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	Sea and Sky: Deep Sea Bioluminescence
		Through a process known as bioluminescence, they have developed the ability to use chemicals within their bodies to produce light.
		Bioluminescence occurs when certain chemicals are mixed together.
		Certain fish species use bioluminescence as a form of "night light".
	www.seasky.org /monsters/sea7a3.html (506 words)

	Bioluminescence K-12 Experiments for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during which chemical energy is converted to light energy.
		Bioluminescence is a form of luminescence, or "cold light" emission; less than 20% of the light is generated by thermal radiation.
		Bioluminescence is used as a lure to attract prey by several deep sea fish such as the anglerfish.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/biochemistry/bioluminescence.html (953 words)

	Anemaw [Animal Electromagnetism and Waves] : Bioluminescence . © Elizabeth Gerrow 2002 .
		Organisms possessing bioluminescence include, but may not be limited to, varying species of more than forty orders or groups of bacteria, fungi, dinoflagellates, jellyfish, squid, echinoderms (starfish), cordates (worms), molluscs, arthropods (crabs and shrimp), fish (near-surface or deep-sea), beetles, and fireflies (Halsey3 181).
		Bioluminescence is a prevalent property of deep-sea fish and other organisms: it has been discovered that more than 70.0% of species in the deep sea produce light to compensate for the lack of sunlight they cannot receive in the deep water (22).
		The application of bioluminescence in living organisms is believed to be based upon four general uses: defense, offense, mating and courtship, and communication (22).
	members.fortunecity.com /anemaw/bioluminescence.htm (996 words)

	Research of the IMT Laboratory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bioluminescence is one of the most cosmopolitan organism behaviors in the marine environment.
		Studies of coastal bioluminescence, red tides, and the movement of dolphins, fish, divers and torpedoes have recorded abundances of bioluminescent dinoflagellates.
		In order to effectively use flow-induced dinoflagellate bioluminescence as a method of flow visualization, one must know the species, concentration, luminescent response characteristics of the organisms to quantifiable levels of flow stimulation, and have suitable low background light levels and appropriate imaging capabilities.
	www.mpl.ucsd.edu /people/deane/research/bioluminescence.html (491 words)

	ISBC - International Society for Bioluminescence and Chemiluminescence
		Bioluminescence involves the oxidation of a substrate (luciferin) in the presence of an enzyme (luciferase).
		Stimulated bioluminescence is most obvious in the wakes and bow waves of ships, but measurements of its vertical and horizontal distribution can give a quick indication of the planktonic biomass as well as an indication of the signal a fish shoal or a submarine might produce as it travels through the waters.
		Bioluminescent systems extracted from marine organisms are now used widely as intracellular markers whose light emission signals a particular biochemical event or the presence of potentially damaging radicals such as active oxygen.
	www.isbc.unibo.it /Files/BC_PlanktonNekton.htm (3887 words)

	Bioluminescence
		Bioluminescence is the light put out by a creature like a lightning bug or anglerfish; it's light produced and emitted as a result of a chemical reaction to convert chemical energy into light energy.
		It's caused when a luciferin (a type of pigment) is oxidized by a luciferase (a type of enzyme), and generally refers ATP to work.
		Genes for bioluminescence have been isolated and inserted into the DNA of other organisms successfully.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Bioluminescence (214 words)

	What is Bioluminescence?
		Bioluminescence refers to the ability of a living organism to emit light.
		The chemicals involved in bioluminescence are luciferin, a substrate, and the enzyme, luciferase.
		Bioluminescence has also evolved to hide the shape or silhouette of a creature against the light blue background of a sun-filtered sea.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-bioluminescence.htm (489 words)

	Cold Fire in the Sea - Bioluminescence (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bioluminescence, or 'living light', is possibly the strangest phenomenon of the marine world.
		Bioluminescence is the result of a chemical reaction between a protein (luciferin) and an enzyme (luciferase) in the presence of oxygen.
		Evidence suggests that the bright green bioluminescence of this 30-cm-long dogfish lures large fishes and cetaceans closer to investigate the glow as a potential meal.
	www.elasmo-research.org /education/topics/p_biolumenescence.htm (1736 words)

