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Topic: Biomagnification

	Biomagnification - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biomagnification is a similar but distinct concept from bioaccumulation.
		Whereas bioaccumulation is the concentration of a substance in a single organism or trophic level, biomagnification is the compounding of concentration as one moves through the food chain or "up" through each trophic level.
		For example, though mercury is only present in small amounts in seawater, bioaccumulation builds it up in the fat tissue of herbivorus fish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biomagnification (133 words)

	EXTOXNET TIBs - Bioaccumulation
		Biomagnification describes a process that results in the accumulation of a chemical in an organism at higher levels than are found in its food.
		Biomagnification is illustrated by a study of DDT which showed that where soil levels were 10 parts per million (ppm), DDT reached a concentration of 141 ppm in earthworms and 444 ppm in robins.
		Through biomagnification, the concentration of a chemical in the animal at the top of the food chain may be high enough to cause death or adverse effects on behavior, reproduction, or disease resistance and thus endanger that species, even when levels in the water, air, or soil are low.
	extoxnet.orst.edu /tibs/bioaccum.htm (1906 words)

	Bioaccumulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bioconcentration considers uptake from the non-living environment while biomagnification describes uptake through the food chain.
		For many fat-soluble and persistent chemicals (POP's), biomagnification is the dominant factor.
		Everything in a biological system has a biological halflife, that is, a measure of how long it will stay in that system until it is lost, is excreted, degrades, reacts into something different, or ends its presence in some other way.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bioaccumulation (615 words)

	ICCA - POPs Criteria - Technical Background Sheet number 6 - Relative Importance of Biomagnification from Aquatic-based ...
		The defining characteristic of biomagnification is that the concentration of the chemical in a predatory organism (normalised to lipid content) is higher than that in the food that this organism consumes.
		In the initial screening of substances for nomination, the potential for biomagnification is addressed by evaluating a substance’s bioaccumulation potential, using measured or estimated bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors, in aquatic organisms – especially fish.
		Therefore basing the screening assessment of biomagnification potential on bioconcentration or bioaccumulation data from aquatic organisms should also be protective of any organisms exposed primarily through terrestrial food chains.
	www.cefic.be /icca/pops/en/pops1006.htm (1428 words)

	Food web
		Biomagnification is a process by which pollutants are accumulated to higher concentrations in predatory species due to consumption of many smaller organisms with lower concentrations.
		Biomagnification does not stop with the apex predators in the marine environment but often terminates with higher terrestrial predators, including birds and humans.
		The use of the biomagnification factor assumes that all of the food source for the upper trophic level comes from the underlying trophic level.
	www.coastal.edu /science/marine/msci302/foodweb.htm (575 words)

	Bioaccumulation Pyramids
		Biomagnification occurs when a chemical increases in concentration as it moves along a food chain.
		Thus is the beginning of the biomagnification effect.
		In summation, biomagnification is simply the accumulation of chemicals from one trophic level to another due to the increased ingestion needs of the animals higher on the food chain.
	www.clarku.edu /departments/biology/biol201/2002/ADallaportas/bioaccumulation_pyramids.htm (263 words)

	Ecorisk Fundamentals: 2.2 Bioconcentration, Bioaccumulation and Biomagnification
		Biomagnification refers to the tendency of some chemicals to become increasingly concentrated at successively higher trophic levels of a food chain or food web.
		The first step in biomagnification occurs when contaminants are stored in producer tissues at concentration higher than in the surrounding environment.
		This resulted in biomagnification in the food chain, beginning with aquatic plants and invertebrates, then moving through fish, and finally to fish-eating birds.
	web.ead.anl.gov /ecorisk/fundamentals/html/ch2/2.2.htm (788 words)

	Mercury : 3. What are the impacts of mercury on the environment?
		The biomagnification of methylmercury has a most significant influence on the impact on animals and humans.
		The term biomagnification refers to the progressive build up of some heavy metals (and some other persistent substances) by successive trophic levels – meaning that it relates to the concentration ratio in a tissue of a predator organism as compared to that in its prey (AMAP, 1998).
		As described in chapter 2, several parameters in the aquatic environment influence the methylation of mercury and thereby its biomagnification.
	www.greenfacts.org /mercury/l-3/mercury-3.htm (1088 words)

	Biomagnification & Food Chains
		Biomagnification is the process of increasing concentrations of contaminants through the food chain.
		The top predators at the end of the food chain (such as large trout, salmon and fish-eating gulls) may accumulate concentrations of chemicals toxic enough to result in serious deformities or death.
		Further biomagnification occurs in birds, other animals, and humans that consume fish.
	dnr.state.il.us /lands/education/entice/lessons/misc/biomagnification_3to5.htm (671 words)

