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Topic: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act

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	The Campaign Legal Center: Key Reference Documents
		The record and pleadings on which the Supreme Court relied in upholding the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 were due to the preparation and efforts of many in the reform community—from those who published research on campaign finance and authored the legislation to those who presented the legal defense of the law.
		The FEC issues regulations to implement the federal campaign finance laws which it is charged with enforcing (i.e., the Federal Election Campaign Act, as amended, and the presidential public financing statutes).
		Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 - Statute and Rulemakings
	www.campaignlegalcenter.org /reference.html (2746 words)

	Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) is U.S. Congressional legislation which regulates the financing of political campaigns.
		What were regarded as disturbing campaign practices during the federal elections of 1996, including (to some degree) the presidential race.
		Campaign finance reform was a significant issue in the 2000 presidential campaign, and Republican candidate George W. Bush said that he would support the bill if it was amended to regulate traditionally pro-Democrat soft money sources (labor and government unions) as well as traditionally pro-Republican sources (businesses).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act (955 words)

	Federal Election Commission
		The BCRA, and FEC rules, contain provisions related to television and radio ads that refer to a clearly identified federal candidate and are distributed (targeted) to the relevant electorate within a particular time period before an election.
		The BCRA increases limits on contributions made by individuals and some political committees; indexes certain contribution limits for inflation; prohibits contributions by minors to federal candidates and parties; and prohibits contributions, donations, expenditures, independent expenditures and disbursements by foreign nationals.
		Campaign funds may be used for certain non-campaign purposes -- official officeholder expenses, contributions and donations to other campaigns and charitable organizations, and transfers to national, state, or local party committees.
	www.fec.gov /press/bkgnd/bcra_overview.shtml (2111 words)

	LII Backgrounder: Campaign Finance
		Although campaign finances have been regulated in some fashion since the late 1800s, new policies set forth in the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) of 2002 are the strongest measures yet taken by the federal government in their fight to combat undue financial influence on an election.
		The major concern for legislators in amending campaign finance law was to limit the use of "soft money", or "non-federal money", but the BCRA also offers stricter definitions of various election activities, requires increased disclosure of financial sources, and prescribes new laws for exceptional situations that have caused judicial confusion in past elections.
		Lastly, the BCRA requires broadcast licensees to collect and disclose records of any requests to purchase broadcast time "by or on behalf of a… candidate for public office" or that is related to "any political matter of national importance." The District Court ruled this provision unconstitutional.
	www.law.cornell.edu /background/campaign_finance/index.html (1443 words)

	CQ Press : Current Events In Context : Consitution Day - "Is the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act ...
		The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) will have a dramatic impact on a campaign finance system awash in unregulated “soft money,” but the new law is hardly revolutionary.
		BCRA seeks to restore constitutionally tested restrictions on campaign contributions by corporations, labor unions and wealthy individuals.
		BCRA does two things: It limits the solicitation and use of soft money for federal election activity, and it calls the bluff on a narrow class of “sham issue ads” — broadcast advertisements that affect federal candidates, but which, by purporting to be about issues, brazenly skirt existing laws.
	www.cqpress.com /incontext/constitution/docs/procon_bipartisan.html (740 words)

	Campaign Finance: Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001
		By including entities established, maintained, controlled, or acting on behalf of federal and state officeholders and candidates, they also prohibit so-called "leadership PACs" or "candidate PACs" from raising or spending soft money and are designed to prevent the evasion of the law by federal or state candidates or officeholders using 501(c)(4) or 527 organizations.
		Requires national political party committees, including congressional campaign committees to report all receipts and disbursements and state party committees to report all receipts and disbursements for Federal election activities and receipts and disbursements for activities permitted by the Levin amendment (i.e., spending of capped soft money donations on certain forms of voter registration and get-out-the-vote).
		Prohibits a person from fraudulently misrepresenting that he or she is speaking, writing, or otherwise acting on behalf of a candidate or political party for the purpose of soliciting campaign contributions.
	www.campaignfinancesite.org /legislation/reformact.html (3383 words)

	Online NewsHour \| Vote 2004 \| Politics 101 \| Campaign Finance Reform
		The system of funding political campaigns -- both to help elect a candidate or work toward the defeat of another -- is complex and often perceived by the public to be riddled with irregularities and loopholes.
		Signed into law by President Bush in 2002 after years of debate, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act is a sweeping piece of legislation that introduces new limits and adjustments to the complex rules of campaign financing.
		A critical part of the campaign finance network involves the businesses, unions, ideological movements and other groups that take an interest in political candidates who may be a help or hindrance to their particular cause or constituency.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/vote2004/politics101/politics101_cfreform.html (1810 words)

	NOW with David Brancaccio. Politics & Economy. Campaign Finance. In the Supreme Court \| PBS
		The court upheld, 5-4, the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 on the key issues of banning "soft-money" contributions and limiting "issue ads." The justices struck down two provisions of the law — a ban on political contributions from those under voting age and limitations on party spending unrelated to a particular party candidate.
		Although the BCRA is now law it is being challenged in court — in fact the Supreme Court came back into session early to hear the case, McConnell v.
		The suit argues that the BCRA is unconstitutional on several grounds, including restraint of free speech, and restraint of the 1st Amendment rights of free association and belief.
	www.pbs.org /now/politics/campaigncourt.html (704 words)

