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Topic: Biosafety Level 4

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	Biosafety level - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biosafety Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to consistently cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
		Biosafety Level 4 is required for work with dangerous and exotic agents that pose a high individual risk of aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections and life-threatening disease.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biosafety_level (760 words)

	Safety Services - Biology
		Biosafety Level 1 practices, safety equipment, and facilities are appropriate for undergraduate and secondary educational training and teaching laboratories, and for other facilities in which work is done with defined and characterized strains of viable microorganisms not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans.
		Biosafety Level 2 practices, equipment, and facilities are applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching and other facilities in which work is done with a broad spectrum of indigenous moderate-risk agents present in the community and associated with human disease of varying severity.
		Biosafety Level 4 practices, safety equipment, and facilities are applicable for work with dangerous and exotic agents which pose high individual risks from life-threatening diseases, which may be transmitted via the aerosol route, and for which there is no available vaccine or therapy.
	www.weizmann.ac.il /safety/bio13.html (1354 words)

	University of Miami School of Medicine - Glossary - Level 4 biosafety
		This level is used for the diagnosis of exotic agents such as the Ebola virus that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted by the aerosol route and for which there is no vaccine or therapy.
		A biosafety level is a specific combination of work practices, safety equipment, and facilities which are designed to minimize the exposure of workers and the environment to infectious agents.
		Level 4 -- This level is used for the diagnosis of exotic agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted by the aerosol route and for which there is no vaccine or therapy.
	www.med.miami.edu /glossary/art.asp?articlekey=14884 (194 words)

	BIOSAFETY LEVEL CRITERIA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Level 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans, and that present a minimal potential hazard to lab personnel or the environment.
		Biosafety level 2 is similar to level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents that represent a moderate hazard for personnel and the environment.
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents that can cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
	www.uiowa.edu /~hpo/biosafety/hpobiolo/part4.htm (2809 words)

	BMBL-Section 3
		The essential elements of the four biosafety levels for activities involving infectious microorganisms and laboratory animals are summarized in Tables 1 and 2.
		BIOSAFETY 1 is suitable for work involving well-characterized agents not known to cause disease in healthy adult humans, and of minimal potential hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment.
		All procedures within the facility with agents assigned to Biosafety Level 4 are conducted in the Class III biological safety cabinet or in Class II biological safety cabinets used in conjunction with one-piece positive pressure personnel suits ventilated by a life support system.
	www.cdc.gov /od/ohs/biosfty/bmbl/section3.htm (6210 words)

	Biosafety at the University of Alaska Fairbanks
		Biosafety Level 2 is appropriate when work is done with any human-derived blood, body fluids, tissues, or primary human cell lines where the presence of an infectious agent may be unknown.
		Even though organisms routinely manipulated at Biosafety Level 2 are not known to be transmissible by the aerosol route, procedures with aerosol or high splash potential that may increase the risk of such personnel exposure must be conducted in primary containment equipment, or in devices such as a BSC or safety centrifuge cups.
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents that may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
	www.uaf.edu /ibc/Proceedures.html (8740 words)

	Pacific Rim Vaccine Initiative
		Biosafety levels (BSL) refer to the various safeguards used to prevent lab workers and others from becoming infected with the small samples of microbes that are being studied.
		Biosafety levels 2, 3 and 4 feature additional graduating safety measures with the highest level being 4.
		Biosafety level 4 is used for work with infectious diseases that pose a higher level of danger to humans or for which there are no cures.
	www.ohsu.edu /prvi/bsllevels.htm (396 words)

	Working in the Hot Zone - The Daily Free Press - Science
		Biosafety lab facilities are critical to protect public health, according to the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, a government agency associated with the National Institutes of Health that plays a leading role in combating potential bioterror attacks.
		Biosafety labs are categorized into four levels based on the level of danger associated with the diseases they investigate.
		Research in Level 4 labs requires extra time and funding than that conducted in less secure labs, Carrion said, estimating that research in Level 4 labs is about three times as expensive as that in Level 2 labs.
	www.dailyfreepress.com /news/2004/03/23/Science/Working.In.The.Hot.Zone-638909.shtml (1419 words)

