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Topic: Bioremediation

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	Bioremediation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bioremediation can be defined as any process that uses microorganisms, fungi, green plants or their enzymes to return the environment altered by contaminants to its original condition.
		Not all contaminants are easily treated through the use of bioremediation with microorganisms; for example, heavy metals such as cadmium and lead are not readily absorbed or captured by organisms.
		Bioremediation technology using microorganisms was reportedly invented by George M. Robinson.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bioremediation (522 words)

	Bioremediation Primer
		The term bioremediation has been given to describe the process by which the use of living organisms (in conjunction with or independent from other technologies) is employed to effectively decontaminate a polluted system.
		In a bioremediation project, the presence of oxygen is one of the most crucial factors to the rate of reaction.
		CASE #4: Bioremediation was the method of treatment opted for to treat 1500 cubic yards of diesel contaminated soil at the former King’s Truck Stop in Sacramento, CA.
	www.bugsatwork.com /58.ASP (4476 words)

	Bioremediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bioremediation is a treatment process that uses naturally occurring microorganisms (yeast, fungi, or bacteria) to break down, or degrade, hazardous substances into less toxic or nontoxic substances.
		Bioremediation technologies assist microorganisms' growth and increase microbial populations by creating optimum environmental conditions for them to detoxify the maximum amount of contaminants.
		The specific bioremediation technology used is determined by several factors, for instance, the type of microorganisms present, the site conditions, and the quantity and toxicity of contaminant chemicals.
	www.modflow.bossintl.com /html/bioremediation.html (531 words)

	4-29 Enhanced Biodegradation
		The rate of bioremediation of organic contaminants by microbes is enhanced by increasing the concentration of electron acceptors and nutrients in ground water, surface water, and leachate.
		Bioremediation is a process in which indigenous or inoculated micro-organisms (i.e., fungi, bacteria, and other microbes) degrade (metabolize) organic contaminants found in soil and/or ground water.
		Bioremediation is a process that attempts to accelerate the natural biodegradation process by providing nutrients, electron acceptors, and competent degrading microorganisms that may otherwise be limiting the rapid conversion of contamination organics to innocuous end products.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-31.html (1587 words)

	4-2 Enhanced Bioremediation
		Enhanced bioremediation of soil typically involves the percolation or injection of ground water or uncontaminated water mixed with nutrients and saturated with dissolved oxygen.
		While bioremediation (nor any other remediation technology) cannot degrade inorganic contaminants, bioremediation can be used to change the valence state of inorganics and cause adsorption, immobilization onto soil particulates, precipitation, uptake, accumulation, and concentration of inorganics in micro or macroorganisms.
		Important contaminant characteristics that need to be identified in an enhanced bioremediation feasibility investigation are their potential to leach (e.g., water solubility and soil sorption coefficient); their chemical reactivity (e.g., tendency toward nonbiological reactions, such as hydrolysis, oxidation, and polymerization); and, most importantly, their biodegradability.
	www.frtr.gov /matrix2/section4/4-2.html (2041 words)

	Bioremediation Research Needs
		Bioremediation is defined by the American Academy of Microbiology as "the use of living organisms to reduce or eliminate environmental hazards resulting from accumulations of toxic chemicals and other hazardous wastes" (Gibson and Sayler, 1992).
		Bioremediation is not a panacea but rather a "natural process" alternative to such methods as incineration, catalytic destruction, the use of adsorbents, and the physical removal and subsequent destruction of pollutants (AgBiotech, 1991).
		As a standard practice, conduct microcosm/mesocosm studies of new bioremediation techniques to determine, in a cost-effective manner, whether they are likely to work in the field, and establish dedicated sites where long-term field research on bioremediation technologies may be conducted.
	www.er.doe.gov /production/ober/nabir/needs.html (2470 words)

	Biological Agents, Oil Program, US EPA
		Bioremediation refers to the act of adding materials to the environment, such as fertilizers or microorganisms, that will increase the rate at which natural biodegradation occurs.
		Two bioremediation technologies that are currently being used in the United States for oil spill cleanups are fertilization and seeding.
		Fertilization, also known as nutrient enrichment, is the method of adding nutrients such as phosphorus and nitrogen to a contaminated environment to stimulate the growth of the microorganisms capable of biodegradation.
	www.epa.gov /oilspill/bioagnts.htm (304 words)

