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Topic: Bioreactors

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Bioremediation

Mass transfer

Chemical engineering

Thermodynamics

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Biotechnology

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	Soil and Water Bioremediation Using Bioreactors
		The term "bioreactor" in the context of soil and water bioremediation refers to any vessel or container where biological degradation of contaminants is isolated and controlled.
		Bioreactors have proven to be effective in remediating soil, and in some cases water, polluted with fuel hydrocarbons (oil, gasoline, diesel) and organics.
		The bioreactors were designed to treat various hydrocarbons by stimulating and proliferating the growth of hydrocarbon degrading organisms already present in the soil matrix.
	ewr.cee.vt.edu /environmental/teach/gwprimer/bioreact/bior.html (1265 words)

	EPA: Federal Register: National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills
		Because bioreactors generate significantly more landfill gas, including organic HAP, earlier in their life than conventional landfills, the methods used in the proposed rule to calculate uncontrolled emissions and the required timing for collection and control system installation that apply to conventional landfills are not appropriate for bioreactors.
		While bioreactors have a significantly increased landfill gas generation rate early in their life, it is expected that their overall lifetime total landfill gas generation potential would not be significantly greater than that of a conventional landfill accepting the same amount of waste.
		A bioreactor shortens the time of waste degradation and stabilization and, thus, the period of most of the gas generation, from 30 to 50 years for a conventional landfill to a period of 5 to 10 years for a bioreactor.
	www.epa.gov /fedrgstr/EPA-AIR/2002/May/Day-23/a12845.htm (12615 words)

	Biochemical engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In one case, a bioreactor is a vessel in which is carried out a chemical process which involves organisms or biochemically active substances derived from such organisms.
		These bioreactors are commonly cylindrical, ranging in size from some liter to cube meters, and are often made of stainless steel.
		A bioreactor may also refer to a device or system meant to grow cells or tissues in the context of cell culture.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bioreactor (637 words)

	Bioreactors: Waste: EPA
		Bioreactors often need other liquids such as stormwater, wastewater, and wastewater treatment plant sludges to supplement leachate to enhance the microbiological process by purposeful control of the moisture content and differs from a landfill that simple recirculates leachate for liquids management.
		A side effect of the bioreactor is that it produces landfill gas (LFG) such as methane in an anaerobic unit at an earlier stage in the landfill’s life and at an overall much higher rate of generation than traditional landfills.
		Bioreactor landfills generally are engineered systems that have higher initial capital costs and require additional monitoring and control during their operating life, but are expected to involve less monitoring over the duration of the post-closure period than conventional “dry tomb” landfills.
	www.epa.gov /epaoswer/non-hw/muncpl/landfill/bioreactors.htm (1845 words)

	Composting And Organics Recycling vs. Bioreactors: Another Perspective
		The purpose of the bioreactor is to accelerate degradation of the organic fraction of the waste stream in order to enhance environmental performance, regardless of the percentage of organic waste remaining after diversion programs.
		The environmental benefits of the bioreactor are potentially greater with a higher percentage of disposed organics, but there is no obligation for a landfill to operate as a bioreactor if not suitable for its waste stream.
		On face value, given the problems associated with bioreactors regarding air quality, inefficiencies of methane capture, and a net increase of global warming gasses, bioreactors appear to be a thinly veiled attempt to recirculate highly contaminated landfill leachate rather than pay for proper treatment and disposal.
	www.grrn.org /landfill/articles/biocycle_may-2003.html (4226 words)

	4-41 Bioreactors
		In suspended growth systems, such as activated sludge, fluidized beds, or sequencing batch reactors, contaminated ground water is circulated in an aeration basin where a microbial population aerobically degrades organic matter and produces CO O, and new cells.
		Bioreactors with cometabolites are used to treat PCBs, halogenated VOCs, and SVOCs in extracted ground water.
		The field demonstration bioreactor tank size is about 100 cubic meters, which corresponds to a waste treatment rate of 2 gpm, sufficient to treat a 1-million gallon tank in 1 year.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-42.html (1263 words)

	BIOREACTORS AND RECYCLING
		Bioreactors are said to be a way to address this problem by deliberately encouraging early decomposition before the landfill is sealed through recirculation of leachate.
		But, at the same time we cannot fail to recognize that, on a political plane, the most significant part of the bioreactor's backers are those seeking specific design standards for recirculation that do not increase net costs over Subtitle D designs.
		This is the next frontier in recycling and the current structure of the bioreactor debate is attempting to completely ignore it.
	www.grrn.org /resources/bioreactors_11-2000.html (799 words)

