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Topic: Bipolar encoding

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	Associative Memory and the Board Game Quarto
		Bipolar encoding is a major handicap of this algorithm because not everything that a neural network may be used to recognize can be expressed in a simple bipolar answer.
		The imbalance that existed in the original architecture was due to the bipolar encoding of the input information, which was needed because of the bipolar step activation function.
		In the training process, each of these nodes was assigned a bipolar value: negative one signified not to place the current piece at that spot, while positive one signified to place the current piece at a spot.
	www.acm.org /crossroads/xrds10-2/autoassoc.html (2580 words)

	Bipolar encoding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In telecommunication, bipolar encoding is a type of line code—a method of encoding digital information to make it resistant to certain forms of signal loss during transmission.
		A binary 1 is encoded alternately as +1 V and -1 V. The result is a small DC-component compared to unipolar encoding.
		Bipolar encoding is used over polar coding where more transitions are required for retrieving the clock without loss of bandwidth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bipolar_encoding (174 words)

	High Density Bipolar Order 3 Encoding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The encoding rules follow those for AMI, except that a sequence of four consecutive 0's are encoding using a special "violation" bit.
		(the corresponding encoding using AMI is " + 0 0 0 0 - + ").
		(the corresponding encoding using AMI is " + 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 0- + 0 0 0 0 0 0 ").
	www.erg.abdn.ac.uk /users/gorry/course/phy-pages/hdb3.html (451 words)

	Impaired recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during encoding in bipolar disorder.
		Impaired recruitment of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus during encoding in bipolar disorder.
		Bipolar Research Today is a free monthly online journal that collates and summarizes the latest research about Bipolar, including details on bipolar disorder, symptoms, treatment, depression, medication.
		BACKGROUND: The aim of the present study was to examine the functional neuroanatomy of episodic memory impairment in euthymic subjects with bipolar I disorder.
	bipolar.researchtoday.net /archive/3/1/95.htm (299 words)

	U.S. Patent: 5031624 - Phase contrast, line-scanned method for NMR angiography - July 16, 1991 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		No phase encoding gradient is used in the sequence, and hence, spins are not mispositioned by performing a Fourier transform in the phase encoding direction.
		The moment M of the motion encoding gradient G.sub.m is positive in the first pulse sequence and it is negative in the second pulse sequence.
		Because each image is obtained with a different value of bipolar velocity encoding gradient G.sub.m, the values in the phase display array must be normalized using the first moment value M corresponding to this image in the moment table 102.
	www.everypatent.com /comp/pat5031624.html (6199 words)

	21. Line Encoding (cont'd) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Bipolar line encoding has 3 voltage levels, a low or 0 is represented by a 0 Volt level and a 1 is represented by alternating polarity pulses.
		In the Manchester Line Encoding, there is a transition at the middle of each bit period.
		Manchester line encoding has no DC component and there is always a transition available for synchronizing receive and transmit clocks.
	www.techbooksforfree.com /intro_to_data_com/page67.html (220 words)

	Webvision:Bipolar cell pathways
		Bipolar cells are also termed ‘flat’ or ‘invaginating’ depending on the placement of dendritic tips, either on the surface of (flat), or penetrating within photoreceptor synaptic terminals to approach presynaptic ribbons (invaginating).
		However, the expression of one specific mGluR on ON bipolar cell dendrites, the APB receptor, is unique to retina, where it is used in the direct signal transmission pathway from photoreceptors to ON bipolar cells.
		ON bipolar cell signals appear greatly depressed or absent, OFF cone bipolar signals, as represented by the electroretinographic d-wave, are spared (Alexander et al., 1992), as is the rod a-wave (Goodman and Bornschein, 1957) (Fig.
	webvision.med.utah.edu /BCchapter.html (11160 words)

