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	Shellfish Biotoxin Program - WA State Dept. of Health
		The term "red tide" is a misnomer...paralytic shellfish poison and domoic acid poison are rarely associated with a red tinge to the water.
		Biotoxins are caused by microscopic toxin-producing algae that naturally occur in marine waters, normally in amounts too small to be harmful.
		Shellfish in both recreational and commercial harvest areas are regularly tested for biotoxins.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/sf/BiotoxinProgram.htm (499 words)

	: Technical Dialogue (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Only a few biotoxins produced in nature can be mass produced and dispersed in the form of an aerosol which can be inhaled or sprayed onto surfaces and absorbed through the skin.
		Symptoms are delayed in the case of a biotoxin attack or a biological warfare attack.
		Biotoxins are solids, usually a powder, which when weaponized is dissolved or slurried in a liquid (usually a water or weak alcohol solution) and then an aerosol created.
	www.imakenews.com /aristatek/e_article000142072.cfm (2647 words)

	Toxic Blooms: Understanding Red Tides
		Biotoxins tend to accumulate in the viscera, or guts, of shellfish and fish, making these parts especially dangerous.
		Since death can occur within 24 hours in the case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP), which is caused by a variety of saxitoxins, it is important to seek medical attention as soon as the victim starts to show signs of sickness, such as a tingling or numbness around the mouth or face and neck.
		Opiates and barbiturates should be avoided since they may cause hypotension, and opiates may interact with maitotoxin, one of the biotoxins responsible for ciguatera poisoning.
	www.fathom.com /course/10701012/session3.html (802 words)

	VCS Test Center by ChronicNeurotoxins, Inc. Lyme Disease Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many people are chronically ill due to the presence of biotoxins in their system that they are unable to naturally eliminate.
		The preliminary test (free) questionnaires assess the multiple system symptoms commonly associated with biotoxin-induced illness, and your potential for exposure to sources of biotoxins, both of which are frequently overlooked by physicians, many of whom are not yet aware of the pervasiveness of chronic biotoxin-induced illness.
		VCS data from a large number of biotoxin cases were analyzed to develop the algorithm used to evaluate your VCS data to provide good specificity and sensitivity.
	www.chronicneurotoxins.com /info/diag_process.cfm (829 words)

	Biotoxin Myths - PSP in Shellfish (Paralytic Shellfish Poison)- WA State Dept. of Health
		If you view the Biotoxin Bulletin or call the Biotoxin Hotline a few days before you plan on harvesting shellfish, you'll be ok.
		Biotoxin levels can change rapidly, and there can be several closures in the course of one day.
		Biotoxins can be present in otherwise pristine waters, and even heavily polluted waters can be biotoxin-free.
	www.doh.wa.gov /ehp/sf/pubs/biotoxinmyths.htm (590 words)

	Shellfish Biotoxins (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab1.cs.virginia.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		As the basis of the marine biotoxin monitoring program in the Pacific Region, large mussels are hung in plastic mesh sacks in shellfish growing areas (in addition to a lesser number of commercial samples of all species).
		The levels of biotoxin in mussels are frequently up to 10 times higher than oysters and manila or littleneck clams growing in the same area.
		In scallops, biotoxins can be accumulated to high levels and be retained for a considerable period of time.
	www.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca.cob-web.org:8888 /ops/fm/shellfish/Biotoxins/biotoxins_e.htm (964 words)

	Biotoxin
		All venoms are biotoxins, but not all biotoxins are venoms.
		Biotoxins vary greatly in form and function, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail contains dozens of small proteins, each targeting a specific nerve channel or receptor), or relatively simple non-protein, such as botulism toxin.
		The most intrusive aspect of biotoxins are the consequences of marine algal blooms, many of which produce neurotoxins in high enough concentrations to render the water and any fish and shellfish in it highly toxic.
	www.mrsci.com /Toxicology/Biotoxin.php (568 words)

	biotoxin
		Darcie Couture, who heads the biotoxin monitoring program for the state, said it looks as though this red tide outbreak could be "the big hit" for Down East...
		The director of the department's biotoxin monitoring program said late last week that it appeared that the worst was over.
		While the single-celled algae are harmless to shellfish, its biotoxin can accumulate to levels that can sicken or kill people who consume affected shellfish in...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/biotoxin.html (370 words)

