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Topic: Biomarkers

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	MGH CBI - FAQs - Definitions, Examples, Advantages, Pitfalls
		Biomarkers are anatomic, physiologic, biochemical, or molecular parameters associated with the presence and severity of specific disease states.
		Biomarkers are detectable and measureable by a variety of methods including physical examination, laboratory assays and medical imaging.
		Biomarkers in imaging may serve as such non-traditional endpoints, though many if not most surrogate endpoints do not involve the imaging of biomarkers, and the concepts are not synonymous.
	www.biomarkers.org /NewFiles/faqs/definition.html (519 words)

	Biomarkers and risk assessment: concepts and principles (EHC 155, 1993)
		Biomarkers may be used to confirm the exposure of individuals in a population to a particular substance, e.g., an organic solvent in exhaled breath, the cadmium burden of the kidney, lead in bone, or the fatty tissue storage of chlorinated hydrocarbons (see Table 1, chapter 5).
		Biomarkers of exposure or effect may be used to evaluate compliance with advice for minimizing exposure or for remedial measures in a public health context, e.g., to confirm reduced exposure to lead from environmental sources in a population group.
		Biomarkers may be applied to the estimation of exposure and internal dose in individuals and in groups and may allow identification of those at greater or lesser risk than average.
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc155.htm (14740 words)

	Molecular Biomarkers Service at Dartmouth
		The research tool, called molecular biomarkers, is a bridge between the molecular-scale science of genes and the large-scale sciences of epidemiology and ecology.
		Molecular biomarkers are an early sign of change in an organism's physiological state - such as adaptation, stress or injury - due to environmental factors or disease.
		Developing and using molecular biomarkers employs techniques of modern molecular biology that investigate the three basic pathways of gene expression: the gene itself, the messenger RNA that it produces, and the protein that is coded for by the messenger RNA.
	www.dartmouth.edu /~cehs/Biomarkers/indexBM.html (854 words)

	Biomarkers Home
		Now, using field-friendly technologies, DHS is able to collect biomarker data relating to a wide range of conditions including infectious and sexually transmitted diseases, chronic illnesses such as diabetes, micronutrient deficiencies, and exposure to environmental toxins.
		Biomarkers complement this information by providing an objective profile of a specific disease or health condition in a population.
		Biomarker data also contribute to the understanding of behavioral risk factors and determinants of different illnesses.
	www.measuredhs.com /topics/biomarkers/start.cfm (227 words)

	News: A Report That Describes Different Types of Biomarkers and Their Discovery Using Various ''-omics'' Technologies ...
		Tests based on biomarkers have been around for more than half a century, but interest in their application for diagnostics and drug discovery as well as development has increased remarkably since the beginning of the 21st century.
		Biomarkers are useful not only for diagnosis of some of these diseases but also for understanding the pathomechanism as well as a basis for development of therapeutics.
		Biomarker markets are estimated from 2005 to 2015 according to share of markets for various technologies and applications: proteomics, metabolomics, molecular diagnostics, drug discovery, clinical trials, and bioinformatics.
	www.genengnews.com /news/bnitem.aspx?name=2545271 (442 words)

	Banyan Biomarkers - Technology - Biomarkers
		Biomarkers are proteins or other cellular components that relate specifically to injury or to disease and that can be found in body fluids such as CSF, blood or urine.
		To be specific for injury or disease, the presence of the biomarkers in body fluids must depend on the diseased state and they should not be present in these fluids under normal conditions.
		Biomarkers could have important prognostic functions especially for patients suffering from mild TBI which make up an estimated 80% of individuals who suffer from life-long impairment as a result of TBI.
	www.banyanbio.com /biomarkers.php (620 words)

	EPA: ORD: NCER: Funding Opportunities
		Biomarkers can be used to estimate prior exposure, to identify changes and effects occurring within an organism, and to assess underlying susceptibility of an organism.
		Problems exist with many current biomarkers in that they have not been validated for use in large population studies and their significance for predicting the risk of clinical disease is unknown.
		A biomarker observed before onset of disease may have a low predictive value as a biomarker of effect, but may be very useful as a marker of exposure, allowing long-term monitoring of an exposed population.
	es.epa.gov /ncer/rfa/2004/2004_biomarkers.html (2252 words)

