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Topic: Biological weapon

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	Biological warfare - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of any organism (bacteria, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war.
		The creation and stockpiling of biological weapons is outlawed by the 1972 Biological Weapons Convention, signed by over 100 countries, because a successful attack could conceivably result in thousands, possibly even millions, of deaths and could cause severe disruptions to societies and economies.
		As a strategic weapon, biological warfare is again militarily problematic, because unless it is used to poison enemy civilian towns, it is difficult to prevent the attack from spreading, either to allies or to the attacker, and a biological warfare attack invites immediate massive retaliation, usually in the same form.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_weapon (2241 words)

	Biological weapons - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The biological agents inside the weapons are highly infectious and the weapon can spread its diseases for miles without having to actually come in contact with the area it is attacking.
		Many biological agents may not necessarily be the cause of death but may instead infect people with diseases that in turn take their lives.
		Biological weapons present a great threat with terrorist groups as well, and in the present day we are seeing many more terrorist groups and threats.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biological_weapons (1417 words)

	ACP-ASIM Bioterrorism Resource Center: Medical Aspects of Biological Terrorism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A biological weapon is a device used to intentionally cause disease through dissemination of bacteria, virus or microbial toxin.
		Biological terrorism, then, is the use of a biological weapon against civilian populations for purposes of creating terror.
		Other biological weapons of high concern are the agents responsible for botulism, tularemia and some of the viral hemorrhagic fever syndromes.
	www.acponline.org /bioterro/medicalaspects.htm (3006 words)

	BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS: Malignant Biology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A "biological chemical weapon" is produced by cultivating an organism and extracting from it or its spent medium the toxic material.
		The modern weapons of war like the atom bomb, supersonic airplanes, atomic submarines and aircraft carriers all are horrendously expensive, technologically complex and require a large and sophisticated industrial capacity as well as a host of highly skilled scientists and engineers to produce and maintain.
		Biological weapon are characterized by the following: Their target system; The nature of the biological weapon; and Whether it is a natural product or one that has been produced by genetic engineering.
	www.slic2.wsu.edu:82 /hurlbert/micro101/pages/101biologicalweapons.html (9526 words)

	Anthrax as a Biological Weapon.
		Propaganda on biological weapons including anthrax originates in the dark cellars of government for the purpose of swaying the public for increased police powers.
		Anthrax cannot be weaponized by terrorists, and it could probably never be used successfully as a military weapon.
		The weaponized powder came from the US weapons labs, as demonstrated by a chemical which was on it.
	nov55.com /athr.html (2086 words)

	Aljazeera.Net - Biological weapon threat looms larger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Biological weapons now pose a far greater threat than their chemical or nuclear counterparts, according to a British Medical Association report.
		In 1999, the BMA called for the strengthening of the 1975 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention to stop the spread of biological and chemical weapons.
		But Monday's report on biological weapons, the second in five years, warned that the window of opportunity to tackle the spread of these biological weapons was shrinking fast.
	english.aljazeera.net /NR/exeres/F97A23F9-A847-4563-AC59-A31EED338D76.htm (369 words)

	The Anthrax Terror DOD’s Number-One Biological Threat (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The relative ease with which biological weapons can be obtained, along with other changes in the world, sets the stage for a different type of warfare in the twenty-first century.
		Biological warfare was used in World War I by the German military, who recognized the mule and the horse as important to the Allies for moving equipment.
		Biological weapons offer an opportunity for the less powerful nation to "level the playing field" against the world’s military superpower or for a terrorist group to incite a public reaction of enormous magnitude.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj00/win00/davis.htm (8491 words)

	ISRAEL IS DEVELOPING 'ETHNIC BOMB' - BIOLOGICAL WEAPON (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Israel is working on an "ethnically targeted" biological weapon that would kill or harm Arabs but not Jews, according to Israeli military and western intelligence sources cited in a front-page report in the London Sunday Times, November 15, 1998 ("Israel Planning 'Ethnic' Bomb as Saddam Caves In," by Uzi Mahnaimi and Marie Colvin).
		The secret Israel program is based at the Institute for Biological Research in Nes Tsiona, a small town southeast of Tel Aviv, the main research facility for Israel's clandestine arsenal of chemical and biological weapons.
		Biological Weapons Biologically Derived Bioactive Substance (BDBS) Genetically Modified BW Ethnic Bomb Miscellaneous Biological Weapons Likely Biological Weapons to be Used in Near Future Botulism...
	www.apfn.org /apfn/EthnicBomb.htm (2935 words)

	All the Virology on the WWW - Biological Weapons and Warfare
		The Federation of American Scientists Chemical and Biological Arms Control Program covers all aspects of chemical and biological weapons and their control, but concentrates, at present, on efforts to prevent the development and use of biological weapons (BW) and the further proliferation of BW programs.
		The Chemical and Biological Arms Control Institute is a nonprofit corporation established to promote the goals of arms control and nonproliferation, with a special, although not exclusive focus on the elimination of chemical and biological weapons.
		The Biological Weapons Convention requires Parties not to develop, produce, stockpile, or acquire biological agents or toxins "of types and in quantities that have no justification for prophylactic, protective, and other peaceful purposes," as well as weapons and means of delivery.
	www.virology.net /garryfavwebbw.html (2268 words)