	Bioaccumulation of Inventory of Radionuclide Elements - Part 1
		First, the reference element approach converts the calculation of a bioaccumulation or biomagnification factor from a single geochemical ratio of a given element in two different source materials to a ratio of two geochemical ratios of the given element to reference element in each of the two different source materials.
		Because of the variability in quality and form of the data for bioaccumulation and biomagnification, and because the bioaccumulation and biomagnification factors can be used for estimating the nuclide inventory of a biological compartment, the Task Force has listed a set of criteria for rating the quality of the data used.
		Therefore, to estimate biomagnification factors, one must take the ratio of the data in a given column to the ratio of the column which is at its left (the preceding column).
	www.ijc.org /rel/boards/nuclear/bio/part1.html (9455 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		The purpose of this study was to estimate a target mercury water concentration, which requires a biomagnification factor (BMF) and a fish tissue criterion protective of human health.
		They used a food-web biomagnification model that focused on some resident species of fish that were of concern to WRB TMDL stakeholders.
		Also, the mathematical model they developed can be used to estimate surface water mercury concentration that is within the acceptable range for tissue mercury levels in populations of fish in the Willamette River Basin, and I think it would prove very useful for future studies on this topic.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~dtodd/WilRiver/Cho8.htm (411 words)

	Biomagnification Definition Page
		A hypothetical example of the biomagnification of mercury in water up through the food chain and into a wading bird's eggs.
		Biomagnification is the bioaccumulation of a substance up the food chain by transfer of residues of the substance in smaller organisms that are food for larger organisms in the chain.
		Biomagnification can result in higher concentrations of the substance than would be expected if water were the only exposure mechanism.
	toxics.usgs.gov /definitions/biomagnification.html (323 words)

	Arctic marine mammals: The new canaries?
		It's a fish-eats-krill, seal-eats-fish, bear-eats-seal world and a University of Alaska scientist hot on the trails of contaminants in Arctic food webs will present his and colleagues' research on apex predators and biomagnification at the American Academy for the Advancement of Science annual meeting February 18 in St. Louis, Missouri.
		O'Hara and colleagues investigated three key Arctic apex predators: polar bears, arctic fox and coastal human residents and the increase in concentration of pollutants such as mercury, cadmium, and selected chlorinated pesticides — a process called biomagnification - from one part of a food web to another in these predators and their prey.
		Predators such as bowhead whales and walrus which feed at low trophic or nutritional levels consume invertebrates such as krill and clams which typically have reduced exposure to mercury and many chlorinated pesticides.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-02/uoaf-amm021706.php (425 words)

	Home Page
		As described in section 2.3, several parameters in the aquatic environment influence the methylation of mercury and thereby its biomagnification.
		Mercury concentrations and biomagnification in fish have been assessed extensively due to the risks of mercury to humans through fish in the diet.
		A good example is the Arctic region, where food chain characteristics seem to mediate biomagnification to very high levels, resulting in a high exposure of humans and other species at the highest trophic levels (see section 4.4.3).
	www.chem.unep.ch /mercury/Report/Chapter5.htm (6066 words)

	13 Eutrophication
		Biological magnification is the increase in concentration of a substance in successive members of a food chain.
		Toxic substances may accumulate in members of higher trophic levels as a result of biomagnification.
		Biomagnification of St is due to : 1) physiological similarity with calcium..
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios101/Eutrophication.html (553 words)

	bcplectures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Biomagnification occurs when organisms at the bottom of the food chain concentrate the material above its concentration in the environment.
		This is the first step in biomagnification as the pollutant is at a higher concentration inside the producer than it is in the environment.
		The classic example of biomagnification is with DDT, a long-lived pesticide (insecticide) has improved human health in many countries by killing insects such as mosquitoes that spread disease.
	www.uri.edu /cels/favs/bcplectures.htm (4055 words)

	IIGeoPer_B (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		BIOMAGNIFICATION IN THE GREAT LAKES ECOSYSTEMS (II.2.HS.1) - Often, industrial pollutants which exist in trace amounts in the environment (such as certain heavy metals and organic agents found in pesticides) become concentrated in creatures near the top of the food chain.
		In an estuary, for example, microorganisms called plankton may absorb small amounts of pollutants such as PCBs (polychlorinated biphenyls); fish that eat lots of plankton might retain the pollutants in their tissues; birds or people that eat the fish might concentrate the pollutants still more.
		By the end of the 12th grade, students should be able to describe the effects of biological magnification on ecosystems.
	www.svsu.edu /mathsci-center/hIIGeoPer_B.htm (361 words)

	Treatment of Pollutants (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		By understanding the role of microbial degradation there is a potential to produce synthetic compounds that are biodegrabale and can be safely disposed of into the environment.
		Biomagnification is the increase in concentration of a chemical in biological organisms, compared to its concentration in the environment.
		Biomagnification occurs when a pollutant is resistant to microbial degradation and is more soluble in hydrophobic substances than water.
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/FUNDAMNT/streem/methods2.htm (488 words)

	Biomagnification of DDT through the Benthic and Pelagic Food Webs of Lake Malawi, East Africa: Importance of Trophic ...
		As such, it was possible to contrast the biomagnification of persistent organochlorines through the benthic and pelagic food webs.
		N to determine the factors that affect the biomagnification of contaminants in a tropical lake.
		The pesticide DDT was the most predominant pollutant in the biota from Lake Malawi and was found at the highest concentrations in the largest and fattiest fish species.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2001/35/i01/abs/es001119a.html (280 words)

