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	EPA - Biosensors for Analytical Monitoring
		Inherent limitations for this type of biosensor are primarily those imposed by the nature of the enzyme itself and include the limited number of environmental pollutants which happen to be substrates for the enzyme and the relatively high detection limits (compared to those required by many environmental monitoring applications) for environmental pollutants.
		Bioaffinity-based biosensors for environmental applications primarily depend on the use of antibodies because of the availability of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed toward a wide range of environmental pollutants as well as the relative affinity and selectivity of these recognition proteins for a specific compound or closely related groups of compounds.
		Although these devices are the most commonly reported class of biosensors, they tend to have a small dynamic range due to saturation kinetics of the enzyme, and a large over-potential is required for oxidation of the analyte; this may lead to oxidation of interfering compounds as well (e.g., ascorbate in the detection of hydrogen peroxide).
	www.epa.gov /heasd/edrb/biochem/intro.htm (6543 words)

	Biosensors
		The goal of the biosensor device is to produce an electric signal that is proportional to the amount of a chemical or a set of chemicals being sensed.
		Biosensors are utilized in many fields such as medicine where they may be useful in diagnosing medical conditions and detecting genetic disorders, environmental monitoring of pollution and detection of hazardous chemicals, and in food analysis.
		This type of biosensor has already been used to analyze amounts of avidin in solution and I am interested in studying the quenching effects on different types of photoluminescent polymers as well as expanding the types of anylates that can be sensed.
	physics.ucsc.edu /~sacarter/biosensor.shtml (378 words)

	Biosensor - Patent 7087149
		The biosensor according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme is an oxidase which is selected from the group consisting of glucose oxidase, galactose oxidase, pyruvate oxidase, D- or L-amino acid oxidase, amine oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, and choline oxidase.
		The biosensor according to claim 4, wherein the enzyme is a dehydrogenase which is selected from the group consisting of alcohol dehydrogenase, glutamic acid dehydrogenase, cholesterol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase, glucose dehydrogenase, fructose dehydrogenase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, and glycerol dehydrogenase.
		Use of the biosensor of the present invention in such sensors improves safety, because the biosensor does not use mediators that might show toxicity, and the possibility of the elution of the catalytic substance immobilized on the sensor is low.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /7087149.html (6367 words)

	What are biosensors?
		A biosensor is an analytical device which converts a biological response into an electrical signal (Figure 6.1).
		The term 'biosensor' is often used to cover sensor devices used in order to determine the concentration of substances and other parameters of biological interest even where they do not utilise a biological system directly.
		Biosensors represent a rapidly expanding field, at the present time, with an estimated 60% annual growth rate; the major impetus coming from the health-care industry (e.g.
	www.lsbu.ac.uk /biology/enztech/biosensors.html (1311 words)

	Biosensor Intro (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Biosensor research has grown rapidly over the past twenty years in parallel with technological improvements in biochemical methodologies (structural biology, molecular biology), electronics, optics, and chemical approaches to surface modification.
		Biosensors are unique in that they have potential applications in virtually all areas of human endeavor.
		Some of the most intense efforts in biosensor research are in subjects as diverse as blood glucose monitoring, explosive detection, food quality determination, genetic screening, and environmental monitoring.
	www.biosd.com /Biosensor.htm (265 words)

	Yale Medicine Spring 2002: Putting evolution to use
		Biosensors could be used to diagnose patients, monitor for bioterror weapons and detect metabolites in clinical samples, contaminants in food or pollutants in water.
		Such biosensors might be developed to detect contaminants in food, pollutants in water, metabolites in clinical samples or biological-warfare agents on the battlefield.
		Biosensor technology of this advanced type could be used to diagnose patients in a doctor’s office, help discover new treatments for disease, detect industrial contaminations and even aid in monitoring for chemical or biological attacks.
	info.med.yale.edu /external/pubs/ym_sp02/biosensor.htm (1781 words)

	Biosensor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A biosensor is a device for the detection of an analyte that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector component.
		Piezoelectric biosensors and optical biosensors based on the phenomenon of surface plasmon resonance are both evanescent wave techniques.
		Electrochemical biosensors are normally based on enzymatic catalysis of a reaction that produces ions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biosensor (696 words)

	Biosensor - Patent 6787013
		The biosensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the insulating spacer layer (9) is made of materials selected from the following group: acrylic resin, epoxy resin, polyurethane resin, silicon resin, phenol resin, alkyd resin, maleic alkyd resin, urea resin, and polyester resin.
		The biosensor as claimed in claim 1, wherein the reagent layer (8) is composed of an enzyme, a buffer solution, a carrier, an electrical media, and a surfactant.
		The conventional biosensor is usually constructed by adhering the spacer component onto the base plate in a position relative to the electrode.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /6787013.html (3599 words)