	Biotoxin scare at US post office - theage.com.au
		Wednesday 23 April 2003, 6:05 AM Four postal workers were hospitalised in the US Pacific Northwest city of Tacoma after a white powder believed to be a biotoxin was found in a suburban mail distribution centre, officials said.
		Postal workers said they discovered the suspicious powder on the table at 12.45am (1745 AEST on Tuesday) and called the Tacoma Fire Department and an army biotech team from the nearby Fort Lewis army base.
		A source in Washington said, "The initial field test of a white powdery substance indicated the possible presence of a biotoxin.
	www.theage.com.au /articles/2003/04/23/1050777274516.html (397 words)

	U. S. Bureau of Industry and Security - Sigma Chemical Penalized $480,000 for Biotoxin Exports
		Over 30 countries joined together to create the list of dual-use biological agents, and to require licenses for their export, of which biotoxins are among the most dangerous.
		Biotoxins can be used in the manufacture of biological weapons, as well as in the research, pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries.
		It was prompted by a study by the General Accounting Office (GAO) of U.S. and international efforts to ban biological weapons, requested by then Senator Al Gore.
	www.bis.doc.gov /News/Archive96/sigma.htm (346 words)

	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) NOAANEWS - Stories (S043)
		In animals, the harmful biotoxin called domoic acid affects the nervous system, causing seizures and vomiting which can also lead to death.
		High levels of domoic acid were found in anchovies and sardines, a common food source of sea lions, which further indicated that these deaths may be linked to a harmful algal bloom.
		Biotoxin analysis on the sea lions tissues and urine resulted in only four confirmed positive tests for domoic acid.
	www.noaanews.noaa.gov /stories/s43.htm (583 words)

	Biotoxin
		Jon teams with a biologist from an EPA contractor, a police captain and an Army Corps of Engineers buddy to try to stop the disease-carrying fish from reaching the St. Lawrence Seaway and from their into the worlds oceans.
		A combination Clive Cussler-Stephen King novel, BIOTOXIN is a fast, energetic read and is a fascinating mix of mystery, terror, sex, and two people’s dedication to an ideal and the fate of the world population.
		The circumstances on which the concept of a biotoxin is based is not outside the realm of possibility.
	www.authorhouse.com /BookStore/ItemDetail~bookid~17551.aspx (1090 words)

	mold, Lyme, babasia, sickness biotoxins neurotoxins fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue
		Shoemaker is one of the leading physician experts in a new class of agents, biotoxins, that are much more common than I was ever taught--in fact I never even heard the word in my medical training.
		When biotoxins are suspected, users can purchase a package that includes the treatment protocol and three additional vision tests that can be used to monitor recovery during treatment.
		Upon completing the VCS test, viewers receive a message indicating that biotoxins are (positive) or are not (negative) likely to be involved in their illness.
	www.personalconsult.com /articles/biotoxinbasics.html (1204 words)

	FSAI - Irish Shellfish Monitoring Programme
		The primary aim of the Shellfish Biotoxin Monitoring Programme is the protection of human health with the view to maintaining an excellent reputation for the shellfish industry.
		The principal function of the FSAI is to take all reasonable steps to ensure that food produced, distributed or marketed in the State meets the highest standards of food safety and hygiene reasonably attainable and to ensure that food complies with legal requirements, or where appropriate with recognised codes of good practice.
		Ireland has developed the national marine biotoxin monitoring programme in accordance with European Council Directive 91/492/EEC, to monitor shellfish harvesting areas for the presence of toxins produced by some species of marine phytoplankton.
	www.fsai.ie /sfma/about.asp (576 words)