	BMBL Section III - Laboratory Biosafety Level 4 (BSL 4)
		The laboratory director is responsible for ensuring that, before working with organisms at Biosafety Level 4, all personnel demonstrate a high proficiency in standard microbiological practices and techniques, and in the special practices and operations specific to the laboratory facility.
		Biological materials to be removed from the Class III cabinet or from the Biosafety Level 4 laboratory in a viable or intact state are transferred to a nonbreakable, sealed primary container and then enclosed in a nonbreakable, sealed secondary container.
		D. Laboratory Facility (Secondary Barriers) There are two models for Biosafety Level 4 laboratories: (A) the Cabinet Laboratory where all handling of the agent is performed in a Class III Biological Safety Cabinet, and (B) the Suit Laboratory where personnel wear a protective suit.
	bmbl.od.nih.gov /sect3bsl4.htm (3731 words)

	Biosafety Levels (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Biosafety Level 1 represents a basic level of containment that relies on standard microbiological practices with no special primary or secondary barriers recommended, other than a sink for handwashing.
		Biosafety Level 2 is appropriate when work is done with any human-derived blood, bodily fluids, or tissues where the presence of an infectious agent may be unknown.
		The Biosafety Level 4 facility itself is generally a separate building or completely isolated zone with complex, specialized ventilation and waste management systems to prevent the release of viable agents to the environment.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /research/compliance/ibc/biosafety.shtml (828 words)

	Glossary \| CDC Special Pathogens Branch
		Biosafety level 2 is appropriate for agents that can cause human disease, but whose potential for transmission is limited.
		Biosafety level 3 applies to agents that may be transmitted by the respiratory route which can cause serious infection.
		Biosafety level 4 is used for the diagnosis of exotic agents that pose a high risk of life-threatening disease, which may be transmitted by the aerosol route and for which there is no vaccine or therapy.
	www.cdc.gov /ncidod/dvrd/spb/mnpages/glossary.htm (1810 words)

	Headwaters News: Perspective; Insight and Analysis for the Rocky Mountain West
		At its core, the opposition to Biosafety Level 4 labs is selfish because virtually everyone in the developed world has been vaccinated against the diseases that in recent memory killed, scarred, crippled or maimed.
		Biosafety Level 4 pathogens are airborne viruses that can kill humans and for which there are no known therapies.
		Ebola is just one virus of many classified as Biosafety Level 4, and whether it is ever studied at RML remains to be seen, given the logistics of safe transport from such a remote location as the sub-Saharan jungle where it lives.
	www.headwatersnews.org /p.grandstaff072104.html (3582 words)

	Biosafety Manual
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is conducted with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by the inhalation route.
		Experimental procedures involving a host-vector system that provides a one-step lower level of biological containment than that specified may be conducted in the BL3 laboratory using containment equipment specified for the BL4 level of physical containment.
		The biosafety level 2 laboratory is often referred to as a modified basic laboratory, as it has the same design features as the BSL 1 laboratory with the added requirement of a biosafety cabinet as a standard feature.
	www.uchsc.edu /safety/Manuals/BioSafety/biochp3b.html (2749 words)

	BIOSAFETY at the University of Georgia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Biosafety Level 1 (BSL 1) is suitable for working with agents having no known or minimal hazard to laboratory personnel and the environment (including plants and other animals).
		Biosafety Level 2 facilities and procedures are those that are basic in a good quality laboratory working with microorganisms, genetic materials, cell/tissue cultures, and carcinogens.
		Biosafety Level 3 is applicable to clinical, diagnostic, teaching, research, or production facilities in which work is done with indigenous or exotic agents which may cause serious or potentially lethal disease as a result of exposure by inhalation.
	www.esd.uga.edu /bio/labequipmentdocument.html (10122 words)