	Iraq's Biological Weapon Program
		UN inspectors were certain that Iraq did not account for all the biological agents that it made before the first Gulf War, and that it produced anthrax on an industrial-scale.
		Thus, some observers concluded that Iraq's biological weapon capability still existed and was an active threat prior to the second Gulf War.
		It is an agricultural or economic biological weapon.
	www.iraqwatch.org /profiles/biological.html (3581 words)

	Why Would Anyone Use a Biological Weapon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Compared to large conventional weapons or nuclear weapons, biological weapons are easier to obtain.
		Category A agents are viewed as being most likely to be weaponized and to pose the highest potential health risk to the greatest numbers of people. Category B agents are less easy to disseminate and are likely to cause only moderate morbidity and low mortality.
		This form of transmission is not a concern with regard to the use of plague as a biological weapon.
	www.imc-la.com /cbr/L1C-m.html (12185 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		In a circumstance in which the weapon attack has been covert and the event is discovered only after persons start to become ill, persons potentially exposed should be instructed to begin a fever watch.
		When Francisella tularensis is presumptively identified in a routine biological safety level-2 clinical laboratory (level A), specimens should be forwarded to a biological safety level-3 laboratory (level B) (e.g., a state public health laboratory) for confirmation of agent and other studies, such as antimicrobial susceptibility testing.
		Following an urban release, the risk to humans of acquiring tularemia from infected animals or arthropod bites is considered minimal and could be reduced by educating the public on simple avoidance of sick or dead animals and on personal protective measures against biting arthropods.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=2981 (2742 words)

	eMedicine - CBRNE - Evaluation of a Biological Warfare Victim : Article by Liudvikas Jagminas, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Biological weapons (BWs) are the terrorist's perfect weapon; they are relatively easy to make, difficult to detect, and a significant threat of morbidity and mortality.
		BWs are devices composed of 4 major components as follows: payload (biological agent), munition (container that keeps the payload intact and virulent during delivery), delivery system (eg, missile, artillery shell, aircraft), and a dispersal mechanism.
		When a biological attack is suspected, immediately employ necessary steps to ensure the safety of hospital personnel, existing patients, and the facility, thereby maximizing the ability to care for victims (see CBRNE - Biological Warfare Mass Casualty Management).
	www.emedicine.com /emerg/topic891.htm (2155 words)

	Arm-to-Arm Against Bioterrorism by Donald W. Miller, Jr.
		In 1990, when the U.S. was planning to invade Iraq the first time (in 1991), analysts at Armed Forces Military Intelligence reported that Iraq had a "mature offensive BS [biological weapons] program," one that could deliver biological weapons from aerosol generators carried on trucks, boats, or helicopters; in artillery shells and missiles; and from aircraft.
		At the time, according to Judith Miller and coauthors in Germs: Biological Weapons and America’s Secret War, the CIA issued a report titled "Iraq’s Biological Warfare Program: Saddam’s Ace in the Hole." In 1990 the bioweapons of greatest concern to military planners were anthrax and botulinum toxin.
		In a biological attack a likely scenario would be that a terrorist, carrying an aerosolized can like that used for hair spray, would spray freeze-dried smallpox virus in a shopping mall, airport, or sports stadium.
	www.lewrockwell.com /orig2/miller6.html (2619 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: India: Profile
		According to Indian government sources, India is capable of building a range of nuclear weapon systems ranging from "â¦low yields to 200 kilotons, involving fission, boosted-fission, and two-stage thermonuclear designs." India is not a member of the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT).
		India has defensive biological weapon capabilities and has conducted research on countering various diseases, including plague, brucellosis, and smallpox.
		Under the terms of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), which India signed in 1993 and ratified in September 1996, India must destroy 45 percent of its stockpile by 2004 and the remaining stockpile by 2007.
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/India (752 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Biological and Chemical Warfare Works"
		During the gulf war, the threat of Iraqi chemical and biological weapons felt very real, because it was known that Iraq had done extensive research on these weapons.
		A chemical or biological weapon used in a large city would kill thousands of people.
		In this edition of HowStuffWorks, you will learn how chemical and biological weapons really work, how they might be deployed and what the actual threats are.
	science.howstuffworks.com /biochem-war.htm (92 words)

	BBC News \| SCOTLAND \| Britain's 'Anthrax Island'
		The 1942 test was sanctioned amid fears the Germans might attack the UK with biological or chemical weapons.
		Experts on biological weapons have suggested that 100kg of anthrax sprayed on a major city could kill more than 3m people.
		However, that was not the end of Britain's interest in anthrax because earlier this month it was announced that a team led by a Scottish scientist had produced a vaccine.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/scotland/1457035.stm (657 words)

