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	Biosolids Home Page
		Biosolids are used to enrich nutrient-depleted and/or barren soil with essential nutrients that, because they are organically bound, are released gradually to plants.
		Composting is the second largest use of biosolids with approximately 16 percent of the biosolids being composted for agricultural, horticultural, and land reclamation uses.
		Biosolids composting requires accessibility to an existing permitted facility with the capacity to accept additional material or a significant capital investment and operational outlay to fund the permitting, construction, and operation of a new facility.
	www.ciwmb.ca.gov /Organics/Biosolids (1223 words)

	Biosolids - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biosolids are the nutrient rich solid material that is produced during the treatment of domestic wastewater at a treatment facility.
		Biosolids may be dewatered in a second step of the treatment process, which turns it into a "cake" with the texture of a wet sponge.
		Biosolids that meet the Class B treatment and pollutant criteria, in accordance with USA "Standards for the use or disposal of sewage sludge," Title 40 Code of Federal Regulations Part 503 (40 CFR 503) can be land applied with formal site permit restrictions and strict record keeping.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biosolids (726 words)

	Biosolids Recycling
		Because biosolids may contain trace elements, they are classified by their trace-element content due to their potential impact on public health and the environment.
		Biosolids are treated to eliminate pathogens (disease-causing organisms) that may reside in wastewater.
		Stabilization of biosolids during waste treatment produces organic N forms that are not available to plants until they are decomposed by soil microorganisms.
	www.ext.colostate.edu /pubs/crops/00547.html (1646 words)

	Metro Biosolids Center \| Metropolitan Wastewater
		The facility produces dewatered biosolids that are approximately 30 percent solids and 70 percent water, the consistency of wet plaster.
		The mixed biosolids are piped to eight dewatering centrifuges that use centrifugal force to remove water from the biosolids.
		Biosolids may be used to promote growth of agricultural crops, to fertilize gardens and parks and to reclaim and replenish worn and nutrient-depleted land.
	www.sandiego.gov /mwwd/facilities/metrobiosolids.shtml (682 words)

	biosolids.com \| About Biosolids: Frequently Asked Questions
		Biosolids are treated to remove all, or nearly all, of the pathogens that can be found in sludge.
		Biosolids are routinely tested for metal concentrations to ensure compliance with state and federal regulations.
		Regulations limit the use of biosolids on agricultural land to strict agronomic loading rates, the rate that is necessary for crop growth but which minimizes passage beyond the root zone.
	www.biosolids.com /faq.html (2213 words)

	Biosolids
		Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from the treatment of domestic sewage at a wastewater treatment facility.
		We have biosolids as a result of treating sewage sludge (which is the solids generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment plant) in orderÂ to meet the land application regulatory requirements.Â Wastewater treatment technology has made our water safer than ever for recreation and seafood harvesting.
		Biosolids are generated when solids generated during the treatment of domestic sewage are treated further to meet regulatory requirements.Â Â The wastewater treatment can actually begin before the wastewater reaches the treatment plant.
	www.wef.org /ScienceTechnologyResources/Biosolids (737 words)

	EPA - Biosolids - Frequently Asked Questions
		Biosolids are carefully treated and monitored and must be used in accordance with regulatory requirements.
		Biosolids recycling is the process of beneficially using treated the treated residuals from wastewater treatment to promote the growth of agricultural crops, fertilize gardens and parks and reclaim mining sites.
		The Part 503 rule governing the use and disposal of biosolids contain numerical limits, for metals in biosolids, pathogen reduction standards, site restriction, crop harvesting restrictions and monitoring, record keeping and reporting requirements for land applied biosolids as well as similar requirements for biosolids that are surface disposed or incinerated.
	www.epa.gov /OWM/mtb/biosolids/genqa.htm (1514 words)

	BIOSOLIDS - MOST FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biosolids are nutrient rich organic materials derived from wastewater solids (sewage sludge and residential septage) that have been stabilized, meet specific processing and quality criteria and are suitable for land application.
		Biosolids are produced primarily from the treatment of wastewater at municipal treatment plants and from individual home septic tanks.
		Biosolids are an excellent resource to be used as an organic supplemental fertilizer, allowing farmers to save money by reducing the need for expensive commercial fertilizers.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/biosolids/Factsheets/Biosolids_Q_A.html (1989 words)

	Biosolids (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biosolids are intended to be applied to the fields at approved rates that are calculated annually.
		The biosolids are pumped from the treatment facility to "risers" located in the fields.
		During parts of the year, biosolids are dewatered in centrifuges to a concentration of 25% solids and transported off site for land application by a private contractor on permitted sites.
	www.cwwga.org /Biosolids/index.htm (972 words)

	Mitchell Center Outreach - The Use of Biosolids in Maine: A Review
		Biosolids are not to be stockpiled within 250 feet of large water bodies such a great ponds, rivers, and perennial streams (Chapter 419, Section (10)(D)).
		Biosolids are produced from the solids collected at wastewater treatment plants and their composition depends upon what gets sent to the treatment plant.
		Biosolids are required to be analyzed for the presence of 19 metals that have maximum acceptable concentrations in soils: aluminum, arsenic, barium, beryllium, cadmium, calcium, chromium, cobalt, copper, iron, lead, mercury, molybdenum, nickel, selenium, silver, sodium, vanadium, and zinc.
	www.umaine.edu /WaterResearch/outreach/biosolids_section_I.htm (6549 words)