	Public Citizen \| Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) - The Bipartisan Campaign Refom Act of 2002
		The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) was signed by the President and enacted on March 27, 2002.
		BCRA capped a seven-year effort by its congressional sponsors to change federal campaign law and marked the most significant amendment to the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA) in more than a quarter century.
		Introduction to Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA)
	www.citizen.org /congress/campaign/legislation/bcralaw/index.cfm (155 words)

	GOVERNMENT 101: Campaign Finance
		Campaign Finance Information in this guide is based on The FEC and Federal Campaign Finance Law, published in November 2002 by the Federal Election Commission.
		The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 is a bill that bans "soft money" contributions to national political parties; but permits up to $10,000 in soft money contributions to state and local parties.
		In 1974 the Federal Election Campaign Act was amended and specifically sanctioned the formation of "political committees" to enable the employees of corporations, members of labor unions, or members of professional groups, trade associations or any other political group to pool their dollars and give to the candidates of their choice.
	www.uvm.edu /~dguber/POLS125/articles/campaign_finance.htm (986 words)

	Campaigns & Elections
		The BCRA helps prevent unions and corporations from taking political action without the consent of their members and shareholders, it restricts unregulated, "soft" money contributions, it raises the limits on campaign contributions imposed on individuals, and it creates new disclosure requirements and compels speedier compliance with existing ones.
		The revisions were based on the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA), which added to FECA new restrictions and prohibitions on the receipt, solicitation, and use of some non-Federal funds (soft money).
		The Campaign Finance Institute is a non-profit organization whose activities include research and education, task force creation, and making recommendations for policy change in the field of campaign finance.
	www.polisource.com /campaigns-elections.shtml (3968 words)

	Campaign Finance Guide: Federal Campaign Finance Laws: A Brief History of Money and Politics
		As with many other reform efforts, the most recent was sparked by financial abuses and controversies over the undue influence of money in the political process.
		The 1996 presidential campaign was replete with questionable fundraising practices, including contributions to party committees from foreign nationals, the "selling" of access to the White House by offering coffee meetings and sleepovers in the
		Securing final passage of BCRA over the determined opposition of the House leadership and anti-reform Senators proved to be an unusual and challenging process.
	www.campaignfinanceguide.org /guide-35.html (523 words)

	SOS
		BCRA limits many political party activities that traditionally have been financed by "soft money." Soft money is money that, before BCRA, was raised by political parties without limitation as to source or amount under the Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA).
		To this end, BCRA creates the standard of "electioneering communication." Electioneering communication is defined as any television or radio broadcast that runs 60 days before the general election (or 30 days before the primary) and references a federal candidate by name or likeness.
		We recommend that you advise state and local candidates and committees that have BCRA questions to seek the advice of an experienced election attorney or contact the Federal Election Commission at (800) 424-9530 or www.fec.gov.
	www.michigan.gov /sos/0,1607,7-127-1633_8723_8757-85231--,00.html (977 words)

	The Campaign Legal Center: BCRA McCain-Feingold
		In September 2004, the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia invalidated fifteen of the nineteen challenged Reform Act implementing rules and ordered the FEC to rewrite the rules.
		The lawsuits challenging the constitutionality of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 - eleven suits brought by more than 80 plaintiffs - were consolidated as McConnell v.
		The U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision on December 10, 2004, upholding all key aspects of the Reform Act.
	www.campaignlegalcenter.org /BCRA.html (249 words)

	[No title]
		One of the major myths perpetuated by proponents of campaign finance reform include the belief that money corrupts the legislative and electoral processes (Smith 2001, 104); if this phenomenon were true, then the sensical thing would be to limit the amount of money individuals or groups could contribute to a campaign.
		Campaign spending for Congress increased by 347% between 1977 and 1992; and where, in 1976, House incumbents spent $1.50 for every dollar their challenger spent but currently spend approximately $4 for every dollar their opponent spends (114).
		The rise of PACs, their increased contributions, and rising campaign expenditures since the first federal finance reform act indicate that campaign finance reform not only is ineffective but also detrimental to the causes reform supposedly espouses.
	www.u.arizona.edu /~keslar/academia/social/bcra.doc (2229 words)

	THE BIPARTISAN CAMPAIGN REFORM ACT: UNINTENDED CONSEQUENCES AND THE MAINE SOLUTION
		Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA),[4] which, in seeking to decrease the role of money in federal elections, insufficiently addresses reform for organizations other than the national political parties.
		While BCRA mandates unprecedented restrictions on the size of contributions that national parties can receive,[5] it fails to place equally stringent restrictions on contributions to state and local parties.
		In short, the problem with BCRA is not only that it does not have enough restrictions on organizations other than traditional political parties-though that is the case-but that it approaches campaign finance reform from the wrong direction.
	www.law.harvard.edu /students/orgs/jol/vol41_2/saxl.php (7811 words)