	Uses of Bioluminescence (Final)
		Bioluminescence is responsible for the blinking bugs as well as flashing fish, glinting glowworms, and the shimmering spores of fungus.
		Scientists are using bioluminescent organisms to synthetically trace the ATP and calcium in the cell, to illustrate progression of infection, and to assist in AIDS research.
		Bioluminescent organisms produce diverse colors of light because their luciferin and luciferase are chemically different from each other.
	jrscience.wcp.muohio.edu /fieldcourses01/MarineEcologyArticles/UsesofBioluminescenceFina.html (1840 words)

	Gonyaulax bioluminescence
		This phosphorescence is termed bioluminescence, which is light produced in an organism by means of a chemical reaction.
		Bioluminescence is an expression of circadian rhythmicity, a phenomenon regulated on a daily cycle.
		In the absence of light, dinoflagellates exhibit peaks and valleys of bioluminescence.
	www.mbari.org /staff/conn/botany/dinos/alimon/biolumin.htm (529 words)

	bioluminescence - Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bioluminescent animals include such organisms as ctenophores, annelid worms, mollusks, insects such as fireflies, and fish.
		When the signal for the specialized bioluminescent cells to flash is receive, the luciferase is liberated from the ATP, causes the luciferin to oxidize, and then somehow recombines with ATP.
		Bioluminescent fish are common in ocean depths; the light probably aids in species recognition in the darkness.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-biolumin.html (459 words)

	Latz Laboratory of Scripps Institution of Oceanography
		Bioluminescence -- living light -- is widespread in the oceans of the world.
		Bioluminescence serves a number of important functions, including prey attraction, illumination of prey, mate attraction, and predator avoidance.
		Light emission is produced as a result of the oxidation of a substrate molecule, luciferin, in a reaction catalyzed by a protein, luciferase.
	siobiolum.ucsd.edu /biolum_intro.html (134 words)

	The Bioluminescence Web Page -
		Bioluminescence is particularly important in deep sea ecosystems where there is no sunlight.
		Primarily produced in the ocean by myriad organisms, bioluminescence is used for mating displays, finding prey, or defense from predators.
		Thus the dinoflagellate bioluminescence acts as a burglar alarm to dissuade the copepod (burglar) from attacking it because of the threat of being eaten by the fish (police).
	www.oceansatlas.com /unatlas/projectmanager/atlas_cd/cds_static/bioluminescence_web_page__44594_53034.html (485 words)

	BIOLUMINESCENCE (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bioluminescent ATP assays are used in the medical field as a rapid, three hour test for antibiotic susceptibility and a five hour test for bacterial contamination in wounds and tissues.
		Bioluminescent tests are currently being used by ecologists to estimate bacterial contamination of spring and drinking water and to provide a test for active sludge control during wastewater purification.
		Bioluminescent systems are too cost prohibitive and give off light at many orders of magnitude less than even a one hundred watt light bulb at the present time.
	members.aol.com /profchm/frye.html (1709 words)

	Bioluminescence / Vieques/Biobay/Mosquito Bay/Puerto Rico
		When the signal for the specialized bioluminescent cells to flash is received, the luciferase is liberated from the ATP, causes the luciferin to oxidize, and then somehow recombines with ATP.
		Bioluminescent fish are common in ocean depths; the light probably aids in species recognition in the darkness.
		Bioluminescence has evolved many times in the sea as evidenced by the several distinct chemical mechanisms by which light is emitted and the large number of only distantly related taxonomic groups that have many bioluminescent members.
	www.elenas-vieques.com /bioluminescent.html (710 words)