	UT-Galveston to build biosafety lab - The Daily Texan - News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The artist's rendering is of a Biosafety Level 4 laboratory at UT Medical Branch in Galveston.
		The Biosafety Level 4 laboratory will be dedicated to the study of some of the world's most dangerous tropical and emerging infections.
		Level 4 is the highest level of safety laboratory in the world and only four others exist in the United States.
	www.dailytexanonline.com /news/2002/03/05/News/UtGalveston.To.Build.Biosafety.Lab-503156.shtml (890 words)

	Steve Quayle News Alerts
		While there are hundreds of Level 3 labs in hospitals and universities throughout the country, carrying out research on dangerous pathogens such as anthrax, botulism and the plague, Level 4 labs carry a heightened risk because only they are empowered to study biological agents, including Ebola, with no known antidote or vaccine.
		Last fall, it assigned two new major Level 4 labs to be built in Boston and Galveston, Texas, in addition to six Level 4 labs that already exist across the country, to study and develop vaccines against the world's most dangerous viruses.
		In February, a researcher at Fort Detrick, a Defense Department Level 4 facility in Frederick, Md., was quarantined for three weeks after she accidentally pricked herself with a needle that contained Ebola virus while experimenting on mice.
	www.stevequayle.com /News.alert/04_Disease/040823.bio-labs.html (1655 words)

	Biosafety Level 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Biosafety Level 2 (BSL-2) Biosafety Level 2 is similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate.
		BIOSAFETY LEVEL 2 is similar to Level 1 and is...
		From Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories, 4th edition- " Biosafety Level 2 is similar to Biosafety Level 1 and is suitable for work involving agents of moderate potential hazard to personnel and the environment.
	www.day-trading-tools.info /resources/biosafety-level-2.html (559 words)

	CDC - GHO - Mini-Tour - Laboratory - BSL4
		To work in a Biosafety Level 4 lab, specialized protective equipment and procedures are required to prevent contact with the deadly viruses.
		This is the Biosafety Level 4 suit worn by scientists who work in the lab.
		When exiting a Level 4 lab, scientists must stand under a chemical spray (like a shower) for several minutes.
	www.cdc.gov /global/labbsl.htm (208 words)

	UC Davis - Office of Environmental Health & Safety
		All projects involving biohazardous agents classified as Biosafety Level 2 or Biosafety Level 3 must be reviewed and approved by the BSAAC and must follow the general guidelines specified for that level.
		Biosafety levels and/or animal biosafety levels are listed in Biosafety Levels for Infectious Agents and Infected Animals (Appendix A).
		Projects involving Biosafety Level 4 and Animal Biosafety Level 4 organisms are prohibited at UC Davis.
	ehs.ucdavis.edu /biosfty/bioman/bioman2.cfm (2046 words)

	Boston University Biodefense
		Level 1 is not known to cause health problems in human adults (with the possible exception of the elderly and adults with immune system deficiencies).
		Level 2 facilities research agents that are associated with human disease; hazards are restricted to ingestion and mucous membrane exposure.
		Biosafety Level 4 covers a smaller group of pathogens that pose a “high risk of exposure and infection to personnel, the community, and the environment.” These include a number of arenaviruses, filoviruses, and arboroviruses such as: Junin, Marburg, Russian Spring-Summer, Congo-Crimean, hemorrhagic fever, Omsk hemorrhagic fever, Lassa, Machupo, Ebola, Sabia, and Encephalmomyeltis.
	www.gene-watch.org /bubiodefense/pages/faq.html (1654 words)

	The Chronicle: 6/25/2004: Residents Fight Boston U.'s 'BioSafety' Laboratory
		She fears an accidental release from the lab -- designated a "Biosafety Level 4," or BSL-4, because it would study the most dangerous microbes -- could infect thousands in the densely populated area with anthrax bacteria, the Ebola virus, or another deadly pathogen.
		Biosafety Level 4 labs are "the safest labs in the world," asserts Mr.
		While all biosafety labs must follow specific safety measures, Biosafety Level 4 labs-- which study the most hazardous pathogens-- require the highest levels of security and safety for researchers working with the deadly agents.
	chronicle.com /free/v50/i42/42a02801.htm (2738 words)