	Bipolar Focus - at www.moodswing.org - Manic Depression, News & Support
		Bipolar disorder (formerly known as manic depression) is a serious mental health condition characterized by the presence of episodes of mania and depression.
		Moderate alcohol use may worsen bipolar illness The effect of alcohol consumption on bipolar disorder severity may not be confined to heavy drinkers, say researchers who found adverse effects even for those who drink alcohol at levels consistent with low-risk drinking guidelines.
		Bipolar disorder is the sixth leading cause of disability in the world, according to the World Health Organization, and depression will soon be the leading cause of sick leave in the workplace.
	www.moodswing.org (2288 words)

	Prefrontal Cortex in Bipolar Disorder -- Neurotransmitter.net
		CONCLUSIONS: In bipolar depression, we observed a pattern of prefrontal hypometabolism, consistent with observations in primary unipolar and secondary depression, suggesting this is part of a common neural substrate for depression independent of etiology.
		METHODS: Thirty-six individuals with bipolar disorder I (11 with elevated, 10 with depressed, and 15 with euthymic mood states) and 20 healthy control subjects matched for handedness and sex participated in an event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging study of the color-word Stroop to determine mean percentage of regional task-related signal change.
		Signal changes associated with specific mood states in bipolar disorder were detected in ventral prefrontal cortex, with a blunted increase in signal on the right side in the elevated mood group (P =.005) and an exaggerated increase in signal on the left side in the depressed group (P =.02) compared with the euthymic group.
	www.neurotransmitter.net /bipolarpfc.html (17033 words)

	Lecture 3
		In NRZ-L encoding a positive voltage is 1, a negative 0.
		In NRZ-I encoding a 1 is represented by a change in voltage, a zero by no change in voltage.
		Manchester encoding uses the inversion in the middle of each bit for synchronization and bit representation.
	www.simpson.edu /~craven/2002_spring_340/lecture03.html (613 words)

	Memory deficit may help target bipolar cognitive remediation programs
		Patients with bipolar disorder appear to have distinct disruptions in memory, which researchers say could be used to help plan targeted remediation programs.
		Compared with controls, patients with bipolar disorder showed impaired performance during a repetition condition, in which the four abstract stimuli were repeated in random positions, and during a novelty condition, during which each abstract stimuli appeared only once.
		Unlike patients with bipolar disorder, they were able to take advantage of holistic encoding strategies during the novelty condition.
	www.psychiatrysource.com /NewsItem/Memory-deficit-may-help-target-bipolar-cognitive-r.aspx?l1=3&firstpage=true (379 words)

	Promina 800 Series R2.X3 Documentation - Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		A bipolar coding format, also referred to as Manchester coding, that allows clock information to be imbedded into and recovered from the synchronous data stream without the need for separate clocking leads.
		CMI encodes ones (marks) as bipolar NRZ level/AMI; zeros are encoded as a half-cycle square wave of one particular phase.
		Encoding is the generation of digital signals in PCM voice equipment to represent quantized samples.
	www.net.com /support/manuals/html/glossary.html (14996 words)

	AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		AMI (Alternate Mark Inversion) is a synchronous clock encoding technique which uses bipolar pulses to represent logical 1 values.
		The HDB3 encoding scheme is one of many which have been developed to provide regular transitions irrespective of the pattern of data being carried.
		The pattern of bits " 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 " encodes to " + 0 0 0 0 - + " (the corresponding encoding using HDB3 is " + 0 0 0 + - + ").
	www.erg.abdn.ac.uk /users/gorry/course/phy-pages/ami.html (213 words)

	Bipolar encoding: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		(bipolar encoding is a type of line code line code quick summary:
		In telecommunication, a line code is a code chosen for use within a communications system for transmission purposes....
		(a binary 0 is encoded as -1 V (binary 1 is still +1 V).
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/B/Bi/Bipolar_encoding.htm (292 words)

	J-series™ Services Router Basic LAN and WAN Access Configuration Guide
		When AMI encoding is used, a data transmission with a long sequence of 0s has no voltage transitions on the line.
		Instead, these encoding methods detect sequences of 0s and substitute bit patterns in their place to provide the signal oscillations required to maintain timing on the link.
		Similar to B8ZS encoding, the receiving device detects the 0s substitutions and does not generate a BPV error.
	www.juniper.net /techpubs/software/jseries/junos76/jseries76-config-guide-basic/t1-encoding-section.html (336 words)