	The new federal campaign finance act — in a nutshell - Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 - Cover Story ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Act raises the limit from $1,000 to $2,000 per election from individuals for both house and Senate candidates.
		THE FOLLOWING IS A detailed summary of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 ("Act"), also known as the Shays-Meehan or McCain-Feingold bill, which the President signed into law on March 27, 2002.
		The Act prohibits a national party committee (i.e., RNC, DNC, NRSC, DSCC, NRCC and DCCC) and entities controlled by those party committees from spending, soliciting, receiving, or directing to others soft money (i.e., funds that are not subject to the limitations, prohibitions and reporting requirements of the federal election law).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2519/is_6_23/ai_89973715 (793 words)

	College Libertarians of Towson - Alex Peak - The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002: A Threat to Freedom
		The Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, more commonly referred to as the McCain/Feingold Act, is a campaign finance reform bill purported to have the intended effect of limiting or eliminating “soft money.” However, its actual effect is to limit and curtail the freedoms permitted by the U.S. political system.
		This was followed by the Tillman Act in 1907, the “first Federal campaign disclosure legislation” in 1910, the Federal Corrupt Practices Act of 1925, the Hatch Act of 1939, Taft-Hartley Act of 1947, and finally the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971, also referred to as FECA.
		The new campaign finance law reinstates the status quo ante of barely a decade ago, before soft money began to be a major component of national party fundraising and before candidate-specific sham “issue ads” were used to undermine the disclosure and contribution limitation provisions of federal election law.
	wwwnew.towson.edu /clt/editorials/peak6.html (1626 words)

	OSI Statement on U.S. Campaign Finance Reform and Independent Organizations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Among the organizations OSI has funded are Public Campaign, Common Cause Education Fund, Democracy 21, the Campaign Finance Institute, and the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University; a large number of state and regional organizations; and research groups such as the National Institute on Money in State Politics.
		In the specific case of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act, OSI funded factual research to support the legal defense of the act against a constitutional challenge raised by Kentucky Sen. Mitch McConnell (R), the National Rifle Association, and others—a challenge that is currently pending before the Supreme Court.
		Under the provisions of the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act, large contributions can no longer be made to these party committees or to fund ads that mention candidates in the heat of the election.
	www.soros.org /newsroom/news/campaignfinance_20031125 (831 words)

	McCain-Feingold - SourceWatch
		The McCain-Feingold and Shays-Meehan campaign finance reform bills originated in 2001 with bills sponsored by John McCain (R-AZ) and Russell D. Feingold (D-WI) and Christopher Shays[1] (R-CT) and Marty Meehan[2] (D-MA) respectively.
		The combined resultant bill is known as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2001 (BCRA), otherwise known as McCain-Feingold.
		Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002, 107th Congress, 2D Session H.R. 2356, An Act to amend the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971.
	www.sourcewatch.org /index.php?title=Bipartisan_Campaign_Reform_Act (438 words)

	The Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act
		Sponsors of the Act want the FEC regulations to rigidly enforce the Act, without any regard to Freedom of Speech or other constitutional issues.
		Opponents of the Act wish for the entire legislation to be declared unconstitutional.
		In the meantime, the reward for their efforts to implement the Act in a constitutional manner has been the animosity of both sides.
	www.cooley.edu /students/orgs/cooleyrepublicans/bireform.htm (746 words)

	RCR - POLITICIANS' BALONEY
		A man from the upper Midwest wrote his Representative to Congress opposing the Shays-Meehan campaign finance reform bill (Passed into law in March of 2002 as the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002).
		Opposing a bipartisan bill is called "gridlock" or "partisan," which conjures up ugly images of fighting, anger, and disagreement.
		His campaign was doomed already but, just in case, this ad permanently ended his hopes of being the 2000 GOP nominee for President.
	www.realcampaignreform.org /babka/politicians_baloney.htm (1495 words)

	President Signs Campaign Finance Reform Act
		Today I have signed into law H.R. 2356, the "Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002." I believe that this legislation, although far from perfect, will improve the current financing system for Federal campaigns.
		Second, this law will raise the decades-old limits on giving imposed on individuals who wish to support the candidate of their choice, thereby advancing my stated principle that election reform should strengthen the role of individual citizens in the political process.
		I long have believed that complete and immediate disclosure of the source of campaign contributions is the best way to reform campaign finance.
	www.whitehouse.gov /news/releases/2002/03/20020327.html (544 words)

	Quest to Reduce the Influence of Special Interest in Politics: A Study of the Effects of the Bi-Partisan Campaign ...
		The first elections under the new rules of the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act are the 2004 elections, and this will be the first chance to study the actual outcomes of campaign finance reform at the national level, and in real life not in simulations.
		Opponents of the act claim that the act will not be successful, as Todd F. Gaziano of the Heritage Foundation states, “Enacting convoluted campaign regulations, constitutional or not, is like trying to dam a stream with a pile of sticks.” Opponents look at the history of campaign finance reform for proof of this assertion.
		They claim that the act is unconstitutional because it restricts the rights of groups to express their views in issue adds and restricts an individual’s right to associate by restricting the amount of the individual’s donations.
	www.unc.edu /~dparis/Poli91PropFinal.htm (8429 words)

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