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Topic: Birch bark

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	NativeTech: Native American Uses for Birchbark
		Birch bark was also used to make hunting and fishing gear; musical instruments, decorative fans, and even children's sleds and other toys.
		Do not confuse this bark with that of the gray or wire birch which is often referred to as white birch but is not as suitable for craft work.
		This bark is the thickest, retaining the dark brown inner bark which formed from flowing sap in winter.
	www.nativetech.org /brchbark/brchbark.htm (777 words)

	Birch bark document: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Birch is the name of any tree of the genus betula, in the family betulaceae, closely related to the beech/oak family, fagaceae....
		Bark (binär automatisk reläkalkylator) was completed in february 1950 at a cost of 400.000 swedish kronor....
		In 2003 it was announced that a birch bark with a part of the known work of Cyril of Turaw[For more, click on this link] had been found in Torzhok.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/b/bi/birch_bark_document.htm (874 words)

	Non-Timber Forest Products and Implications for Forest Managers
		The outer bark is removed and the inner bark should not be damaged, The inner bark is that portion of the tree (phloem) where sugars and other materials made in the leaves are transported to other parts of the tree for use in growth and respiration.
		Bark incisions horizontal to the stem of the tree are not necessary if the bark is removed at the correct time of the year.
		Under this scenario, it is possible to try to utilize the high value bark resource by identifying the stands to be harvested a year or more in advance and allowing birch bark to be gathered prior to felling of the stands.
	www.extension.umn.edu /specializations/environment/components/birchbark1.html (1440 words)

	Birch-bark boxes, decorative panels, dishes, baskets, boxes, caskets.
		The texture of birch is similar to that of a mix of leather and cork.
		Birch bark is an ecologically clean, natural material with high bioenergetics.
		Birch is referred to in folklore as possessing calming and healing effects.
	www.birch-barkboxes.com (470 words)

	Fort Nelson Aboriginal Project - Birch Bark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The bark from the sweet or fl birch is rough and completely unsuitable for craft work but is the source of winter green, and from which brewed a tea high in vitamin C. Removing the bark from a live birch threatens the health of that tree.
		Birch bark bitings are thin layers of birch bark with a design bitten into the bark with the eye tooth.
		When birch bark was to be decorated with the skill of scraping, the inner surface was moistened and dampened with water or washed with boiled willow bark.
	rla.sd81.bc.ca /~fnap/trees/treesbirch2.html (1297 words)

	Birch wood,craftwood and woodworking supply
		Yellow(silver or swamp birch) and paper (sometimes referred as white or canoe) birch are the two most common trees in Northern Ontario, although sweet, river and gray birch have some commercial recognition in other parts of Canada and the United States.
		Birches are usually the first to establish in cleared land, but start to die once other trees move in and offer shade.
		Yellow birch on the other hand, tends to be a larger tree and exhibits a more consistent golden brown colour, with little creamy white sap wood.
	www.thewoodbox.com /data/wood/birchinfo.htm (611 words)

	Birch Bark Canoe Video DVD
		The white side of the birch bark goes on the inside of the canoe, despite paintings that often show it on the outside.
		Birch bark canoes were used for thousands of years throughout many parts of North America where birch trees were found.
		The birch bark is held in place with a series of stakes and stays tied together with basswood bark.
	www.silvertip.net /birchbarkcanoedvd.htm (753 words)

	ACS :: White Birch
		Birch bark, buds, and leaves are used as folk medicines but have not been studied to find out if they are safe or effective for these uses.
		Birch tar (an oil distilled from birch bark) is used on the skin for skin irritations and parasites.
		Birch oil is sometimes used in ointments or liniments, and is considered a substitute for wintergreen.
	www.cancer.org /docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3x_White_Birch.asp?sitearea=ETO (1315 words)

	Birch in the Urban Landscape
		Birch are prized for their distinctive bark as well as their shape, size and fall color.
		Although birch tend to be rather short lived in urban landscapes (averaging 20 years), they are not in nature (averaging 40-50 years).
		The bottom line is that birch can be successfully grown in the landscape but since they are susceptible to various problems, it is very important to plant the right birch in the right site and care for them properly.
	www.bachmans.com /tipsheets/Woodies/Birch.cfm (906 words)