	Affordable, Hand-Held Biosensor For Diagnostics
		In their tests, for example, the biosensor was able to match tiny concentrations of specific DNA sequences to its complementary strand, suggesting a potential role for a variety of genetic studies and tests, including DNA fingerprinting for clinical and forensic applications.
		Another biosensor proved sensitive to the binding of certain antibodies, manufactured by the body's immune system, to small amounts of their specific antigens--a class of molecules produced by invading organisms that include viruses, bacteria, in addition to toxins and allergens.
		The new biosensor is based on work conducted during the past few years in Sailor's laboratory with porous silicon, small chips of silicon sculpted through a chemical etching process into a forest of tiny trees.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1997-10/SRI-AHBF-311097.php (651 words)

	(R&D Horizons) Biosensor Research Targets Medical Diagnostics (MDDI archive, Nov 97)
		A biosensor is "a sensing device with a biological or biologically derived sensing element, which is integrated within or intimately associated with a physical transducer," explains Anthony Turner, head of Cranfield University's Institute of BioScience and Technology (Bedfordshire, UK).
		Biosensors produce discrete or continuous digital electronic signals in proportion to the concentration of an analyte or group of analytes.
		"Biosensors offer potentially enormous diversity, but they've been dominated by one application," Turner laments, adding that a major challenge for the industry "will be to find the right niches." Despite research into new techniques, it may be some time before cross-disciplinary devices such as the critter chip become widely used.
	www.devicelink.com /mddi/archive/97/11/011.html (2636 words)

	Biosensor patent invention (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The biosensor includes an electrode support substrate, electrodes positioned on the electrode support, each electrode including a meter-contact portion and a measurement portion, and a sensor support substrate.
		The biosensor comprises an electrode support substrate, electrodes positioned on the electrode support, each electrode including a meter-contact portion and a measurement portion, and a sensor support substrate.
		8 of a biosensor in accordance with another aspect of the present invention showing five windows exposing five electrode contacts and showing a diagrammatic view of a corresponding meter including five contacts for engagement with the five exposed electrode contacts.
	www.freshpatents.com /Biosensor-dt20050623ptan20050136471.php (3177 words)

	Biosensor Applications, by Henrik Westander (2.3) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Biosensor Applications plans to have a second generation prototype ready in 1999, which will then be subjected to extensive testing and verification.
		Biosensor Applications have begun cooperation with the mine clearance company Mechem in South Africa, but the system will also be available for purchase by Non Governmental Organizations (NGO) and governments.
		Biosensors technology can also be used to detect narcotics and the kinds of explosives which may be used by terrorists at airports, for example.
	maic.jmu.edu /journal/2.3/profiles/biosense.htm (497 words)

	NRL - Fiber-Optic Biosensor
		NRL researchers have developed a fiber-optic biosensor that uses antibodies, lectins, and antibiotics on the surface of an optical fiber to achieve selectivity.
		The fiber-optic biosensor is a device that measures the formation of a fluorescent complex at the surface of an optical fiber.
		The biosensor is fast, sensitive, and permits analysis of hazardous materials remote from the instrumentation.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=FOBIOSENSOR (151 words)

	Building a better biosensor: xenon in a cage
		Most current biosensors use fluorescence, but only a few colors can be used in parallel before the spectra from different biological molecules overlap and obscure one another.
		The new biosensor is comprised of an arsenal of subtly distinct molecules with different kinds of cryptophane cages and different kinds of ligands or proteins, plus different orientations of attached amino acids and tethers.
		Wemmer speculates on the numerous possible uses of xenon biosensors: "There are lots of times you want to know whether or not something is present in the body, like arterial plaques or cancer cells, and often you want to know to what degree something is present compared to something else.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/MSD-PBD-xenon-biosensor.html (1548 words)

	Biosensor Information
		Biosensors convert a biological response into an electrical signal.
		Biosensors use a biological system as the responsive material; enzymes, whole cell metabolism, ligand binding and the antibody-antigen reaction, for example.
		The biological response of the biosensor is determined by the biocatalytic membrane, which converts the substrate to product.
	www.sentix.org /BiosensorInfo.htm (129 words)

	Sycopel Microdialysis Biosensor
		One significant advantage of the Biosensor over conventional techniques is the elimination of the need to collect samples at invervals from a microdialysis probe for later analysis.
		A single microdialysis biosensor can be used in the same area of the brain/tissue for performing both control and required measurements.
		The specificity of the biosensor is governed by the specificity of the enzyme, hence choice of the appropriate oxidase enzyme enables a wide variety of analytes to be studied.
	www.biotechproducts.com /syco-mdb.html (788 words)

	Biosensor.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Biosensors enable highly specific interactions between biological molecules to be detected and utilised.
		The ability of biomolecules to react to very low concentrations of substances allows biosensors to be used in applications such as the monitoring of pollutants in water, air and soil, and in the detection of medically important molecules such as hormones, sugars and peptides in body fluids.
		Biosensors can involve the use of whole organisms from fish to bacteria as the biological component.
	www.biosensor.co.uk (103 words)