	WSU Master Gardener: Stewardship Gardening - Biosolids
		Much of the biosolids is recycled on land in agriculture, forestry, as a soil improver and in composting projects.
		Biosolids are a valuable source of fertilizer nutrients and are used in a wide variety of crops, including wheat, barley, hops, rangeland or are composted and used in yards and gardens.
		Biosolids are soil conditioners and in a short time after being added to the soil, will resemble a rich, organic topsoil.
	gardening.wsu.edu /stewardship/biosolid/biosolid.htm (482 words)

	WA ECY Biosolids - FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biosolids are produced by treating sewage sludge to meet standards that allow it to be applied to the land for beneficial use.
		Biosolids are a product of the wastewater treatment process and have gone through treatment themselves in order to be suitable for land application.
		Biosolids do have different quality ratings, and there are specific criteria for use that depend on how the biosolids will be utilized.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/swfa/biosolids/faq.html (1347 words)

	Biosolids Forestry
		Biosolids are delivered to the forest by special haul trucks, and unloaded into an open-topped metal box, located adjacent to application sites.
		Rates vary from 3 dry tons/acre of biosolids for timber to 7dt/ac for young plantations, which corresponds to 150 to 350 pounds of plant-available nitrogen per acre.
		Biosolids recycling is regulated under a statewide general permit for biosolids management - part of the Washington Department of Ecology biosolids program that was implemented in 1998.
	dnr.metrokc.gov /wtd/biosolids/Forest.htm (769 words)

	Biosolids Program - University of Nebraska Cooperative Extension in Lancaster County
		In the case of wet soil conditions that prevent delivery in the field, biosolids are trucked to the North Bluff landfill for storage on a concrete storage slab.
		However, when biosolids meets EPA regulations regarding pathogen and metal standards and when responsible application practices are followed, the benefits of this material far outweigh the likelihood of health problems or environmental contamination.
		Lincoln's biosolids recycling program is a joint collaboration between the City of Lincoln, Public Works and Utilities Department and UNL Cooperative Extension in Lancaster County with assistance from the University of Nebraska Agronomy Department, Lincoln/Lancaster County Health Department and the Natural Resources Conservation Service.
	lancaster.unl.edu /enviro/biosolids/overvew.htm (1227 words)

	Hampton Roads Sanitation District (HRSD)
		Biosolids are rich in nutrients, containing nitrogen and phosphorus along with other supplementary nutrients such as potassium, sulfur, magnesium, calcium, copper, zinc and iron.
		Biosolids, which are generally used to grow corn, wheat and soybeans; are beneficial to the environment.
		Biosolids have been thoroughly researched by top scientists at institutions all over the world and have been found to be safe to human health and the environment when processed and applied properly.
	www.hrsd.state.va.us /biosolidsprogram.htm (1366 words)

	Biosolids and E. coli
		Biosolids may contain bacteria or other microorganisms, depending on how the biosolids are processed.
		Any biosolids containing these bacteria at this concentration would not be sufficient to transmit infection before they die during recycling application or further treatment.
		Any biosolids that are sold or given directly to the public undergoes higher levels of treatment to make the product essentially free of any organisms that could cause disease.
	www.metrokc.gov /health/prevcont/biosolid.htm (638 words)

	The Beauty of Biosolids
		But because biosolids contain concentrations of most heavy metals as well as some pathogens and toxic organics that are flushed and dumped down residential and industrial drains, the question arises of whether biosolids are safe to be spread on farms and forests.
		Biosolids are made through a series of biological transformations in which most of the complex organic molecules in sewage are decomposed and most of the pathogens killed.
		In fact, biosolids can be closer in appearance and scent to good compost than to the smelly animal manure that farmers have always used to rejuvenate their soil.
	www.ehponline.org /qa/105-1focus/focusbeauty.html (3438 words)

	Biosolids
		There has been significant research on the beneficial use of biosolids, and history has demonstrated, in the United States and other regions of the world, that high quality biosolids can be beneficial soil additives and plant nutrients when properly applied.
		Concerns about biosolids relate primarily to the quality of the material and its impact on human health, soil productivity, groundwater, surface water, and adjacent land uses.
		To ensure that sludges that are used as biosolids are treated and managed in a manner that protects both human health and the environment, Congress directed EPA to develop a comprehensive national Sewage Sludge Program aimed at reducing risks and maximizing the beneficial uses of sludge.
	www.state.sd.us /denr/DES/Surfacewater/biosolids.htm (393 words)