	Biomarkers
		The biomarker must be expressed differently in normal and high-risk tissue, with clear evidence of progression from normal tissue to biomarker to cancer and, ideally, should appear early in carcinogenesis.
		If the use of biomarkers proves to be a tool for achieving successful preventive intervention, this would support the possibility that a preventive agent that could reverse these molecular events (or suppress their consequences) for one tumor site may be effective in preventing a variety of tumors.
		The use of biomarkers has not yet been incorporated into standard staging procedures, and although great headway is being made in the field of biomarker studies, at this point in time pathological assessment of stage and grade is still the best index of prognosis in common use.
	www.blcwebcafe.org /biomarkers.asp (4516 words)

	Alzforum: Antecedent Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease
		To examine the nascent field of antecedent biomarkers for AD, a group of scientists and physicians (the Antecedent Biomarkers Group) convened in May 2003 in St. Louis, Missouri, to review recent findings on the use and limitations of candidate biomarkers for AD that may have utility in preclinical stages.
		Biomarkers are further constrained by issues such as affordability and ease of measurement, particularly if used to screen large portions of the general population.
		The paucity of antecedent biomarker studies is in part due to the methodological and logistical challenges of measuring the progression of a disease with a long, asymptomatic pathogenesis.
	www.alzforum.org /res/enab/workshops/biomarkers.asp (6407 words)

	A Taylor & Francis Journal: Biomarkers- Instructions for Authors
		Biomarkers brings together all aspects of the rapidly growing field of biomarker research, encompassing their various uses and applications in one essential source.
		Biomarkers of disease - covering measurement of endogenous substances or parameters indicative of a disease process and the use of pharmacodynamic and genetic markers in evidence-based laboratory medicine and treatment (markers of efficacy)
		Biomarkers considers all manuscripts on the strict condition that they have been submitted only to Biomarkers, that they have not been published already, nor are they under consideration for publication or in press elsewhere.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/authors/tbmkauth.asp (1340 words)

	UNC-CH CEHS: Biomarkers Facility Core (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		The principal objective of the Biomarkers Facilities Core is to provide facilities and expertise to generate highly specific and ultra sensitive measurements of selected biomarkers for funded and proposed new research by members of the NIEHS Center.
		The biomarkers to be measured include assays of DNA and protein adducts, abasic sites in DNA, and oxidative stress, as well as methods for immunoaffinity chromatography and immunohistochemistry.
		The Biomarkers Facility Core is located in the School of Public Health, as part of the Laboratory of Molecular Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis.
	cehs.sph.unc.edu /research/biomarkers.htm (1453 words)

	Biomarkers (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.tamu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Observational studies are being used in Project III's investigation of the role of dietary carcinogens in colon carcinogenesis by use of biomarkers of the exposure.
		The long-term goals of this program project are to develop and validate molecular biomarkers reflective of exposure and risk from environmental carcinogens and to use these biomarkers for the design and implementation of prevention strategies in community settings.
		Project III: Molecular Biomarkers of Exposure and Susceptibility in Human Colon Cancer: Observational studies are being used in the investigation of the role of dietary carcinogens in colon carcinogenesis by use of biomarkers of the exposure.
	www.statepi.jhsph.edu.cob-web.org:8888 /biom/biomarkers.html (344 words)

	Using Oil Biomarkers in Petroleum Exploration
		Biomarkers are a group of compounds, primarily hydrocarbons, found in oils, rock extracts, Recent sediment extracts, and soil extracts.
		Then, the biomarker ratios are measured in an oil sample from the basin, and the values are projected onto calibration curves to quantitatively predict characteristics of the source rock.
		The same biomarker parameter is then measured on a degraded oil, and the original gravity is determined using the transform developed from the non-degraded oil suite.
	www.oiltracers.com /biomarker.html (2388 words)

	Biomarkers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Biomarkers are important tools in the detection of various stresses in various species.
		Biomarkers are indicators that can be used to assess the effects of these disturbances.
		There are many different types of biomarkers in use today, ranging from biochemical and cellular biomarkers to physiological indicators and ecosystem monitors.
	www.louisville.edu /~jcstat01/Biomarkers.htm (332 words)

