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Topic: Biopreparat

	OpinionJournal - Extra
		When Gen. Kalinin ran Biopreparat during its heyday in the 1980s and early 1990s, he was an accomplished master of subterfuge.
		Kalinin's Biopreparat may thus be a good place to examine the growing influence of the Russian military-industrial complex on national politics--and Moscow's willingness to accept the Western arms-control agenda.
		He has steered Biopreparat through a succession of crises, the gravest of which was the collapse of the Soviet Union, when the agency was shuffled into the Ministry of Health and seemed all but moribund.
	www.opinionjournal.com /extra/?id=110003114 (1060 words)

	Biopreparat - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The biopreparat complex suffered with the collapse of the USSR.
		Biopreparat was the largest producer of anthrax for the USSR.
		Kanatjan Alibekov (also known as Ken Alibek), was the First Deputy Director of Biopreparat from 1988 to 1992, when he defected to the United States.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biopreparat (321 words)

	Biopreparat - Definition, explanation
		The biopreparat complex suffered with the collapse of the USSR.
		Its current presence is greatly reduced, however it is likely that Biopreparat and successor entities continued bioweapons research and development at least through the mid to late 1990s.
		Biopreparat was the number one producer of Anthrax for the USSR.
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/bi/biopreparat.php (313 words)

	Biohazard
		Biopreparat was then developing a new biological weapon every year.
		"I might be late again tonight." The Moscow headquarters of Biopreparat, or the Main Directorate of the Council of Soviet Ministers as it was officially (and uninformatively) called, protected its secrets behind a yellow brick mansion with a green roof that had served as the home of the nineteenth-century vodka merchant Pyotr Smirnoff.
		A slight tilt of her head told me that Yury Kalinin, the director of Biopreparat and my immediate boss, was already at work.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/a/alibek-biohazard.html (3930 words)

	This is the Statement of Richard Preston before the Senate Judiciary Committee
		Biopreparat was founded in 1974 by a special state directive to carry on with a clandestine bioweapons program, shortly after the Soviet Union signed the Biological Weapons Convention, which bans the development, stockpiling, and use of bioweapons.
		Biopreparat was staffed by scientists, but it was controlled and funded by the Soviet Ministry of Defense.
		Biopreparat was required to stockpile no less than 20 tons of freeze-dried smallpox powder, which was stored in bunkers near missile-launching silos.
	judiciary.senate.gov /oldsite/preston.htm (1719 words)

	frontline: plague war: interviews: dr. kanatjan alibekov
		Kanatjan Alibekov was the former First Deputy Director of Biopreparat from 1988 to 1992.
		Biopreparat was the Soviet Union's biological weapons program.
		In the beginning of 90s, when I was the first deputy chief of Biopreparat, I had several visits to the minister of health, just asking to relocate the stocks from Ivanovsky Institute to the Vector.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/plague/interviews/alibekov.html (5031 words)

	Colby Magazine - Winter 2001: Frank Malinoski '76: The Hot Zone and the Cold War
		Ken Alibek, the first deputy chief of Biopreparat (1988 to 1992) and a colonel, was among them.
		Like many, he was raised to believe that the U.S. was in the vanguard of a world capitalist conspiracy and would stop at nothing, including the breaking of treaties, to overthrow socialism.
		Biopreparat had delivered into the hands of the Soviet state the machinery to reap a harvest of death comparable to the grimmest nuclear war scenarios.
	www.colby.edu /colby.mag/issues/win01/malinoski/5.shtml (668 words)

	Biopreparat
		After successful vaccination campaigns, the WHO in 1979 declared the eradication of smallpox, though cultures of the virus are kept by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in the United States and at the Institute of Virus Preparations in Siberia, Russia.
		Biopreparat was the name of the Soviet Union's secret biological weapons program.
		Kenneth Alibek is the chief witness and highest ranking defector from Russia to testify on the issue of Biopreparat.
	mosdefinitely.8.forumer.com /a/biopreparat_post1072.html (1218 words)