	The Bioreactor Group \| McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine
		Bioreactors provide technology platforms for the production of regenerative mediators by working cells.
		Specific cells of the tissues are co-cultured to enable cellular communication and mediator exchange in the bioreactor.
		Our bioreactors provide the environment needed for the inoculated cells to spontaneously re-assemble to tissue-like structures and also support the re-formation of the vascular channels to supply the cells.
	www.mirm.pitt.edu /bioreactor/bioreactors.asp (124 words)

	Modern waste water treatment: Membrane bioreactors in waste water technology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The combination of bioreactors and membrane technology enables an innovative and effective cleaning process both in municipal and in industrial waste water technology.
		The use of microfiltration membranes with pore sizes usually between 0.1 and 0.4 µm ensures the complete retention of suspended matter and leads to a considerable reduction of the amount of bacteria in the outflow of the sewage plant.
		The membrane bioreactor used consists of a jet loop reactor having a reactor volume of 120 l and a serially arranged crossflow microfiltration unit with a membrane surface area of 4 m
	www.igb.fhg.de /WWW/GF/Wasser/en/GFWM_214_MAR-Bioreaktor.en.html (712 words)

	Increasing Antibody Production With Hollow-Fiber Bioreactors (IVDT archive, May 99)
		Antibody production using research-scale hollow-fiber bioreactors is generally not as efficient as using mice; quantities of antibody from a few to 100 milligrams are more often produced in shorter periods of time by mice.
		The bioreactor system shown schematically in Figure 1 was placed in CO incubators in order to maintain a constant temperature and pH.
		Schematic of a single hollow fiber in a bioreactor with flow path that includes an oxygenator, a medium reservoir, and a peristaltic pump for circulating ICS medium through the hollow fiber's lumen.
	www.devicelink.com /ivdt/archive/99/05/003.html (4281 words)

	PROPAGATION OF PLANTS IN BIOREACTORS: PROSPECTS AND LIMITATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Bioreactors provide a rapid and efficient plant micropropagation system but as yet are not fully exploited commercially for agricultural crops and forest trees.
		The major issue imposed by liquid media in bioreactors is the phenomenon of hyperhydricity, morphogenic shoot and leaf malformation, due to the continuous immersion of the tissue in the medium.
		Temporary immersion bioreactors were used to provide an improved aeration system to reduce hyperhydricity, by shortening plant duration in the liquid phase.
	www.actahort.org /books/616/616_6.htm (409 words)

	Bioreactors for all applications, wastewater pre-treatment, waste water recycling, carwash reclaim, bus washing and ...
		As contaminated water enters the Bioreactor it is slowed down to allow for solids to fall to the bottom of the tank and evenly coat the Biomass.
		Dual 5500 Gallon Bioreactors for use in high flow wastewater recycling or pre-treatment for discharge to sanitary sewer.
		This illustration shows how you may integrated a Bioreactor into our this high volume oil/water separator for circumstances where high volumes of light oils and/or organics are present.
	www.hydroblaster.com /Bioreactors.htm (514 words)

	BIOREACTORS AND BEYOND
		Bioreactor opponents claim that engineers plan to flood landfills with liquids equaling as much as 70 percent of waste volume.
		Aerobic bioreactors may be useful for composting, but most engineers doubt their utility for bioreactor landfills designed to produce methane.
		According to the Solid Waste Association of North America's Bioreactor Committee, a bioreactor landfill is a controlled landfill or landfill cell where liquid and gas conditions are actively managed in order to accelerate or enhance biostabilization of the waste.
	www.wasteage.com /mag/waste_bioreactors_beyond (1947 words)

	Fluent NEWS - Fall 2003 - Breathing Life into Bioreactors
		Cell-culture bioreactors lie at the heart of the processes used to produce large-molecule, protein-based therapeutics.
		While blending uniformity is essential for oxygen distribution in the bioreactor, bubble size distribution is the most important factor for governing mass transfer.
		When bioreactors are scaled up from laboratory to production size, their design must meet both oxygen distribution and oxygen mass transfer requirements.
	www.fluent.com /about/news/newsletters/03v12i2_fall/s5.htm (471 words)