	Novel biotoxin being studied for use in opioid withdrawal
		Vancouver-On November 10, 2004 investigators involved in a Phase IIa clinical trial of the novel biotoxin Tetrodotoxin (TTX) for the treatment of opioid withdrawal enrolled their first participants.
		This double-blind, randomized, cross-over, placebo-controlled trial will evaluate the efficacy and safety of Tetrodin for treatment withdrawal symptoms in 20 opiate-dependent subjects who are receiving methadone in a treatment program.
		It is the first study involving a biotoxin for opioid withdrawal to be done in North America.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-11/iwti-nbb111704.php (530 words)

	Improving Federal Response to Catastrophic Bioterrorist Attacks: The Next Steps (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Biotoxin weapons programs, however, are not limited to state threats.
		In addition to assets directly related to biotoxin threats, the responsibility for coordinating the federal response to any terrorist attack or major disaster (including biotoxin strikes) falls to the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) under the oversight of the DHS Under Secretary for Emergency Preparedness and Response.
		A communicable biotoxin attack, however, could resemble elements of all these problems, requiring perhaps a more sophisticated and integrated response than any other form of terrorist weapon.
	www.heritage.org /Research/HomelandDefense/BG1705.cfm (5878 words)

	VCS Test Center by ChronicNeurotoxins, Inc. Lyme Disease Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		Many people are chronically ill due to the presence of biotoxins in their system which they are unable to naturally eliminate.
		The diagnosis of chronic, biotoxin-induced illness is based on biotoxin exposure potential, multiple system symptoms, the VCS deficit discovered by Dr. Hudnell, and no other reasonable explanation for the illness (requires a visit to a doctor).
		These tiny molecules shuttle from nerve to muscle to brain to sinus to G.I. tract and other organs in a continual circuit, while triggering the symptoms we define as "biotoxin-related illness." As recent research clearly demonstrates, the compounds are manufactured by a growing number of microorganisms that have begun thriving in our ecosystem.
	www.chronicneurotoxins.com /info/research.cfm (1513 words)

	Aquaculture Canada 2003 Abstracts - Application of New Technology for Biotoxin and Toxic Algae Assessment
		Contamination of shellfish with lipophilic polyether biotoxins, (yessotoxins, pectentoxins and the okadaic acid based diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins), are an important quality assurance issue for shellfish aquaculture.
		NOAA funded this partnership to investigate where and when blooms of toxic Pseudo-nitzschia occur, assess environmental conditions conducive to blooms and toxification of intertidal shellfish populations, and explore methods that can be used to reduce HAB impacts on humans and the environment in Washington State, USA.
		The use of neuroblastoma assays for the marine biotoxins that cause neurotoxic and paralytic shellfish poisoning has been investigated to see whether these could play a useful role within a monitoring programme.
	www.aquacultureassociation.ca /ac03/abstracts/biotoxins.htm (1689 words)

	PSP shellfish closures - Huntington/Northport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		These temporary emergency closures are in response to the detection of marine biotoxin in shellfish in Northport Harbor by the Bureau of Marine Resources.
		The biotoxin is produced by a specific species of natural occurring marine algae.
		In 2005, much of the coastline in the states of Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, and over 15,000 square miles of off-shore federal waters, were closed due to elevated biotoxin levels in shellfish in those areas.
	www.dec.state.ny.us /website/dfwmr/marine/shellfish/sfspec/psp052706a.html (338 words)

	Finding a Holistic Protocol For CFIDS and Lyme Disease
		I believe that biotoxins may be the chemical trigger for a subliminal chronic panic/anxiety state that can become a major cause of the major symptoms of CFS.
		The strain of long-term biotoxin load combined with a long-term panic/anxiety response could certainly be responsible for a majority of the problems and dysfunctions found in CFS research.
		Then, with better biotoxin detox, it might finally be safe to treat the biotoxin sources (including removing environmental exposure and treating any toxic infections), and clean up any remaining biotoxins.
	kurtsprotocol.blogspot.com (6771 words)