	US Microbics, Inc. - Bioremediation
		Bioremediation products and services are provided by Sub-Surface Waste Management, Inc., SSWM, a subsidiary of US Microbics.
		Unlike most typical bioremediation, soils treated by a U.S. Microbics' Bio-Raptor™ will biodegrade even in a high 5 to 8 foot high piles of soil because of the unique blend of aerobic, facultative anaerobic and anaerobic microbes utilized in U.S. Microbics' formulations.
		SSWM bioremediation applications technology enables the client to address these changing needs for continuing or up-grading their respective land use alternatives.
	www.bugsatwork.com /19.asp (702 words)

	The Microbiology of In Situ Bioremediation
		In situ bioremediation is the application of biological treatment to the cleanup of hazardous chemicals in the soil and surface or subsurface waters.
		Mechanisms of bioremediation include bioaugmentation in which microbes and nutrients are added to the contaminated site or biostimulation in which nutrients and enzymes are added to supplement the intrinsic microbes.
		Mechanisms of bioremediation include bioaugmentation, in which microbes and nutrients are added to the contaminated site; and biostimulation in which nutrients and enzymes, referred to as 'fertilizer,' are added to stimulate intrinsic microbes.
	ewr.cee.vt.edu /environmental/teach/gwprimer/biorem (1209 words)

	Bioremediation
		A key exemption to the Act which benefits bioremediation, is the exclusion of an enclosed treatment facility from RCRA permitting requirements.
		The regulations could encourage the use of bioremediation if standards were set for treatment which would allow the remaining innocuous waste material to be classified as nonhazardous.
		Bioremediation is limited to treating wastes which can be effectively recognized and degraded by microorganisms.
	www.piercelaw.edu /risk/vol7/summer/Timian.htm (2979 words)

	Waste Science Inc. - Hot Spots Bioremediation
		Bioremediation is rapidly becoming the remedy of choice at many contaminated sites.
		Engineers and hydrogeologists who use bioremediation as only one of many remedial techniques often do not know enough about subtle microbiological mechanisms to design the best bioremediation for a given site.
		The application of engineered bioremediation to a particular site must be evaluated by using site-specific data characterizing its geology, chemistry, and ecology.
	www.wastescience.com /hbio.html (1172 words)

	Bioremediation
		Bioremediation involves the use of bacteria or plants to eliminate or neutralize contaminants found in water or soil.
		Norfolk State University—WESTON successfully conducted on-site bioremediation of 6,000 yd3 of soil contaminated with TPH at concentrations as high as 18,000 ppm.
		Industrial Client in Houston, TX—Performed fast-track installation of an in situ anaerobic bioremediation system, consisting of an alternating series of extraction and injection trenches, to treat groundwater contaminated with chlorinated solvents.
	www.westonsolutions.com /technology/rt/bioremediation.htm (144 words)

	Bioremediation
		Bioremediation allows natural processes to clean up harmful chemicals in the environment.
		Often bioremediation does not require as much equipment or labor as most other methods.
		Bioremediation has successfully cleaned up many polluted sites and is being used at 50 Superfund sites across the country.
	www.adventusgroup.com /education/bioremediation.shtml (666 words)

	Biotechnology: Bioremediation
		Abstract: The transport of microorganisms in soils is of major importance for bioremediation of subsurface polluted zones and for pollution of groundwater with pathogens.
		An approach towards bioremediation of PAH contaminated soil with positive results is the combining of agricultural techniques such as tilling, irrigation and fertilization collectively known as landfarming, although higher molecular weight PAHs tend to persist in the soil.
		Abstract: Bioremediation exploits the genetic diversity and metabolic versatility of microorganisms for the transformation of contaminants into less-harmful end-products, which are then integrated into natural biogeochemical cycles.
	www.nal.usda.gov /bic/Biblios/qb9450.html (15779 words)

	Environmental Remediation Challenge
		Mission Science Goals: Understand the processes by which microbes function in the earth’s subsurface, mechanisms by which they impact the fate and transport of contaminants, and the scientific principles of bioremediation based on native microbial populations and their interactions with the environment.
		Challenges: Bioremediation will require understanding biogeochemical processes from the fundamental-molecular to community levels to describe contaminant-transformation processes coinciding with simulated changes in microbial-community composition and structure.
		Bioremediation may offer solutions in previously intractable cases (i.e., where there was no solution at any price).
	www.doegenomestolife.org /benefits/cleanup.shtml (487 words)