	Unit 2 Section 4
		In 1972, a year after the Soviet Union signed the Biological Weapons Convention, an organization with the cover name of Biopreparat was created and charged with the task of developing biological weapons that were resistant to antibiotics and vaccines.
		Biopreparat was part of a larger biological weapons program that involved the Soviet minisitries of defense, agriculture, and health and the Soviet Academy of Sciences.
		Biopreparat in particular was tasked with working on a variety of agents including tularemia, plague, anthrax, smallpox, Marburg, and Ebola.
	www.brad.ac.uk /acad/sbtwc/other/ethics/print/u2sec4.html (968 words)

	The Doomsday Archive: Biopreparat, Soviet Union, Chimeric Organisms
		Biopreparat was the Soviet Union's biological warfare program.
		Biopreparat had research labs and testing centers scattered across the Soviet Union.
		Under Biopreparat the Soviets weaponized and tested anthrax, tularemia, brucellosis, plague, typhus, Q fever, smallpox, botulinum toxin, ebola, marburg and venezuelan equine encephalitis.
	www.zkea.com /archives/archive10003.html (961 words)

	Washingtonpost.com: Live Online
		Ken Alibek: Biopreparat is now a "Russian state stock company", but it's hard to understand what that actually means in terms of ownership and control.
		Biopreparat pretends it is no longer involved in any biological weapons activity, but the same person, General Kalinin, is still in charge of the organization.
		But it's highly likely that Biopreparat is trying to retain at least the knowledge, expertise, and experienced people for possible future biological weapons needs.
	discuss.washingtonpost.com /wp-srv/zforum/99/alibek1227.htm (2694 words)

	CBC News Indepth: Biological Weapons
		The headquarters of Biopreparat was established down a tree-shrouded laneway not far from the Kremlin.
		After scientists at Biopreparat created their new "super anthrax," the U.S. government asked for a sample to test it against the North American vaccine.
		There are reports that some of Biopreparat's scientists haven't been paid for six months, and thousands more have been laid off, with no hope of finding jobs elsewhere.
	www.cbc.ca /news/background/bioweapons/redlies.html (5036 words)

	[CTRL] NASA funds divert to Biopreparat
		Biopreparat is now a state-owned drug company, but the NASA report says that its "continued role in biological warfare research is also unclear." Sensenbrenner sharply criticized NASA's "lack of vigilance" after a damning report revealed the space agency worked with Russian biotechnology institutes that had once been part of the Soviet germ-warfare program.
		NASA first began to fund Biopreparat and five institutes affiliated with it in 1994 as part of a $20 million program to maintain Russian space research after the fall of the Soviet Union.
		NASA became suspicious of the connection between its dollars and chemical-weapons research in 1995, when Russian scientists told a visiting delegation of space agency officials that the Biopreparat-affiliated centers were involved in producing biologically based drugs, the report says.
	www.mail-archive.com /ctrl@listserv.aol.com/msg53924.html (866 words)

	Foreign Aid Advisory No. 27, January 27, 2000
		Biopreparat Director Yuri T. Kalinin, a Soviet general who has headed the organization since it was created in 1973, "shifted at least 10 percent of several NASA grants intended for biological research in space to his organization," according to
		Biopreparat continues a large clandestine germ warfare program in violation of the Biological Weapons Convention.
		"The Americans are concerned because of [Biopreparat's] continuing secrecy and because it is led by the same military and intelligence officers who spearheaded and concealed the Soviet Union's biological weapons programs during the Cold War," according to the report.
	afpc.org /faa/faa27.htm (549 words)

