organism propagation, dispersion, environmental survival, etc. that are necessary to better define the requirements and application domains for biological sensors and sensor systems,
		biological sensor and signature capabilities applied to meet specific application requirements.
	www.technet.pnl.gov /sensors/biological/capability.stm (152 words)

	Serenex.Com -- Mechanism of Action (Target Discovery)
		Historically, pharmaceutical hits and leads have been discovered by screening compounds against a relatively small number (50 to 200) of cell-based or animal-based assays, in which the molecular target of the compound is not always known.
		Compounds are often selected for further development and clinical testing based on a positive biological response with little or no knowledge of the biological target itself or how the drug compound produces its biological effect (mechanism of action).
		In so doing, we greatly increase the probability of finding both therapeutic and toxicity targets early in the drug discovery process and in determining a drug compound’s mechanism of action.
	www.serenex.com /Page70 (200 words)

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