	Chapter 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		In a United States Geological Survey (USGS) report, entitled, Mercury Contamination of Aquatic Ecosystems (1995a), biomagnification is defined as, "the incremental increase in concentration of a contaminant at each level of a food chain" (USGS, 1995a, 2).
		One of the dangerous contaminants subject to biomagnification is mercury.
		In order to create the database for investigating average Hg in fish in lakes, it is important to understand the sources of mercury in the environment, the mercury cycle and how it is methylated.
	www.environment.pdx.edu /mids/ch1done.htm (3460 words)

	Bioaccumulation & Biomagnification
		Bioaccumulation refers to how pollutants enter a food chain; biomagnification refers to the tendency of pollutants to concentrate as they move from one trophic level to the next.
		As the first of the modern pesticides, it was overused, and soon led to the discovery of the phenomena of insect resistance to pesticides, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification.
		Modern pesticides, such as carbamates and organophosphates, are "safer" in that they are not persistent, one of the requirements for biomagnification.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/library/marietta/2bioma95.html (1403 words)

	Phthalates Information Center -- Phthalates and Your Health -- Phthalates and Our Environment
		As the concentrations increase, a health risk could arise no matter whether the substance is "foreign" to the body (like lead or mercury) or whether it is needed by the body at lower concentrations (like vitamins or trace elements, e.g., selenium).
		A related process called biomagnification is also very relevant to human health; it involves how materials may be passed up the food chain.
		If a little fish bioaccumulates a substance, and a bigger fish eats the smaller fish and, if both fish are incapable of metabolizing the substance, then the substance could magnify in concentration within each higher organism.
	www.phthalates.org /yourhealth/bioaccumulation.asp (462 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 6173 - QSBMR Quantitative Structure Biomagnification Relationships (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		Biomagnification, Multivariate modelling of environmental data, Transport of contaminants, Environmental toxicology
		Lastly, to investigate which of the contaminants descriptors (physical-chemical/other properties and characteristics) that correlates to the biomagnification of the contaminants, I modeled the contaminants?
		QSBMR Quantitative Structure Biomagnification Relationships: Studies Regarding Persistent Environmental Pollutants in the Baltic Sea Biota.
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?dbid=6173 (596 words)

	BIOMAGNIFICATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-02)
		We are concerned about these phenomena because together they mean that even small concentrations of chemicals in the environment can find their way into organisms in high enough dosages to cause problems.
		If a pollutant is not active biologically, it may biomagnify, but we really don't worry about it much, since it probably won't cause any problems.
		DDT: It is a chlorinated hydrocarbon, a class of chemicals which often fit the characteristics necessary for biomagnification.
	adamsmine.f2o.org /glossary/biom.htm (282 words)

	Florida State University's Research in Review
		These fall prey to such top-of-the-line predators as gar, bowfin, warmouth, largemouth bass, and in particular, birds such as kingfishers, egrets and herons who eat almost nothing else.
		Sitting at the apex of this feeding pyramid are raccoons, otters, alligators, panthers and ultimately humans, who are the unwitting beneficiaries of a biomagnification process that can see methylmercury concentrations increase 10-fold at every step of the food chain.
		This exponential growth in potency is the consequence of methylmercury’s habit of accumulating in animal tissue once its there.
	www.rinr.fsu.edu /fallwinter97/features/everglades.html (517 words)

	Biomagnification and bald eagles
		The students will enhance their understanding of biomagnification and will see the effects of contaminant flow through the food web.
		You should be able to draw the pictograph using a key that shows a fish and eagle standing for a particular amount (i.e., one fish is equal to two dots).
		You will need to give a brief definition, in your own words, of what biomagnification is (A sample student definition might be: when chemicals like DDT get into rivers and other bodies of water and build up into plants that animals eat.
	www.learnnc.org /lessons/bcaveny12202004132 (1242 words)

	Polychlorinated Naphthalene Levels, Distribution, and Biomagnification in a Benthic Food Chain in the Baltic Sea
		Polychlorinated Naphthalene Levels, Distribution, and Biomagnification in a Benthic Food Chain in the Baltic Sea
		Biomagnification factors (BMFs) were calculated based on the concentrations of the congeners.
		These indicated that a few congeners biomagnified significantly: the highest BMFs (0.09-1.4) were found for 2,3,6,7-substituted congeners and those lacking adjacent hydrogen-substituted carbon atoms.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/esthag/2002/36/i23/abs/es0201146.html (284 words)

	KTL - Synopsis on dioxins and PCBs - from A to C
		Increasing number of chlorines increases both lipid solubility and biomagnification.
		However, the optimal biomagnification capacity is at about 6 chlorines, probably because higher chlorinated congeners (esp. octa-) are so poorly water soluble that their bioavailability is low.
		Human beings are also at the top of the food chain, but because of the variety of foods from different sources humans consume, as compared with seals or eagles, bioaccumulation to humans is not so great.
	www.ktl.fi /dioxin/atoc.html (3829 words)

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