	The Impact of Emerging Technologies: The Knowledge - Technology Review
		This was the autobiography of Ken Alibek, Biopreparat's former deputy chief, its leading scientist, and Popov's ultimate superior.
		Though some dismiss Biopreparat's pioneering efforts because the Russians relied on technology that is now antiquated, this is what makes them a good guide to what could be done today with cheap, widely available biotechnology.
		For at least a decade, therefore, a team of Biopreparat scientists systematically inserted into vaccinia a variety of genes that coded for certain toxins and for peptides that act as signaling mechanisms in the immune system.
	research.lifeboat.com /mit2.htm (6168 words)

	Biopreparat - NSwiki
		Biopreparat (short for Biological Preparations Directorate, part of the Weapon Research Bureau - WRB) is a directorate within the Commissariat of Military Affairs (now Military Cooperative) that researches diseases and pathogenic weaponry for both offensive and defesnive purposes.
		Biopreparat is considered to be a mass destruction manufactorer and illegal under several United Nations resolutions.
		Biopreparat is now under the jurisidiction of the Peaceful Cooperative.
	ns.goobergunch.net /wiki/index.php?title=Biopreparat&printable=yes (248 words)

	The Institute of World Politics > News & Publication > GAO warns US aid risks 'sustaining' Russian chem-bio weapons ...
		According to the report, the Biopreparat - the secretive, now "private," organization that was at the heart of the Soviet germ-warfare program - skimmed off U.S. aid intended to promote space cooperation.
		Biopreparat Director Yuri T. Kalinin, a Soviet general who has headed the organization since it was created in 1973, "shifted at least 10 percent of several NASA grants intended for biological research in space to his organization," New York Times correspondent Judith Miller reported.
		Former Biopreparat first deputy director Ken Alibek tells Insight that the organization continues to develop advanced anthrax, plague and smallpox weapons.
	www.iwp.edu /news/newsID.131/news_detail.asp (1696 words)

	Foreign Aid Advisory No. 27, January 27, 2000
		Biopreparat Director Yuri T. Kalinin, a Soviet general who has headed the organization since it was created in 1973, "shifted at least 10 percent of several NASA grants intended for biological research in space to his organization," according to
		Biopreparat continues a large clandestine germ warfare program in violation of the Biological Weapons Convention.
		"The Americans are concerned because of [Biopreparat's] continuing secrecy and because it is led by the same military and intelligence officers who spearheaded and concealed the Soviet Union's biological weapons programs during the Cold War," according to the report.
	www.afpc.org /faa/faa27.htm (549 words)

	Nuclear Blindness: An Overview of the Biological Weapons Programs of the Former Soviet
		The main purpose of the enormous Biopreparat capability was to hide biological weapons research, development, and production formerly carried out solely in Ministry of Defense establishments behind a facade of nominally civilian biotechnology and pharmaceutical enterprises.
		Another mission of Biopreparat was to apply advances in biotechnology (genetic engineering, in particular) to improving the biological weapons capability of the former Soviet Union.
		After the subsequent defection of Kanadjan Alibekov (a former senior deputy director of Biopreparat) in 1992, the United States and the United Kingdom were certain enough that the offensive biological weapons program was continuing that they challenged the new Russian regime openly about it as late as 1993.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/EID/vol5no4/davis.htm (2221 words)

	Biological Weapons
		Biopreparat research-and-production facilities were flung all across the Soviet Union.
		Biopreparat worked both sides of the street: it cured diseases and invented new ones.
		Biopreparat was modelled to some extent on the Manhattan Project, the program that led to the first atomic bomb.
	dhushara.tripod.com /book/explod/bio/biow.htm (12703 words)

	SIGHTINGS:
		Biopreparat research-and-production facilities were flung all across the Soviet Union.
		BIOPREPARAT, or The System, was set up in 1973, just a year after the Soviet Union signed the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, an agreement banning the development, use, and stockpiling of biological weapons.
		Biopreparat was modelled to some extent on the Manhattan Project, [the program that led to the first atomic bomb.
	www.rense.com /political/weapons/annauls.htm (9472 words)