	Encina Wastewater Authority \| Serving Carlsbad, Vista, Buena Sanitation District, Vallecitos Water District, Leucadia ...
		The EWA's Biosolids EMS has been implemented and consists of biosolids management related documents, a tracking and control system, and a set of standard procedures and steps that are being used to improve the effectiveness of plant operations, to meet regulatory requirements, and to address any environmental issues associated with biosolids production and handling.
		The EWA's Biosolids EMS also includes an internal auditing and is designed to ensure that the Goals and Objectives of the EWA's Biosolids Policy are met.
		Biosolids producers, service contractors, and users - together with stakeholders from regulatory agencies, universities, the farming community, and environmental organizations - will have input into shaping NBP priorities through scientific and technical support and communications linkages relating to biosolids issues.
	www.encinajpa.com /?page_id=14 (1163 words)

	EPA: OWM: Biosolids
		Biosolids are the nutrient-rich organic materials resulting from the treatment of sewage sludge (the name for the solid, semisolid or liquid untreated residue generated during the treatment of domestic sewage in a treatment facility).
		Only biosolids that meet the most stringent standards spelled out in the Federal and state rules can be approved for use as a fertilizer.
		Although cities decide how best to manage their biosolids, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is obligated and continues to provide the public with educational information, based on the best science, about the safe recycling and disposal of biosolids.
	www.epa.gov /owm/mtb/biosolids/index.htm (758 words)

	The Biosolids Lifecycle
		The land application of biosolids provides a safe means to recapture a valuable resource.
		By beneficially utilizing the by-product of the wastewater treatment process, Virginia is able to participate in a recycling program that diverts thousands of tons of waste from landfills and incinerators each year.
		Through the biosolids recycling program, we support the local agricultural community, which in turn benefits everyone in the Commonwealth.
	www.biosolids.state.va.us /biosolids.htm (98 words)

	Biosolids Uses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biosolids are spread on land to return nutrients to the soil.
		Biosolids are spread less than a quarter inch thick and sometimes are plowed into the soil.
		Biosolids are mixed with a highly alkaline material, such as lime or Portland cement.
	home.nyc.gov /html/dep/html/biouses.html (255 words)

	North East Biosolids Residuals Association - New England Research
		In 1993, the USEPA finalized a national regulation for biosolids use--the so-called "503 rule." This regulation was based on an exhaustive review of decades of experience with biosolids use and hundreds of scientific studies by university and government researchers from around the nation.
		Biosolids are extremely safe when used in agriculture as a nutrient source and soil conditioner.
		Runoff from pastures receiving a surface application of biosolids exhibited the least overall potential for pollution when compared with pasture land that received applications of dairy and poultry manure or to commercial fertilizer.
	www.nebiosolids.org /neresearch.html (1525 words)

	Encina Wastewater Authority's Biosolids EMS
		The Biosolids Environmental Management System (EMS) is a program developed by the NBP to improve the quality of biosolids management programs nationwide and to promote public acceptance of biosolids use and disposal practices.
		When the National Biosolids Partnership was formed in 1997, its mission was to advance environmentally sound and accepted biosolids management practices - to implement programs that build public confidence and go beyond regulatory requirements.
		Biosolids producers, service contractors and users - together with stakeholders from regulatory agencies, universities, public health departments, media, water quality professionals, the farming community, and environmental organizations - have input into shaping the NBP priorities both through committees and meetings.
	www.encinajpa.com /EMS-Live/BiosolidsEMS/emshome.html (368 words)

	WA ECY Biosolids Home Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Biosolids are a necessary and unavoidable product of wastewater treatment and contain nutrients essential for plant growth.
		Biosolids also contain small amounts of pollutants and some microorganisms which must be properly treated or managed to protect public health and the environment.
		The department of Ecology is the primary state agency for regulation of biosolids related activities.
	www.ecy.wa.gov /programs/swfa/biosolids/index.html (257 words)

	The State Of Biosolids In America
		Between survey responses and telephone conversations, state biosolids coordinators around the country paint an overall picture of progress with the beneficial use of biosolids, along with a dose of reality about political, economic and regulatory pressures that may hamper future advances.
		As one of the closing questions, biosolids coordinators were asked to list the top three pressures on biosolids recycling programs in their state.
		One of the advantages that biosolids managers have in 2000 versus five to ten years ago is a much better organized communication network to share information, innovations and progressive policies.
	www.jgpress.com /BCArticles/2000/120050.html (1200 words)

	North East Biosolids Residuals Association - For Homeowners, Farmers, and Growers
		Class B biosolids must be applied at the agronomic rate, except in special land reclamation circumstances.
		Such biosolids are often applied as a liming agent, according to recommendations for lime or calcium carbonate equivalence.
		Application of lime rich biosolids according to standard agronomic rates based on nitrogen (N) could result in an excess of calcium and high pH levels in the soil, resulting in a reduction in availability of plant nutrients.
	www.nebiosolids.org /farmers.html (900 words)

	NBMA - Biosolids Facts
		A beneficial resource, biosolids contain essential plant nutrient and organic matter and are recycled as a fertilizer and soil amendment.
		Biosolids composted with sawdust, wood chips, yard clippings, or crop residues make excellent mulches and topsoils for horticultural and landscaping purposes.
		Biosolids recycled in agriculture provide essential plant nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and zinc for healthy crops.
	www.nwbiosolids.org /Facts.htm (426 words)

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