	Introduction to Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence Measurements
		They are often used to determine the amount of a specific unknown present in a sample, and in the last decade, have become extremely important in the study of gene expression and gene regulation.
		Chemiluminescence is the light emitted by a chemical reaction and bioluminescence is a type of chemiluminescence in which the chemical reaction is catalyzed by an enzyme.
		Photons, packets of light, emitted from bioluminescent and chemiluminescent reactions are typically measured using a luminometer.
	www.turnerbiosystems.com /doc/appnotes/998_2620.php (3186 words)

	Web Inquiry Projects - Teacher Template
		Bioluminescence is light produced by a chemical reaction which originates in an organism.
		The functional importance of bioluminescence and its selection in evolution are believed to be based largely on its being detected by another organism, and most of the perceived functions of bioluminescence may be classed under three main rubrics: defense, offense, and communication.
		Bioluminescence is also a unique tool for investigating and understanding numerous different basic physiological processes, both cellular and organismic.
	eprentice.sdsu.edu /F042/tebba/pamtrace.html (482 words)

	Marine Discovery Lesson
		Bioluminescence can be found in animals in the deep sea, such as fish, as well as in land animals, such as fireflies.
		Bioluminescence is as common to the deep sea as it is to the mesopelagic.
		Bioluminescence is an adaptation used by many animals, some in the sea and some on land.
	marinediscovery.arizona.edu /lessonsF99/kerrydorr/index.html (1398 words)

	Living Light - National Zoo\| FONZ
		In the oceans, bioluminescence is the rule, not the exception, according to Edith Widder, president and senior scientist at the Ocean Research and Conservation Association in Florida.
		Some bioluminescent squid and cuttlefish manipulate lenses, mirrors, irises, colored filters, and shutters on their bodies to control light emission for precision camouflage.
		Glowing bioluminescent bacteria likely generated the steady eerie white light, which covered an area of the ocean the size of Connecticut and differed visually from the brief flashes produced by dinoflagellates.
	nationalzoo.si.edu /Publications/ZooGoer/2006/1/bioluminescence.cfm (2359 words)

	WHOI : Oceanus : New Instrument Sheds Light on Bioluminescence
		Bioluminescence has betrayed the positions of submarines and sealed their doom.
		Bioluminescence is ubiquitous in the oceans, and especially prevalent in coastal regions where nutrients are abundant and life thrives.
		But for the first-order task of measuring bioluminescence levels, the XBPM is about 90 percent as accurate as HIDEX—without HIDEX’s fragile and expensive glass-tube technology.
	www.whoi.edu /oceanus/viewArticle.do?id=3780 (630 words)

	Bioluminescence Summary
		Light is produced by most bioluminescent organisms when a chemical called luciferin reacts with oxygen to produce light and oxyluciferin.
		Common cofactors required for bioluminescent reactions are calcium and ATP, a molecule used to store and release energy that is found in all organisms.
		Ninety percent of deep-sea marine life is estimated to produce bioluminescence in one form or another.
	www.bookrags.com /Bioluminescence (2941 words)

	Bioluminescence Reporters Protocols and Applications Guide
		In effect, a distinctive feature of bioluminescence is that the luciferase serves as a box that both generates and protects excited states.
		Bioluminescence as a natural phenomenon is widely experienced with amazement at the prospect of living organisms creating their own light.
		Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) for monitoring protein-protein interactions, where a fusion protein is made using the bioluminescent Renilla luciferase and another protein fused with a fluorescent molecule.
	www.promega.com /paguide/chap8.htm (7381 words)

	Article : Fluoresence & Bioluminescence Enlighten R&D Genetic Engineering News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business
		As tools and techniques continue to improve, fluorescence and bioluminescence are playing increasingly important roles in assay development, the discovery and characterization of targets and leads, and high-content molecular and cellular pathway research.
		To extend the flexibility of the assays, Promega recently developed reagents to allow the measurement of luciferin generated in reactions where a second enzyme transforms a luciferin precursor into a form that can be utilized by luciferase.
		In the models Troy examined, the fluorescent signals were brighter but bioluminescent reporters were more sensitive because of a higher signal to background ratio.
	www.genengnews.com /articles/chitem.aspx?aid=1157&chid=1 (1883 words)

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