	Biosensor Processes for Detecting Pathogenic Bacteria in Foods
		Because the time and skills required for traditional microbiological protocols limit their general adoption, alternatives such as biosensor-based processes should be developed that can be adopted for broad practical applications involving diverse pathogenic bacteria.
		Biosensor processes incorporate one or more specific bio-recognition events for sensing the presence of targeted bacterial pathogens.
		We have assembled a group of chemists, biologists, and microbiologists to develop new or to modify existing biosensors for possible adoptions by regulatory agencies and the food industry.
	www.arserrc.gov /mbrc/BiosensorProcesses.htm (462 words)

	Materials World Modules: Modules Overview/Biosensors
		They learn about the concepts of dynamic range, detection limit, and biosensor accuracy by testing their biosensor to determine whether or not it can measure different concentrations of peroxide.
		They then use their biosensor to try to determine the cholesterol levels in "patient" samples of unknown concentrations.
		After designing their own cholesterol biosensors on paper, student read and article about a commercial biosensor design team and the cholesterol biosensor they designed for home use.
	www.materialsworldmodules.org /modules/md_biosensor.htm (312 words)

	NRL - An Automated, Portable Array Biosensor
		We are developing an Array Biosensor to fill this unique requirement: rapid, field-deployable detection of multiple biological threats in different kinds of samples.
		The Array Biosensor uses antibodies as recognition elements to detect targets with high sensitivity and selectivity.
		A series of different "capture" antibodies are attached to the surface of a microscope slide at specific locations (arrays) and are used to grab threat agents out of the sample.
	www.nrl.navy.mil /content.php?P=03REVIEW122 (775 words)

	New biosensor rapidly detects deadly foodborne pathogen
		Known as an "optical biosensor," the device uses light to detect the presence of a target organism or molecule.
		Bhunia said his next goal is to optimize the test conditions of the biosensor so a sample can be processed in one working day and be monitored remotely via computer.
		Biosensor technology has great potential to meet the need for sensitive and near real-time microbial detection from foods.
	news.uns.purdue.edu /UNS/html4ever/2004/041005.Bhunia.sensor.html (1409 words)

	Biosensor expected to improve food safety
		Laboratory tests have proven the biosensor is extremely sensitive, meaning it can detect pathogens at minute levels of 500 cells per milliliter.
		The biosensor can simultaneously detect 12 different pathogens, but researchers are concentrating on six bacterial species for now.
		The field test is expected to demonstrate the biosensor's ability to improve food processors' operations, but it has some competition from other techniques.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/1999-09/GIoT-Beti-280999.php (974 words)

	Biosensor WIT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Toluene biosensor: two strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens on barley roots that were exposed to the pollutant toluene.
		A second strain, a "life history biosensor", was engineered to experience an irreversible, heritable induction of a green fluorescent reporter protein upon exposure to toluene.
		The results demonstrated in this image indicate that biosensor cells can be used to evaluate the bioavailability of environmental pollutants directly in the environment.
	www.ag.iastate.edu /departments/micro/grad/gdbiosensor.html (141 words)

	USC College : News : January 2006 : Rosen Biosensor
		The USC work is part of a larger interdisciplinary project headed by psychiatrist Robert Swift of Brown University Medical School and supported by a grant from the National Institute of Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism.
		The biosensor project fits in well with Rosen’s previous interdisciplinary work on the control of complex systems.
		In the lab, Swift can calibrate the biosensor to an individual by giving the person a known amount of alcohol while they are wearing the device, and then using a Breathalyzer to determine the concentration of alcohol in the blood.
	www.usc.edu /schools/college/news/january_2006/rosen_biosensor.html (1154 words)

	SAIC: SAIC Magazine: Biosensor Development
		To help provide answers in a scenario such as this, SAIC is helping DARPA SPO (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency - Special Projects Office) develop a biosensor that combines advanced genomic and signal processing techniques to identify all known, newly emergent, and bioengineered pathogens (including all viruses, bacteria, fungi and protozoa).
		Known as TIGER (triangulation identification for genetic evaluation of risks), the biosensor uses mass spectrometry to determine the mass of core genetic material selectively extracted from a pathogen.
		It is important to avoid a false alarm to prevent putting the population on antibiotics unnecessarily.
	www.saic.com /news/saicmag/2003/biosensor.html (316 words)

	Biosensor
		The Biosensor Homepage includes information that is new or relevant to environmental biosensor development, use, and communication.
		This xenon biosensor exploits the sensitivity of the chemical shift of xenon...
		The device, an optical biosensor, uses light to detect the presence of a...
	www.mongabay.com /reference/environment/Biosensor.html (435 words)

	Sycopel Dual Microdialysis Biosensor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Sycopel Dual Microdialysis Biosensor combines the techniques of in vivo microdialysis and voltammetry in one integrated device enabling "real time" measurement of analytes with greater ease and simplicity.
		Biosensor can be used independently of the drug targeting probe - many uses in pharmacology for measurements of analyte/drug addition, measurement of analyte to determine the effect of drug addition.
		NOTE: Dual Biosensors are suitable for both in vivo and in vitro use.
	www.biotechproducts.com /syco-mdb2.html (259 words)

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