	Sand Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment for Ohio Communities, Bulletin 876, Styles of Bioreactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Open sand bioreactors are exposed to variations in hydraulic load, due to precipitation and variations in temperature.
		The final depth of a sand bioreactor ranges from 4-5 feet, in order to accommodate for the 24 inches of sand depth, the supporting gravel and drainage system, the surface distribution system in a gravel cap, and a 1-foot layer of insulating soil.
		Therefore, it is common for a buried sand bioreactor to be constructed in a shallow excavation and be mounded above the ground surface (Figure 4).
	ohioline.osu.edu /b876/b876_3.html (544 words)

	Sand Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment for Ohio Communities, Bulletin 876, Wastewater Pretreatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Since treatment in a sand bioreactor is accomplished by natural flow through a bed of sand, particles in the wastewater are easily filtered out in the sand and can quickly clog the bioreactor.
		Protecting sand bioreactors from excess solids is especially important for buried sand bioreactors where periodic observations and management are difficult.
		For ultimate biodegradation of open or covered bioreactors, raking of the surface to incorporate the solids into the beds of bioreactors can be practiced on a regular basis.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b876/b876_7.html (331 words)

	B4: Bioreactors, Bioreactors with Cometabolites, Bioreactors with Specially Adapted Microorganisms, and Sequential ...
		Bioreactor treatment may be performed using microorganisms growing in suspension in the fluid or attached on a solid growth support medium.
		Bioreactors are more appropriate for treating larger volumes of water when contaminant destruction, not simply transfer to another medium, is required.
		Costs for bioreactor treatment should be competitive with alternative physical/chemical treatment technologies and should fall in the range of $0.50 to $3.00 per 1,000 gallons for mature bioreactor technology applications and $5.00 to $20.00 per 1,000 gallons for emerging bioreactor technology applications.
	er.battelle.org /rtethelp/tech/B4BioreactorsBioreactorswithCometabolites.htm (681 words)

	Sand Bioreactors for Wastewater Treatment for Ohio Communities, Bulletin 876, Categories of Sand Bioreactors
		Intermittent sand bioreactors are constructed of a 24-inch deep bed of medium to coarse sand.
		Therefore, in addition to the sand bioreactor, this system requires a recirculation tank to mix treated and untreated wastewater, the appropriate pump, and controls.
		Coarse sand is used to construct recirculating sand bioreactors, whereas intermittent sand bioreactors utilize medium to coarse sand.
	ohioline.osu.edu /b876/b876_2.html (504 words)

	Solid-state Bioreactors
		This bioreactor is accomplished with devices which permit to flux the biomass with sterile air, and to maintain the chosen values of temperature, carbon dioxide and oxygen An apparatus of twin bioreactors (fig 4) permits all at once the comparison of different trials
		The bioreactor turns to obtain the continous mixing of the biomass and its performance is controlled and maintained at fixed levels of temperature, oxygen and carbon dioxide trough sensors.
		Control of bioreactor temperature (28°C) In fact by choosing the right mixing conditions, the growth of mycelial hyphae is enhanced and after few days the lignocellulosic substrate is completely colonised (fig 9).
	www.unitus.it /dipartimenti/dabac/progetti/ssbioreactors/solidstatebioreactor.htm (2521 words)

	TVA: Biofilters and Bioreactors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Biofilters and bioreactors utilize microorganisms attached to packing to destroy the pollutants as the contaminated streams are passed through the packing.
		Hybrid Bioreactors were demonstrated in 2002-2003 at TVA’s Constructed Wetlands Complex in Muscle Shoals, Alabama, and were ready for field demonstrations and/or commercial deployment in 2003.
		The mobile demonstration unit and our bioreactor staff are available for hire to test customer-specific waste streams and applications to develop customer-specific design data for commercial deployment.
	www.tva.gov /environment/envservices/alw_biofilter.htm (441 words)

	3D Microfabricated Bioreactors
		The precisely controlled vessel density (>100/mm2) in the polymer matrix and enhanced transport of nutrient and oxygen through advection represent the key advantages of the microfabricated bioreactors to the traditional foam based scaffolds.
		Further developments of this 3D microfabricated bioreactors are expected to have direct impact on applications such as analyte controlled and modulated drug and protein delivery, drug targeting, tissue engineering, and micro- or nano-devices.
		This event is not open to the general public and NSTI reserves the right to refuse admission and participation to any individual.
	www.nsti.org /Nanotech2006/showabstract.html?absno=1070 (263 words)

