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Topic: Bipedal locomotion

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	Bipedal locomotion training and performance evaluation device and method - Patent 7066865
		Furthermore, especially for complex movements such as the bipedal locomotion of a sprint, one of the limiting factors in increasing a subject's terminal velocity V.sub.max is the subject's coordination.
		The present invention is also directed to a treadmill apparatus for monitoring the bipedal locomotion for a subject having a conveyor mounted on a frame, and a position-constraining means mounted to the frame for constraining the location of the subject relative to the frame along the direction of motion of the conveyor.
		However, in the study of a subject's bipedal locomotion on a treadmill, the variables of actual interest are virtual position D(t), virtual velocity V(t) and virtual acceleration A(t) relative to the belt, and the force F(t) exerted by the subject's feet against the treadmill.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /7066865.html (16134 words)

	Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards
		Most biologists and laypeople envision bipedal locomotion as occurring with a high trunk angle, but this may be true only for certain specialized species and slow locomotion.
		We have also taken great pains to expand studies of quadrupedal and bipedal locomotion beyond simple laboratory settings, and have conducted extensive fied studies on how often lizards use bipedal locomotion in nature, and whether the use of such locomotion provides a performance advantage.
		A field study of effects of incline on the escape locomotion of a bipedal lizard, Callisaurus draconoides Physiological and Biochemical Zoology.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/irschick/Bipedal_quad.htm (595 words)

	System's Lab
		The main focus of the present investigation is the development of quantitative measures to assess the dynamic stability of human locomotion.
		A five-element bipedal locomotion model with proper parametric formulation is considered to demonstrate the utility of the proposed approach.
		The new control method is applied to regulate the locomotion of a five element bipedal locomotion model.
	engr.smu.edu /me/syslab/LOCOMOTION/index.html (688 words)

	Bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion in lizards
		A phylogenetic tree of five morphologically and behaviorally distinct desert lizards used in studies of high-speed kinematics and bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion.
		Most biologists and laypeople envision bipedal locomotion as occurring with a high trunk angle, but this may be true only for certain specialized species and slow locomotion.
		Another striking feature of high-speed locomotion was the highly extended hindlimb and the very large knee angles, which reached as high as 130 degrees.
	www.tulane.edu /~irschick/Bipedal_quad.htm (520 words)

	Bipedal locomotion training and performance evaluation device and method (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The present invention is also directed to a treadmill apparatus for monitoring the bipedal locomotion of a subject having a conveyor movably mounted on a frame, and a motor for moving the conveyor at a velocity greater than the maximum velocity which the subject can obtain unassisted on level ground.
		The present invention is also directed to a treadmill apparatus for monitoring the bipedal locomotion for a subject having a conveyor mounted on a frame, and a position-constraining means mounted to the frame for constraining the location of the subject relative to the frame along the direction of motion of the conveyor.
		For positive direction bipedal locomotion, the rotation of the belt 110 is clockwise, so that the top surface of the belt 110 moves rightwards, and this will be considered to be a positive velocity of the belt 110.
	www.90minuta.com /inventions/bipedal_locomotion_training_performance_evaluation (11482 words)

	COMPARATIVE BIPEDALISM: How the rest of the animal kingdom walks on two legs (Philosophistry)
		Bipedality is often casually cited as the prime evolutionary adaptation that distinguishes humankind by enabling the use of tools.
		Finally, there are three instances of bipedal evolution in mammals: the marsupial ricochet form (kangaroos), the placental ricochet form (kangaroo mice), and primates and humans with their alternating gait (Snyder 1962).
		The image that comes to mind considering kangaroos and their bipedal exploitation of open habitats is that of the ancestral hominid in the open plains of the savannah; similar ecological pressures may have faced both hominids and kangaroos when bipedalism was evolving.
	www.philosophistry.com /static/bipedalism.html (2919 words)

	Biped Summary
		Among the non-archosaur reptiles bipedalism is rare, and it is unknown among the amphibians, however it its found in the "reared-up" running of certain lizards.
		Lovejoy theorizes that the evolution of bipedalism was a response to a monogamous society.
		Bipedal wading is found among the semi-bipedal wading cousins of humans, the bonobo chimps, the lowland gorillas, and proboscis monkeys.
	www.bookrags.com /Biped (2740 words)

	Evie Vereecke
		This gradual development of habitual bipedalism is coupled with the transition of an arboreal way of life, where the foot with an opposable hallux has mainly a grasping function, to a terrestrial way of life, where the foot functions as a rigid lever.
		These changes in locomotion and biotope are reflected in the structure of the foot, the shortening of the phalanges, the occurrence of a longitudinal foot arch and the gradual loss of the opposability of the hallux.
		the kinesiology of the terrestrial bipedal and quadrupedal locomotion of the bonobo, Pan paniscus.
	webhost.ua.ac.be /funmorph/evie (717 words)