	Bipolar Research Archives: January 2006.
		Genetic liability to schizophrenia or bipolar disorder and its relationship to brain structure.
		Bipolar disorder in children and adolescents: international perspective on epidemiology and phenomenology.
		Stroop performance in bipolar disorder: further evidence for abnormalities in the ventral prefrontal cortex.
	bipolar.researchtoday.net /archive/3/1 (897 words)

	Line Encoding
		Unipolar line encoding works well for inside machines--where the signal path is short-- but is unsuitable for long distances, due to the presence of stray capacitance in the transmission medium.
		Polar line encoding is the simplest pattern that eliminates most of the residual DC problem.
		Polar and Unipolar line encoding both share the same synchronization problem: if there is a long string of logical 1s or 0s, the receive oscillator may drift and become unsynchronized.
	www.apinforma.com /biblio/online/intro_to_networking/c2161.htm (682 words)

	Contrast Enhancement and Distributed Encoding by Bipolar Cells in the Retina -- Burkhardt and Fahey 80 (3): 1070 -- ...
		At the first synapse of the vertebrate retina, the visual response is encoded in parallel by two classes of bipolar cells.
		Bipolar cells are ordered from left to right in order of the relative strength of their response to hyperpolarizing input from the cones.
		bipolar synapse in the isolated retina of the
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/3/1070 (7053 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		It is believed, however, that this technique using bipolar, concatenated codes and their complements will not permit less than an optimal number of users in a real life system as the interference from each of the users is believed to be high.
		The encoded mask, as described below in detail, provides a spatially encoded, modulated spread spectrum beam that then is recollimated by a collimating lens 28 and combined back to a broad spectrum beam by a diffraction grating 29 for injection into the fiber 30, which may be an appropriate optical fiber.
		The method of claim 19, wherein the modulating comprises: encoding a first discrete analog spatial encoding function in the spectrum for a first state; and encoding a second discrete analog spatial encoding function in the spectrum for a second state.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=98/23057.980528&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (4392 words)

	Timing control in digital communication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This is wasteful of bandwidth, and it is more customary to embed the timing signal within the transmitted data stream by use of suitable encoding.
		This uses a three level line; +V volts to represent a 1 and -V volts to represent a 0, and 0 volts between transmitting a 1 or 0.
		Bipolar encoding is an example of a return-to-zero (RZ) code.
	www.cs.ucl.ac.uk /staff/S.Bhatti/D51-notes/node17.html (1179 words)

	Graduate Program in Neuroscience at the University of Minnesota (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		We are currently studying linearity of signal generation and transmission in cones and bipolar cells with sinusoidal light modulation, signal averaging, and Fast Fourier Transforms of the response.
		Additional studies of the relation between natural images and the contrast encoding of retinal neurons and on the center-surround organization of the bipolar cell receptive field are in progress.
		Natural images and contrast encoding in bipolar cells in the retina of the land- and aquatic-phase tiger salamander.
	www.neuroscience.umn.edu /ProStu/facprof/burkhard.html (422 words)

	CHAPTER-12
		The frequency encoding gradient has its dephasing negative lobe to cause the spins to be in phase at the center of the acquisition window.
		A bipolar gradient pulse is one in which the gradient is turned on in one direction for a period of time then turned on in the opposite direction for an equivalent amount of time.
		If this bipolar gradient pulse is placed in any one of the imaging sequences, in addition to the other gradients, it will not effect the image since all we have done is imparted a phase shift to the moving spins.
	www.cis.rit.edu /htbooks/mri/chap-12/chap-12.htm (6216 words)