	Alibris: Bioreactors
		Whereas several areas of biocatalysis - in particular the use of easy-to-use hydrolases such as proteases, esterases and lipases - are sufficiently well researched to be applied in every standard laboratory, other types of enzymes are still waiting to be discovered with respect to their applicability in organic-chemistry transformations on a...
		An equally important facet of this field is the rational design and operation of bioreactors to control the nascent tissue growth.
		Based on a graduate course in biochemical engineering, provides the basic knowledge needed for the efficient design of bioreactors and the relevant principles and data for practical process engineering, with an emphasis on enzyme reactors and aerated reactors for microorganisms.
	www.alibris.com /search/books/subject/Bioreactors (897 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The purpose of the course is to give to the students an understanding of all bioreactor configurations used today in both small and large scale applications as well as the basic technology used in bioreactors.
		Bioreactor operation and design will be stressed as well as all parameters affecting bioreactor operation and the efficiency of product manufacturing.
		Bioreactors with and without draft tube, bioreactors with external draft tube, air riser zone, downcomer zone, disengagement zone in airlift bioreactors.
	www.bio.uth.gr /optional-courses/en-bioreactors.html (388 words)

	Bioreactors - Center for Musculoskeletal Regeneration & Repair
		A multidisciplinary approach is taken to design, fabricate and optimize three-dimensional (3-D) biodegradable poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLAGA) based scaffold in a dynamic flow environment in NASA rotating bioreactors for bone tissue engineering.
		Specifically, we exposed the 3-D scaffold to fluid and nutrient flux via placement in a dynamic flow environment in NASA rotating bioreactors and seek to gain a more fundamental understanding of the manner in which cells interact with these degradable polymeric scaffolds in a dynamic flow environment in NASA rotating bioreactors.
		We also seek to develop a novel 3-D biodegradable polyphosphazene based scaffold in a dynamic flow environment in NASA rotating bioreactors suitable for bone tissue engineering.
	faculty.virginia.edu /laurencin/bioreactors.htm (229 words)

	CT 7/97 Industrial-size photobioreactors
		Consequently, parameters that directly or indirectly describe mixing behavior in the bioreactor have been used as bioreactor design criteria.
		Usually, one bioreactor is used to cultivate various types of cells and produce various metabolites.
		Because the difference between an ordinary bioreactor and a photobioreactor is the presence or absence of light, it is reasonable to consider light as a part of the photobioreactor.
	pubs.acs.org /hotartcl/chemtech/97/jul/ind.html (4366 words)

	High-Tech Bioreactors
		A bioreactor is a name given to an enclosed composting vessel.
		The difference between a bioreactor and a typical composting system is that more parameters of the composting process can be measured and controlled in bioreactors.
		Using a bioreactor enables students and teachers to study and manipulate composting parameters inside a classroom or lab setting.
	compost.css.cornell.edu /bioreactors.html (857 words)

	National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants: Municipal Solid Waste Landfills (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Based on comments to the proposed rule and additional information and analyses, EPA is adding a definition of bioreactors to the proposed rule and is proposing timely control for bioreactors located at MSW landfills with a design capacity greater than or equal to 2.5 million megagrams (Mg) and 2.5 million cubic meters (m
		Since bioreactors generate landfill gas at a faster rate, significant HAP emissions reductions will be achieved by requiring timely control of bioreactor operations at MSW landfills with design capacities greater than or equal to 2.5 million Mg and 2.5 million m
		If you own or operate a bioreactor located at a landfill that is not permanently closed as of the date of publication of the final rule in the Federal Register and has a design capacity equal to or greater than 2.5 million Mg and 2.5 million m
	www.washingtonwatchdog.org /documents/fr/02/my/23/fr23my02-30.html (12011 words)

	Bioreactors and Bioprocessing
		Each concept and topic covered (including cell and product kinetics, bioreactor design, oxygen mass transfer and scale-up) will be explained for the beginner - without assuming detailed prior knowledge.
		Compare the results of experiments with traditional bioreactors and with novel bioreactors.
		WaveÆ bioreactors, rotary cell culture systems, air-lift reactors, fluidized-bed reactors, or a process-controlled stirred vessel bioreactor system).
	web.mit.edu /mitpep/pi/courses/bioreactors_bioprocessing.html (697 words)

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