	Alaska’s Wilderness Medicines - Birch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Birch leaf tea has been used as therapy for gout, rheumatism, and dropsy and also for dissolving kidney stones.
		The inner bark is astringent and bitter; it has been used to treat intermittent fevers.
		Birch sap as medicine and spring tonic is bottled and sold in Russia.
	www.ankn.uaf.edu /curriculum/books/Viereck/viereckbirch.html (772 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Birch, Common - Herb Profile and Information
		The white epidermis of the bark is separable into thin layers, which may be employed as a substitute for oiled paper and applied to various economical uses.
		It yields oil of Birch Tar, and the peculiar, well-known odour of russia leather is due to the use of this oil in the process of dressing.
		Birch Wine, concocted from this thin, sugary sap of the tree, collected from incisions made in the trees in March, honey, cloves and lemon peel being added and then the whole fermented with yeast, makes a very pleasant cordial, formerly much appreciated.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/b/bircom43.html (929 words)

	Carved Russian Birch Bark Boxes
		Birch bark fold crafts have a long history in Russia and Siberia, but the boxes that you are now seeing have a relatively recent history.
		The birch bark is collected only during a brief interval in June and from trees that have been marked for logging.
		Birch bark as a medium has properties in between paper and wood.
	www.rawhidestudios.com /birchbarkboxes (548 words)

	Birch Bark
		Birch bark is a natural material which has unique qualities and was used in Ancient Rus` from the very earliest times.
		Birch bark products are ecologically pure, since they are made only by hand and exclusively from natural materials.
		Its unique qualities meant birch bark was widely used in culinary preparation in Ancient Rus`, with birch bark containers being used to store milk products, kvas, flour, salt, and water.
	www.saint-petersburg.com /store/birch-bark/index.asp (283 words)

	How To Make a Birch Bark Torch
		lthough you will probably never use a birch bark torch for shooting deer from a canoe, they are a useful tool to have on dark nights in the north woods.
		Barks peel most easily from early to mid-summer when the sap is up, but with a little more dedication can be peeled late into the fall.
		I have found from experience that thinner bark seems to work better than thicker bark, although that may not be completely true.
	www.wwmag.net /barktorc.htm (593 words)

	Making a Birch Bark Knife Handle
		A knife blade (forged from an old file), some birch bark, a bar of 1/8" thick brass, a drill, a hacksaw, a jewler's saw, and some other tools that we'll talk about later.
		I intentionally made the tang flat as that helps keep the bark from rotating (not much of a problem, but if the cross section of the knife tang is more of a square shape, the bark can turn slightly over time.
		Not much to look at yet, but the bark is in place, the brass end-cap is snug as can be, and I'm ready to shape the handle.
	imageevent.com /paleoaleo/makingabirchbarkknifehandle (2084 words)

	Original Art Prints, Lithographs, Serigraphs by Artists such as Robert Bateman, Carl Brenders, John Seerey-Lester, Lena ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Birch Bark Biting is one of the oldest aboriginal art forms.
		Originally, birch bark biting was a form of competition, to see who would create the most elaborate designs.
		Birch bark bitings can also be mounted in various items such as; coffee tables, cabinet doors, and can also be surface mounted or mounted between two pieces of glass and hung in front of a window.
	www.birchwoodartgallery.com /birchbarkbiting/birchbarkbiting.asp (248 words)

	Birch Bark Information
		Birch bark crafts have a long history in Russia and Siberia, but the boxes that you see now have a relatively recent history.
		The birch tree certainly dominates the Russian and Siberian countryside with it's white bark and delicate leaves.
		Parents made from birch bark special talismans for their children, called igrushki-oberegi, to ward against evil spirits.
	www.basketpatterns.com /birch_bark_information2.htm (297 words)

	White Birch
		The graceful white birch, often planted in yards as an ornamental tree, is native to the Connecticut River Valley.
		Birch bark played a key role in the manufacture of canoes for transportation, wigwams for shelter, and a host of useful implements made by the many tribes and nations of the Northeast.
		Birch bark canoes made by northern tribes were traded to tribes from more southern regions, where white birch was scarce, and later to European colonists.
	www.bio.umass.edu /biology/conn.river/whiteb.html (961 words)

	EEK! - Birch
		The bark also has dark brown "eyes," or branch scars, scattered on the trunk and small horizontal lines and irregular color with white and yellow patches.
		Paper birch grow quickly in bare soil, but they don’t live very long and are weak trees that may break in an icestorm.
		Birches were once used by northern Native Americans to build canoes, wigwams, baskets, cups, bags, and other useful utensils.
	www.dnr.state.wi.us /org/caer/ce/eek/veg/trees/paperbirch.htm (331 words)