	Temporal Contrast Adaptation in Salamander Bipolar Cells -- Rieke 21 (23): 9445 -- Journal of Neuroscience
		bipolar pair in which the cone was current clamped and the bipolar was voltage clamped.
		The bipolar response to depolarization of the cone decreased in the presence of the contrast stimulus, indicating a contrast-dependent change in the gain of signal transfer.
		bipolar cell was voltage clamped while the contrast of the light input was switched between 10 and 30% every 10 sec.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/21/23/9445 (7054 words)

	ioX Solutions
		A binary "0" is encoded as 0 volt, known as a space.
		A binary "1" known as a mark is encoded as a alternating positive-, negative-voltage.
		With bipolar encoding long strings of zeros would result in the receiver loosing synchronisation due to the fact that no line transitions are taking place.
	home.intekom.com /iox/tutorials/data/313.html (455 words)

	Contrast Enhancement and Distributed Encoding by Bipolar Cells in the Retina -- Burkhardt and Fahey 80 (3): 1070 -- ...
		Contrast Enhancement and Distributed Encoding by Bipolar Cells in the Retina -- Burkhardt and Fahey 80 (3): 1070 -- Journal of Neurophysiology
		Contrast enhancement and distributed encoding by bipolar cells in the retina.
		Bipolar Cells Contribute to Nonlinear Spatial Summation in the Brisk-Transient (Y) Ganglion Cell in Mammalian Retina
	jn.physiology.org /cgi/content/abstract/80/3/1070 (466 words)

	Biphase-L Modem (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Line encoding is the process of transformation of binary information into a format suitable for transmission through a digital communication channel.
		This encoding uses transition at the middle of each bit interval.
		Using bipolar encoding (1 => +V and 0 => -V) the DC component becomes zero.
	www.ee.iitb.ac.in /uma/~abhat/electronics/biphase_modem.htm (254 words)

	Stanford Encyclopedia article
		Whitehead, the modern pioneer of process philosophy, referred to mental and physical poles of “actual occasions”, which themselves transcend their bipolar appearances (Whitehead 1978).
		If a mental state is stable with respect to perturbations, it “activates” a mental representation encoding a content that is consciously perceived.
		According to Umezawa, coherent neuronal assemblies correlated to such memory states are regarded as vacuum states; their activation leads to excited states with a finite lifetime and enables a conscious recollection of the content encoded in the vacuum (ground) state.
	www.quantumconsciousness.org /StanfordEncyclopediaarticle.htm (8846 words)

	Digital Data, Digital Signal
		polarity of adjacent signal levels: 1 encoded by transition between levels and 0 encoded by a lack of transition.
		A multilevel binary encoding that complements the bipolar-AMI encoding: binary 1 is represented by a lack of pulse, and a binary 0 is represented by a positive or a negative pulse.
		biphase encoding in which transition at the start of the bit period represents 0, and a lack of transition at the start of the bit represents 1.
	www.cse.ohio-state.edu /~gurari/course/cis677/cis677Se12.html (625 words)

	Networks - Data Encoding
		Non-linear encoding - reduces quantizing distortion of weak signals by having finer gradations of discrete levels at the lower signal power levels, and coarser at higher power.
		These are distinguished from normal data by having one (or more) code violations (having two pulses of the same polarity in a row) in short succession, so that the receiver may detect these substituted patterns and decode them as a run of 0's.
		Bipolar with 8 Zero Substitution (B8ZS) - whenever 8 consecutive 0's are encountered in the data, then the 8 0's are replaced with the pattern 000VB0VB, where {V,B} = {+,-} with V the polarity of the last mark (causing a code violation) and B a pulse of the opposite polarity of the preceeding one.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~nemo/cen4500/coding.html (1610 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The dispersed frequencies of the encoded modulated light beam are then recombined to provide a modulated, encoded spread-spectrum optical signal that is coupled into an optical fiber.
		The encoded signal is decoded at a receiver that uses an arrangement of feedback waveguides that is similar to the feedback system used in the decoder.
		The encoded signal is decoded by combining a received code segment in at least one period of the repetitive waveform with a received encoded information signal from at least one other period of the waveform.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=01/93522.011206&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (6035 words)

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