	Carnegie Non-Proliferation Conference 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Although Biopreparat was funded by the MOD, it was placed under the civilian "cover" of the Main Administration of the Microbiological Industry (Glavmikrobioprom).
		Because the first director of Biopreparat was General Vsevolod I. Ogarkov, the top-secret complex was known informally as "the Ogarkov system" but officially only by its postal designation, "P.O. Box A-1063." Ogarkov’s successors were Col. Gen.
		Beginning in 1984, the top priority in the five-year plan for the Biopreparat research institutes was to alter the genetic structure of known pathogens such as plague and tularemia to make them resistant to Western antibiotics.
	www.ceip.org /programs/npp/tucker.htm (3413 words)

	Asia Times: Moscow shrugs off anthrax claims
		A former Biopreparat factory employee, Ken Alibek, alias Kanajan Alibekov, claimed that anthrax spores discovered in the United States had been produced at a factory in Kazakhstan, at Stepnogorsk.
		Denying the claims, Biopreparat factory deputy director Valentin Yevstigneyev told Kazakh state-run television on October 22 that his facility had no connection whatsoever with anthrax spores discovered in the US.
		Yevstigneyev said there had been projects to develop biological weapons in Stepnogorsk but the projects were shut down after the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991.
	www.atimes.com /c-asia/CJ24Ag03.html (919 words)

	Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Smallpox Bioterrorism
		A short, stout, moon-faced man in his early fifties, Alibek has a shock of fl hair cut straight across his brow, like a schoolboy, and a whispery voice clotted with the round vowels and rolling R's of his native Kazakhstan.
		Pasechnik detailed for British intelligence officers the existence of clandestine laboratories, scattered around the Soviet Union, devoted to developing such potential biological weapons as anthrax, Marburg virus, tularemia, Q fever, plague, Ebola and, most appalling of all, smallpox.
		Biopreparat, he told them, could mix up batches of deadly viruses in 95-gallon bioreactors, tanks big enough for a microbrewery.
	www.becomehealthynow.com /articles/anthrax_smallpox.shtml (3158 words)

	Russia, Central Asia
		The scientists who worked on the programme and were thrown out of work when it was officially disbanded in 1992 may have sold their secrets on the open market.
		The full extent of Russia's cheating was revealed to the CIA by Ken Alibek, the deputy director of Biopreparat, when he defected in 1992.
		Iraq is believed to possess at least 8.4 tonnes of concentrated liquid anthrax, despite telling UN weapons inspectors that all stocks had been unilaterally destroyed in 1991.
	www.cdi.org /russia/Johnson/5497-7.cfm (755 words)

	WorldNetDaily: The one that got away? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Though it appeared innocent enough on the surface, Biopreparat wasn't about medicine as much as it was about a new kind of warfare.
		Biopreparat's secret mission was to develop and manufacture weapons made from viruses, toxins, and bacteria.
		But the closing down of Biopreparat was a ruse.
	www.worldnetdaily.com /news/article.asp?ARTICLE_ID=19746 (929 words)

	Top Russian BioWeapons Expert Warns Of Coming Attacks On West
		The System, as Biopreparat was often called, was more successful than the Kremlin had ever dared to hope.
		What went on in Biopreparat's labs was one of the most closely guarded secrets of the Cold War.
		Biopreparat claims that it no longer conducts offensive research, and Russia's stockpile of germs and viruses has been destroyed.
	www.meguiar.addr.com /russian_bioweapons_expert.htm (3748 words)

	Alibek,Dr.Ken - 9/11Encyclopedia
		Biopreparat was an organisation established in Russia in 1973 which was ostensibly a state-owned pharmaceutical facility developing drugs and vaccines, but in fact was a front for the USSR's secret offensive bio weapons programme.
		In 1987, when he was only 37, Alibek went to Moscow to become chief scientist and first deputy director of Biopreparat.
		He was asked by the new Kazakhstani government to establish a bio-weapons programme but refused.
	911review.org /Sept11Wiki/Alibek,Dr.Ken.shtml (364 words)

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