	CNN.com - Ricin as a weapon - Oct. 23, 2003
		The U.S. Chemical Warfare Service began studying the poison as a potential weapon of war during World War I. During World War II, a ricin bomb was developed by the British military at the top-secret Porton Down biological weapons establishment in Wiltshire, western England.
		Experts point out that ricin has mainly been used in the past as a biological weapon for assassination purposes, and it has never been deployed as a weapon for mass destruction.
		However, Andy Oppenheimer, a chemical and biological weapons expert at Jane's Terrorism and Security Monitor, said terrorists could potentially kill large numbers of people with ricin if they put it into aerosol -- a job he described as tricky but not impossible.
	www.cnn.com /2003/WORLD/europe/01/07/terror.poison.extremists (418 words)

	Battlefield of the Future (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		While the use of this weapon has not been prevalent in recent years, the threat is real, the United States’ vulnerability is clear, and the ability to counter the biological weapon is almost nil.
		During the Korean War, the biological capability was maintained primarily for retaliation in the event an adversary employed a biological agent against United States or allied forces.
		The real challenge was destroying the viability or utility of the biological weapons without spreading the agents and causing massive collateral damage in terms of human lives.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/battle/chp8.html (6579 words)

	CNN.com - Source: Fear of bioweapons grounded flights - Feb. 2, 2004
		CNN's Elaine Quijano reports that fears of a biological attack were possibly behind flight cancellations.
		The specter of a biological attack was raised Sunday as a possible reason that a handful of transatlantic and domestic flights were canceled this weekend.
		One federal law enforcement source told CNN that the U.S.-bound flights were grounded mainly out of fears that terrorists would use the planes as "air taxis" to deliver biological, chemical or radioactive weapons material to cities in the United States.
	www.cnn.com /2004/US/02/01/flights.canceled (716 words)

	Lyme Disease - A Biological Weapon? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Government biological warfare documents speak of incapacitating agents as being the most effective at disabling a nation.
		Donald MacArthur who was in charge of the developement and testing of biological weapons for the Pentagon had this to say at a Hearing before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations in 1969.
		A number of these agents have been further weaponized and are widely recognized as being the most significant biothreat agents.
	www.rense.com /general63/lyme.htm (2311 words)

	Sars biological weapon?
		An anonymous woman has been nominated for a major literary award for her blog about the Iraq war.
		Moscow - The deadly pneumonia that has killed more than 100 people around the world may be a man-made biological weapon, Russian experts said on Friday.
		Nikolai Filatov, head of Moscow's epidemiological services, told the Gazeta daily that he thought the pneumonia was man-made because "there is no vaccine for this virus, its make-up is unclear, it has not been very widespread and the population is not immune to it."
	www.news24.com /News24/World/News/0,,2-10-1462_1346560,00.html (233 words)

	NTI: Country Overviews: Iran: Profile
		Iran's chemical weapons and ballistic missiles, and possibly its nuclear weapon program and biological warfare capabilities, are meant to deter opponents and to gain influence in the Persian Gulf and Caspian Sea regions.
		Although Iran acceded to the Geneva Protocol in 1929 and ratified the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention (BWC) in 1973, the U.S. government believes Iran began biological weapon efforts in the early to mid-1980s, and that it continues to pursue an offensive biological weapon program linked to its civilian biotechnology activities.
		Iran ratified the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in November 1997 and has been an active participant in the work of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW).
	www.nti.org /e_research/profiles/Iran (1606 words)

	CNS - Iraq - Weapons of Mass Destruction in the Middle East
		Until halted by Coalition air attacks and UNSCOM disarmament efforts, Iraq had an extensive nuclear weapon development program that began in 1972, involved 10,000 personnel, and had a multi-year budget totaling approximately $10 billion.
		May retain stockpile of biological weapon (BW) munitions, including over 150 R-400 aerial bombs, and 25 or more special chemical/biological Al-Hussein ballistic missile warheads.
		Not a signatory of the Chemical Weapons Convention.
	cns.miis.edu /research/wmdme/iraq.htm (1423 words)

	Biological weapon detection - LC-GC Europe
		A new combination of analytical chemistry and mathematical data analysis techniques allows the rapid identification of the species, strain and infectious phase of a potential biological terrorism agent.
		Mass spectrometry allows researchers to look at the profiles of different proteins expressed in a microorganism, and partial least squares analysis separates important information from "noise" or biological baseline shifts caused by sample preparation variations that could corrupt a predictive model.
		According to the CDC, the bacterium is considered a bioterrorism agent because of its long-term environmental stability, resistance to heat and drying, extremely low infectious dose, aerosol infectious route and history of weaponization by various countries.
	www.lcgceurope.com /lcgceurope/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=196693 (379 words)

	Hotlinks to other sites of interest: Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Sites (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		First, the results of SIPRI research on the rapidly evolving subject of chemical and biological arms control and disarmament will be posted as soon as possible to encourage world-wide discussion.
		A project to prove Nuclear Weapons are illegal according to international laws on use and type of weapons.
		The Harvard Sussex Program is an international collaborative program or research and communication to promote the global elimination of chemical and biological weapons and to strengthen the constraints against hostile uses of biomedical technologies.
	www.nbc-med.org /SiteContent/MedRef/InternetResources/nuc.html (942 words)

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