	The Origin of Bipedalism
		Eighty percent of chimpanzee bipedalism is during feeding with arm-hanging stabilizing the posture 93% of the time in terminal branches and 52% in the central parts of trees.
		Bipedality is also inferred for the 4.4 mya Ardipithecus ramidis by the anterior foramen magnum (White, et.
		The short lower limbs and broad pelvis of early bipedal Australopithecines are arboreal adaptations, not terrestrial, as are long forelimbs enabling greater access to food and facilitating arm-hanging.
	www.jqjacobs.net /anthro/paleo/bipedalism.html (889 words)

	Bipedal Walking in Bonobos
		As outlined in the project "bipedal walking in bonobos", the development of habitual bipedalism (locomotion on the hind-limbs) is a key event in the evolution of early hominids.
		A comparison of the function of the musculo-skeletal system in quadrupedal and bipedal climbing, as well as in climbing and terrestrial locomotion (data obtained from a parallel study evaluating the terrestrial theory: bipedal walking in bonobos), will be made.
		The results obtained for quadrupedal and bipedal arboreal performance will be integrated with the data obtained from the CRC projects "bipedal walking in bonobos" and "comparison of the bipedal locomotion of gibbons, bonobos and humans".
	webhost.ua.ac.be /crc/climbing_in_bonobos.html (601 words)

	Instutute of Human Origins
		As in a modern human’s skeleton, Lucy's bones are rife with evidence clearly pointing to bipedality.
		The shaft is angled relative to the condyles (knee joint surfaces) which allows bipeds to balance on one leg at a time during locomotion.
		The talus, in her ankle, shows evidence for a convergent big toe, sacrificing manipulative abilities for efficiency in bipedal locomotion.
	www.asu.edu /clas/iho/lucy.html (999 words)

	Roganti's Robotics Zone : Bipedal Robots
		The Bipedal locomotion is achieved using a combination of static and dynamic equilibrium to emulate the human walking gait.
		This results in less processor overhead required to accomplish the bipedal locomotion.
		There are currently 2 prototypes which demonstrate bipedal locomotion using the human gait.
	www.euronet.nl /users/ragman/robot5.html (253 words)

	How Humans Evolved (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Early hominins differed from apes in that they (1) were bipedal, (2) were primarily terrestrial, (3) lived in drier, more open environments, and (4) had diets that were more omnivorous or specialized for tough vegetable foods with dentition and skulls that reflected their diets.
		Efficient form of terrestrial locomotion: Bipedalism is not as efficient for ground travel as is the specialized quadrupedalism found in dogs and cats, but it is equal in efficiency to primate quadrupedalism.
		Bipedalism also reduces heat because there is less surface area hit by the sun, there is more surface area cooled by the wind, and the body is not as close to the ground, where the temperature is hottest.
	www.wwnorton.com /web/evolve/ch/11/questions.shtml (1267 words)

	Origin of Dinosaurs and Mammals - Erickson
		there were three phases in the evolution of archosaur locomotion and gait: (1) the primitive sprawling gait; (2) the intermediate semierect gait; and (3) the advanced fully erect gait.
		This capacity for two-legged locomotion was undoubtedly a necessary prerequisite for the eventual adoption of an obligatory bipedal gait in archosaurs.
		Bipedal hopping, and the analogy with modern kangaroos, solves many problems about the early dinosaurs, especially the development of the fully erect bipedal gait and the adoption of a permanent bipedal pose.
	microlnx.com /dinosaurs/Bipedality.html (4349 words)

	John Hawks Anthropology Weblog
		It also allows the side-to-side twisting motion of the pelvis during bipedal gait to be examined as an exaptation based on an earlier ability to rotate the upper trunk against a stationary pelvis.
		Generally, the shortening and broadening of the iliac blades are seen as enabling a shift in muscular action during hip extension, recruiting the gluteus maximus as an extensor of the hip instead of an abductor.
		One of the advantages of bipedal locomotion often cited in explanations of hominid origins is the ability to see distances over tall grass while scanning for predators.
	johnhawks.net /weblog/reviews/early_hominids/bipedalism (4827 words)

	Early Hominid Evolution: Analysis of Early Hominids
		By 3 million years ago, most of them probably were nearly as efficient at bipedal locomotion as humans.
		Bipedal locomotion may have been an adaptation to living in relatively open grassland environments.
		However, the legs of bipedal animals need to be sturdy enough to support at least 2.5 times their body weight while running.
	anthro.palomar.edu /hominid/australo_2.htm (2124 words)

	Evolution: Library: The Transforming Leap, from Four Legs to Two
		Anthropologists and evolutionary biologists are now agreed that upright posture and two-legged walking - bipedality -- was the crucial and probably first major adaptation associated with the divergence of the human lineage from a common ancestor with the African apes.
		Some contended that the mechanics of two-legged locomotion were not energy efficient, compared with those of four-legged creatures like dogs, horses and the big cats.
		Accordingly, Dr. Lovejoy contends, "The males of such pairs were most successful if competently bipedal and capable of proficient provisioning." They would be more likely to pass on their genes to later generations, thus establishing bipedality as the hominid locomotion and improving hominid prospects by significantly improving reproduction rates.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/07/1/text_pop/l_071_04.html (2582 words)