	Risk Factor Monitoring & Methods - Biomarkers
		A biomarker is a biologic specimen that may be a marker of exposure to some substance, of its metabolism, or of the integration of exposure and metabolism.
		Because biomarkers are sometimes related to risk of disease, they are important in cancer control research.
		Nutritional biomarkers do not always correlate well with dietary intake assessments, biomarkers are not yet available for some dietary constituents, and variability in laboratory methods can affect comparisons across studies.
	riskfactor.cancer.gov /areas/biomarkers (218 words)

	Chicago Core on Biomarkers in Population-Based Aging Research at The University of Chicago – NORC Center on Aging
		Chicago Core for Biomarkers in Population-Based Aging Research (CCBAR) at the NIA Center on Demography and Economics of Aging at NORC and the University of Chicago
		CCBAR works to link researchers and provide a virtual biomarker research community, establishing a means of exchanging rapidly evolving ideas related to all aspects of biomarker collection in population-based research.
		With the understanding that health is a complex construct dependent on psychological, social, cultural, biological and environmental factors, the goal of The Biomarker Core Interdisciplinary Workshop Series is to promote an interdisciplinary approach to the study of health in aging populations.
	biomarkers.uchicago.edu /chicagocoreonbiomarkers.htm (393 words)

	Lupus Research Institute - Lupus and Biomarkers
		In many fields, biomarkers are used to predict the risk of contracting a disease or to confirm a diagnosis.
		In addition to monitoring response to therapy, biomarkers in lupus may also prove useful to confirm remission and to determine which patients are more likely to relapse.
		In other fields, this has involved large, multi-center studies to identify potential biomarkers, to validate that the candidate biomarker can be reproducibly measured in many sites, to document that the candidate biomarker actually measures what is intended, and then to correlate changes in the biomarker with variations in some aspect of lupus.
	www.lupusresearchinstitute.org /biomarkers_facts.php (428 words)

	WorldNetDaily: 'Biomarkers': Bogus hypothesis of 'fossil fuel'
		Key to the "Fossil-Fuel" theory of oil is the idea that petroleum contains "biomarkers." The biomarkers are viewed as fossil residue which remain in the oil and serve as clues as to whether the oil was produced by decaying floral, land animal, or marine animal material.
		What distinguishes biomarkers from other compounds in oil is that biomarkers can reasonably be called "molecular fossils." Biomarkers are structurally similar to, and are diagenetic alterations products of, specific natural products (compounds produced by living organisms).
		For refutation of the biomarkers claim, we turn to an article titled "Dismissal of the Claims of a Biological Connection for Natural Petroleum," written by J. Kenney, a Houston oil expert, and five Russian scientists, all proponents of the abiotic, deep-earth theory.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=47509 (996 words)

	Signs of the Times: Biomarkers in Perspective (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Scientists can propose biomarkers on the basis of animal research or limited studies in humans, but to confirm their relevance to broad human populations, biomarkers must be validated in population-based studies often involving large cohorts, ideally using prospective studies that involve repeated sampling of individuals.
		With that finding, he conclusively linked a lead biomarker to cognitive decline and sparked efforts to remove the metal from gasoline, which was the largest source of human exposure at the time.
		The 1987 paper also introduced the concept of a "continuum of biological events" in toxicity, and proposed that biomarkers could be used to delineate each event within the continuum, from exposure, to internalized dose, to biologically effective dose, to altered molecular structure, and finally to clinical disease.
	www.ehponline.org /members/2006/114-12/focus.html (2762 words)

	Biomarkers In Risk Assessment: Validity And Validation (EHC 222, 2001)
		Although biomarkers have a long history in medicine and public health, the systematic development, validation and application of biomarkers is a relatively new field in environmental health (Shugart et al., 1992; Anderson S et al., 1994), except for biological monitoring in occupational health (Hernberg and Aitio, 1987).
		Biomarkers of exposure may also be validated by establishing a constant link to an adverse health effect or to the concentration of the chemical in the target organ.
		The concept of a sentinel biomarker involves a biomarker that, regardless of predictive value or attributable proportion, may have properties (increased frequency of increased concentration or of occurrence) that might be indicative of exposure to an environmental hazard or onset of a biological effect (see Appendix 2).
	www.inchem.org /documents/ehc/ehc/ehc222.htm (16398 words)