	UTMB level 4 lab opens this fall - The Daily Texan - State & Local
		And when the University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston's biosafety level 4 lab opens next month, big white suits will be all the rage.
		He led Hutchison and reporters on a tour of the biosafety level 4, or BSL-4, lab as workers put on the final touches.
		Biosafety level 4 means the highest level of security and safety will keep ne'er-do-wells out and to keep potentially deadly and contagious microorganisms in.
	www.dailytexanonline.com /news/2003/10/10/StateLocal/Utmb-Level.4.Lab.Opens.This.Fall-525218.shtml (347 words)

	High Country News -- Printable -- October 28, 2002: Bush's war on terrorism comes West
		Organisms that require a biosafety level 4 facility include anthrax, smallpox and hemorraghic fever viruses such as Ebola, which causes fatal internal bleeding.
		The planned biosafety 4 lab, on the other hand, is something straight out of a science fiction movie: It will include spacesuit-clad scientists, air-lock buffer zones and chemical decontamination.
		Biosafety level 2 and 3 labs, built to accommodate disease-causing microbes like plague, botulism and brucellosis, already exist at RML and have for decades, says longtime lab scientist Marshall Bloom.
	www.hcn.org /servlets/hcn.PrintableArticle?article_id=13471 (996 words)

	Biological Warfare Agent Production
		The level of federal spending in the United States in the entire biotechnology area during 1994 approximated 4 billion dollars.
		Biosafety Level 2 practices, containment equipment and facilities are recommended for activities using clinical materials and diagnostic quantities of infectious cultures associated with most biological warfare agents.
		Biosafety Level 3 practices, containment equipment and facilities are recommended for manipulations of cultures or work involving production volumes or concentrations of cultures associated with most biological warfare agents.
	www.globalsecurity.org /wmd/intro/bio_production.htm (2446 words)

	Pacific Rim Vaccine Initiative
		A: A biosafety level 4 (BSL4) lab allows researchers to safely handle small samples of infectious disease microbes for vaccine development or for diagnosis of patients suspected of being infected Specifically, scientists are interested in studying diseases for which there are no treatments, or in cases where improved vaccination or treatment methods are needed.
		Biosafety levels are categorized by the number of duplicative layers of safety protection they provide.
		This facility allows researchers to determine which genes are involved or activated by the disease process, and to what level that information can be used to understand disease, and develop and test therapeutics.
	www.ohsu.edu /prvi/questions.html (1072 words)

	UC Davis proposes new lab to study bioterrorism agents
		Many scientists who study these diseases say the labs, known as biosafety level 4 facilities, are key to understanding the diseases and figuring out how to detect and treat them before something horrible happens.
		California's public health department has considered a level 4 lab for years, but the renewed risk of bioterrorism has spurred it on.
		A Los Alamos Laboratory proposal for a biosafety level 3 facility, one step down in safety requirements and disease types housed there, faces a lawsuit to stop it.
	www.ph.ucla.edu /epi/bioter/ucdavisproposesnewlab.html (1131 words)

	Montana Germ Lab Approved For BioSafetly Level 4 Upgrade (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		BioLevel 4 labs are the highest level security labs which, among other things, require workers to wear ``spacesuit'' style contamination jumpers.
		Another Level 4 lab is planned at the University of Texas Medical Branch in Galveston.
		The enhanced Level 3 lab, which also operates near residential neighborhoods, conducts research on vector-born infectious diseases, such as Bubonic plague, dengue fever, yellow fever, West Nile virus, encephalitis, tularemia and Lyme Disease, many of which could be used as biological weapons.
	www.rense.com /general24/up.htm (755 words)

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