	The Institute of Environmental and Human Health - Research Areas - Human Health Sciences
		The long-term goal of this research team is to investigate mechanisms of combinative toxic effects of biotoxin mixture(s) on animal and humans and develop prevention strategies against potential use of these mixture(s) as biological warfare threats (BWT) or terrorist attacks.
		Phase two focused on studying molecular mechanisms of combinative acute toxic effects of biotoxin mixtures in animal and human cell models with emphasis on cell signaling pathways.
		The long-term goal of this research team is to study roles of interactions of gene-gene, gene-environment, genotypic and phenotypic biomarkers, and chemical and viral/baterial carcinogens in human carcinogenesis and to develop prevention strategies to reduce human cancer incidence and mortality in high-risk areas.
	www.tiehh.ttu.edu /reshh.htm (460 words)

	2003/08/15 Samples from Georges Bank Dead Whales Reveal Little
		We hope this event has passed, but to make progress in figuring out what happened, a full examination of a fresher carcass is almost certainly required, said Katie Touhey, onsite coordinator for the investigation into the whale deaths.
		We're working to get a plane with observers flying the area in search of carcasses, we will examine the whale samples we have for other biotoxins known to affect marine life, and we are expanding our request to include samples those that can be tested for viruses, she said.
		This toxin causes amnesic shellfish poisoning in humans, is sometimes present in the Gulf of Maine, and has been known to affect marine mammals in other parts of the world-particularly on the California coast.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /press_release/2003/news03.11.html (693 words)

	Algae biotoxin studied in July whale deaths
		Researchers looking into the deaths of 21 large whales, mostly humpbacks, have found traces of a naturally occurring, but deadly, biotoxin produced by algae in tissue samples taken from five of the whales.
		The biotoxin found in the animals is domoic acid and is produced by an algae species called Pseudo-nitzschia.
		This algae is present in the ocean as one type of phytoplankton that blooms when water temperatures and sunlight are just right.
	www.eurocbc.org /domoic_acid_identified_in_ecoast_july_whale_deaths_23oct2003page1335.html (748 words)

	2005 Senate Bill 5169 (Regarding biotoxin testing and monitoring funds) - Washington Votes
		Introduced by Sen. Jim Hargrove on January 17, 2005, to authorize unspent biotoxin testing and monitoring funds to carry over to future biennia.
		The DOH and the UW are also required to provide an annual letter to the legislature on the status of expenditures.
		Passed in the Senate (46 to 0) on March 11, 2005, to authorize unspent biotoxin testing and monitoring funds to carry over.
	www.washingtonvotes.org /2005-SB-5169 (321 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-05)
		The Marine Biotoxins Progam, located in laboratories at CCEHBR and Hollings Marine Laboratory, targets its research and services at issues related to these algal toxins and the organisms responsible for their production.
		The Marine Biotoxins Program is a leader in research on marine algal toxins and the organisms that produce them.
		Research priorities are guided by the objectives of the U.S. National Plan on Marine Biotoxins and Harmful Algae.
	www.chbr.noaa.gov.cob-web.org:8888 /default.aspx?category=mb&pageName=biotoxin (268 words)

	Toxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Toxins vary greatly in their severity, ranging from usually minor and acute (as in a bee sting) to almost immediately deadly (as in botulinum toxin).
		Biotoxins vary greatly in purpose and mechanism, and can be highly complex (the venom of the cone snail contains dozens of small proteins, each targeting a specific nerve channel or receptor), or relatively small protein.
		Hemotoxins target and destroy red blood cells, and are transmitted through the bloodstream.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biotoxin (375 words)

	2003/10/22 Researchers Find More Evidence of Biotoxin in Georges Bank Humpback Deaths
		In addition, plankton, herring and other fish were sampled during the event and are still being analyzed for any evidence of naturally-occurring biotoxins or other agents that might further explain the deaths.
		If domoic acid proves to be the culprit, it would be the first known incidence of marine mammal deaths on the East Coast associated with this biotoxin, although how the animals may have been exposed to the toxin is undetermined.
		Domoic acid acts on the neural system and, in humans, can cause a range of symptoms including short-term memory loss, which can be permanent.
	www.nefsc.noaa.gov /press_release/2003/news03.15.html (455 words)

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