	Biomarkers
		Evan and Rosenberg say that the first biomarker, muscle mass, is responsible for the vitality of your whole physiological apparatus.
		The ultimate goal of controlling your biomarkers is to extend your years of good health and compress your years of decline.
		By making positive changes in your biomarkers through a combination of exercise, especially strength training, and eating right, you can “prolong vitality, postpone disability, and prevent the development of sarcopenia.” The latter is very important, according to the Tufts Supplement.
	www.cbass.com /Biomarkers.htm (1199 words)

	Taylor & Francis Journals: Welcome
		The journal Biomarkers brings together all aspects of the rapidly growing field of biomarker research, encompassing their various uses and applications in one essential source.
		Biomarkers of disease: covering measurement of endogenous substances or parameters indicative of a disease process and the use of pharmacodynamic and genetic markers in evidence-based laboratory medicine and treatment (markers of efficacy);
		Biomarkers of response: including measures of endogenous substances or parameters indicative of pathological or biochemical changes both toxicodynamic and pharmacodynamic, resulting from exposure to drugs and other chemicals;
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/tf/1354750X.html (292 words)

	Environmental Biomarkers at PNNL - Capabilities
		Laboratories and research facilities available to PNNL staff engaged in environmental biomarkers research include various wet and dry laboratory facilities, combinations of equipment and approaches to biosignature discovery, assessment, validation, and implementation.
		The primary goal of the laboratory will be the discovery of biomarkers in organs, tissue, serum, and other body fluids that reflect toxic exposures and/or adverse effects associated with such exposures.
		A hyporheic mesocosm will be constructed to conduct controlled laboratory-based biomarker studies and investigate the physical and biological dynamics of hyporheic zones as they relate to contaminants in surface waters from ground water sources.
	biomarkers.pnl.gov /ebpnnl_facs.asp (957 words)

	Environmental Biomarkers at PNNL
		Because of the recognized complexity of humans and ecosystems, single biomarkers do not typically meet the challenges that we face in predicting ecosystem damage and environmentally-induced diseases.
		biomarkers: a collection of measurable molecular signals that are a surrogate or representation of a complex biological process.
		environmental biomarkers: multiple biomolecular signatures that when examined together present a unique pattern of molecular change in an organism and identify an exposure or response to a specific environmental stressor.
	biomarkers.pnl.gov /default.asp (209 words)

	Finding Points to Method for Detecting Biomarkers - National Cancer Institute
		In the past, investigators attempting to discover new disease biomarkers present in the blood have discarded the large, most abundant protein molecules before traditional discovery methods were employed.
		The analysis showed that biomarkers bound to circulating carrier proteins were of the same size as those that had been previously reported and were 100-percent predictive of ovarian cancer in the samples tested.
		By not discarding the large carrier proteins, biomarkers become more concentrated; as the biomarker is produced, it is captured by the protein rather than being excreted.
	www.cancer.gov /newscenter/pressreleases/ProteinBiomarkers (565 words)

	Biomarkers and Surrogate Endpoints: Advancing Clinical Research and Applications
		Based on this information, biomarkers of airway inflammation become important as indicators of the disease process and response to therapy.
		These types of programs may lead to novel biomarkers of disease activity, which may be shown to be surrogate endpoints during clinical development.
		This may be the endpoint against which a novel biomarker should be validated as a surrogate endpoint.
	www4.od.nih.gov /biomarkers/b1.htm (2865 words)

	PA-05-098: Development of Disease Biomarkers
		The goal of this initiative is to validate biomarkers for well-defined human diseases of liver, kidney, urological tract, digestive and hematologic systems, and endocrine and metabolic disorders, diabetes and its complications, and obesity, for which there are no or very few biomarkers, or for which standard biomarkers are currently prohibitively invasive or expensive.
		Robust biomarkers (either a measurement from a readily obtained biologic sample or made directly in patients) would reduce the need to achieve hard clinical endpoints in clinical trials, and would therefore help to lower the associated costs by reducing the number of patients needed and the time during which they are monitored.
		Before a biomarker can be considered as a good surrogate that would be clinically useful or appropriate for monitoring the efficacy of a therapy, a tremendous amount of effort must go toward development and validation of these biomarkers.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-05-098.html (5610 words)

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