	Bioremediation of Contaminated Soil and Groundwater (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		In recent years, bioremediation technologies have gained acceptance as some of the most cost effective and least harmful means of tackling environmental contaminant problems.
		This course is designed to give the participant an understanding of the various remedial process technologies that utilize biodegradation, as well as the physical, chemical and biological processes that serve to control the rate and extend of biodegradation.
		Feasibility and design criteria will be discussed that will enable the participant to evaluate the viability of bioremediation technologies as well as the economic feasibility.
	www.e3power.com /Search/Courses/RemediationTech/RT(2).htm (382 words)

	Bioremediation Specialists (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bioremediation specialists uses a natural approach to clean up unnatural environmental problems.
		Bioremediation is the use of naturally occurring organisms to destroy or remove the contaminants.
		Bioremediation leaves no residuals after the process is complete.
	www.lnhs.org /hayhurst/geology/fruitvale/bioremediation.htm (194 words)

	Understanding Bioremediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As bioremediation is considered more frequently as a cleanup alternative, citizens need information about this process to help them contribute to informed decision-making regarding the cleanup of waste sites n their communities.
		Bioremediation uses naturally occuring microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeast, to degrade harmful chemicals into less toxic or nontoxic compounds.
		Bioremediation harnesses this natural process by promoting the growth of microorganisms that can degrade contaminants and convert them to non-toxic by-products.
	www.terrane.com /abio.html (521 words)

	Bioremediation
		This was the first and best-documented example of intrinsic bioremediation in which naturally occurring microbial processes remediates contaminated ground water without human intervention.
		The Hanahan Bioremediation Project is just one of many successful bioremediation experiments that can be traced to basic research carried out by USGS scientists.
		Although bioremediation holds great promise for dealing with intractable environmental problems, it is important to recognize that much of this promise has yet to be realized.
	water.usgs.gov /wid/html/bioremed.html (1255 words)

	Bioremediation
		Companies specializing in bioremediation (or, as it was known several years ago, in biodegradation technologies) will need to develop a viable integration of microbiology and systems engineering.
		As an example of a bioremediation company, Envirogen (NJ) has developed recombinant PCB (polychlorinated biphenyl)-degrading microorganisms with improved stability and survivability in mixed populations of soil organisms.
		Use of microbes for bioremediation is not limited to detoxification of organic compounds.
	photoscience.la.asu.edu /photosyn/courses/BIO_343/lecture/bioremed.html (812 words)

	DLC-ME \| The Microbe Zoo \| Dirtland \| Toxic Waste Site
		Although currently used the least, bioremediation may be the most economical and most efficient way to reduce toxic waste.
		Bioremediation is the use of microbes to enhance the elimination of toxic compounds in the environment.
		There are so many microbes in most environments, and so many different kinds of microbes, that toxins are often degraded by microbes that already live in the environments into which the toxins are placed.
	commtechlab.msu.edu /sites/dlc-me/zoo/zdtmain.html (1265 words)

	The Process of Bioremediation
		Bioremediation has become a general term describing a process of degrading harmful or hazardous contamination into less harmful or benign components.
		Original source: Bioremediation Report, King Publishing Group, Washington, D.C. n addition to the lower costs of bioremediation, there is no long-term or "cradle to grave" liabilities for the contamination like there is with landfilled pollutants because the contaminants have been digested and turned into harmless by products of CO, water and trace inorganic salts.
		For information on specific bioremediation methods of contamination treatment, please call your Micro-Blaze distributor or e-mail or call the Verde Environmental home office at 1-800-626-6598.
	www.micro-blaze.com /bioreme.html (592 words)

	Bioremediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Bioremediation thus involves detoxifying hazardous substances instead of merely transferring them from one medium to another.
		This process is less disruptive and can be carried out at the site which reduces the need of transporting these toxic materials to separate treatment sites.
		sing bioremediation techniques, TERI has developed a mixture of bacteria called 'oilzapper' which degrades the pollutants of oil-contaminated sites, leaving behind no harmful residues.
	edugreen.teri.res.in /explore/bio/biorem.htm (255 words)

	PCB Bioremediation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The broad goal of this project is to evaluate strategies that could be used for the effective bioremediation of PCB contaminated sites in Michigan.
		Determine the rate and extent to which PCB carbon is mineralized, transformed to high molecular weight humic substances, transformed into soluble metabolites, or otherwise complexed with the soil matrix during bioremediation.
		Evaluate the effect of soil to amendment ratio on the rate of PCB degradation in pilot-scale compost windrows and determine temperature, oxygen, moisture and other environmental parameters which affect microbial activity during composting.
	www.msu.edu /user/michel/pcbgrant.htm (416 words)

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