	New Perceived "Ape-Man" Discovery Leaves Numerous Questions Unanswered - by Patrick Young, Ph.D.
		Although their favored locomotion repertoire is unlike the primarily quadruped gorilla and chimpanzee, other species of apes are considered facultative bipedal.
		Although Hunt employs the evolutionary hypothesis relating awkward postural bipedalism as an intermediate to more complex bipedal locomotion (there is no evidence to support this), it is important to note his statements about their bipedalism being a less than optimal adaptation.
		Creationists have always believed their orthograde posture, arboreal locomotion, and clumsy postural bipedalism repertoire supports the conclusion they are extinct forms of tree climbing apes.
	www.creationists.org /patrickyoung/article03.html (1817 words)

	Robotics India - Your online robotics community - What type of robot to choose ?? - Part I
		Legged locomotion isvery versatile but not as efficient as wheeled locomotion when the terrain is planar.However, on rough terrain legged locomotion is superior to wheeled locomotion.
		In the context of this course, we will only describe locomotion methods that are statically stable.(Human bipedal locomotion, for example, is not statically stable, i.e.
		The quadruped locomotion system was developed by the Hirose Laboratory at the Tokyo Institute if Technology, the other components were designed and the complete robot was assembled at the Inoue-Inaba Laboratory at the University of Tokyo.
	www.roboticsindia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=27 (797 words)

	Bipedalism
		Habitual walking on two legs (bipedalism) is one of the unique features that distinguishes humans and their immediate fossil ancestors from the chimpanzees, gorillas and all other non-human primates.
		The evidence from fossil hominid leg bones and preserved trails of footprints shows that this change to bipedal walking happened very soon after the human evolutionary lineage diverged from the African apes, which suggests that bipedalism may have been an important catalyst for some of the other traits that define the human condition.
		The importance of bipedal locomotion is highlighted by the large number of theories that have been proposed to explain why walking on two legs is preferable to walking on all fours.
	www.shef.ac.uk /archaeology/research/bipedalism (425 words)

	Robotics India - Your online robotics community - What type of robot to choose ?? - Part I
		Controlling locomotion that is not statically stable is very difficult and requires time-critical processing, something that cannot be done (easily) with a Handyboard.
		Therefore we will only deal with locomotion that is statically stable-- that's a hard enough challenge as you will see...
		When done by humans, bipedal locomotion is not statically stable.
	www.roboticsindia.com /modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=27 (836 words)

	3.24.2005 - Octopuses occasionally stroll around on two arms, UC Berkeley biologists report
		This first report of bipedal behavior in octopuses, written by University of California, Berkeley, researchers, will be published in the March 25 issue of Science.
		Huffard and coauthor Robert Full, professor of integrative biology at UC Berkeley, think that this bipedal walking is a strategy octopuses use to backpedal away from predators while remaining camouflaged.
		Full, who looks at many types of animal locomotion and seeks to determine how animals control such movements, sees a revolutionary new principle in how the octopus uses its arms - one that could be used in making soft, squishy robots.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2005/03/24_octopus.shtml (1218 words)

	Ancient running reptile was bipedal, say Science researchers
		These proportions are usually indicative of bipedal locomotion, since longer legs lengthen an animal's overall stride, increasing its speed.
		The reptile's long tail could have served as a sort of rudder, compensating for changes in the animal's center of gravity during upright, bipedal locomotion, say the Science authors.
		Other evidence of bipedalism comes from the arrangement of the hip, knee, and ankle joints in the reptile's lower limb.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2000-11/AAft-Arrw-0211100.php (798 words)

	Nicholas Schindler - UF Journal of Undergraduate Research Paper
		The present study quantitatively examined bipedal locomotion from the side and rear views to determine the effects of spinal cord injury and intraspinal fetal tissue transplantation on weight support and balance in the cat.
		Transplantation had several individual effects on locomotion, but there were no general trends among all cats that deviated from post-injury data.
		Bipedal locomotion was examined at the following three critical filming sessions: pre-operative, late post-injury, and late post-injection.
	www.clas.ufl.edu /jur/200204/papers/paper_schindler.html (2319 words)

	Insights into the evolution of human bipedalism from experimental studies of humans and other primates -- Schmitt 206 ...
		The data for the humans were collected at SUNY Stony Brook using the same sample as was used for the maximum walking speed and stride length data presented in Table 2.
		Bipedalism in Homo Ergaster: An experimental study of the effects of tibial proportions on locomotor biomechanics.
		Tardieu, C., Aurengo, A. and Tardieu, B. New method of three-dimensional analysis of bipedal locomotion for the study of displacements of the body and body-parts centers of mass in man and non-human primates: evolutionary framework.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/206/9/1437 (6107 words)

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