	River of Song: Music Along the River
		The bark canoe of the Chippeways [Ojibwe] I is, perhaps, the most beautiful and light model of all the water crafts that were ever invented.
		The bark was brought up outside the length of the canoe and large birch canoe stakes driven into the ground along each side the length of the canoe to begin to form its shape (see Fig.
		Because the bottom bark was not sufficiently wide to reach completely from gunwale to gunwale at the canoe's midpoint, a strip of added bark had to be sewn ("Pieced") on either side for a length of perhaps three feet.
	www.pbs.org /riverofsong/music/e1-enduring.html (2166 words)

	Beresta.com - Russian birch bark jewelry box, barrette, comb (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Birch is one of the most beautiful trees on our planet.
		Near the birch there was always a bench - for people to sit under this tree and talk to it asking it for strength and health that were much needed.
		Birch Bark (beresta) has a bactericidal properties, therefore air in a birch wood is cleaner, than in an surgery room.
	www.beresta.com (241 words)

	Birch
		Birches are much loved for bonsai because of their elegant beauty, but they do not take easily to pot culture.
		Birches root best just before set, so look for intact buds that you think are not going to open and take the semi hardwood cuttings while the buds are still bright green.
		Betula papyrifera: paper birch, white birch, canoe birch: The shiny white bark of this birch was used by Native Americans to build canoes, hence the name.
	www.bonsai-bci.com /species/birch.html (1057 words)

	The construction of the birch bark canoe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		They would gather the sheets of birch bark by stripping it off trees, collect the spruce root or wattape used to sew the pieces together and collect the pine pitch or gum used to seal the seams.
		However, the number of large birch trees has declined and it has become more difficult to find sheets of bark that are large enough to create the canoe with a minimum number of seams.
		They are made of the Bark of the White Birch which is peeled from the Tree in large Sheets, left to dry for some time and then bent over a slender frame of Cedar Ribs, confined by Gunwales which are kept apart by slender Bars of the same wood running across.
	www.whiteoak.org /learning/canoes2.htm (679 words)

	Paper Birch, Betula papyrifera
		Birch shade is unfavorable for germination of birch seed, but spruce seedlings are common.
		In Minnesota, white-tailed deer eat considerable amounts of paper birch leaves in the fall.
		A favorite feeding tree of yellow-bellied sapsuckers, which peck holes in the bark to feed on the sap.
	www.rook.org /earl/bwca/nature/trees/betulapap.html (1384 words)

	Birch Bulk Herbs Information and Birch Bark and Leaves Uses
		The bark yields an oil known as birch tar, which was used in eastern European leather tanning processes.
		Diuretic – A tea made from Birch leaves may be used as an effective remedy against cystitis and infections of the urinary system as well as removing excess water from the body (edema) and dissolving kidney stones.
		Other – Birch bark may be used externally to ease muscle pain by placing the wet, internal side against the skin.
	www.herbco.com /bulk_herbs/Birch.php (350 words)

	Minnesota Profile: Paper Birch: Minnesota Conservation Volunteer (March-April 2002): Minnesota DNR
		In ideal conditions a birch may reach a height of 90 feet with a girth of 2 feet.
		Birches share carbon with conifer seedlings, add nitrogen to soil through bacteria associated with their roots, and provide readily decomposed litter.
		Birch regeneration requires maintaining a seed source and an exposed mineral soil seedbed.
	www.dnr.state.mn.us /volunteer/marapr02/profile.html (340 words)

	MPR: Birch bark promises better health
		Birch bark has been used to make baskets and canoes for a long time, but a startup company in Duluth is marketing a new product made from it.
		A chemical in the papery bark is an ingredient in skin creams, and scientists are studying it for use in treating rashes, and even cancer.
		Native American healers have been using birch bark for years, and some of them are worried about the future supply.
	news.minnesota.publicradio.org /features/2005/03/10_hemphills_birchbark (725 words)

	Birch Bark
		Yet for all that, birches have an enduring appeal that is due in no small measure to their magnificent bark.Granted, they also offer a graceful growth habit, extreme hardiness, vigour and reliably brilliant autumn colour, but it's the bark that is their instantly recognisable feature.
		That of the River Birch (B. nigra) is cream to a warm cinnamon shade that is rather reminiscent of Paperbark Maple (Acer griseum).
		Betula 'Fetisowii', a Central Asian hybrid birch of unknown parentage is notable for it white bark, which peels away in large strips to reveal a warm pinkish-brown layer beneath.If you can see past the suburban cliché of three silver birches, the genus Betula has plenty to offer at any time of year.
	www.howtoadvice.com /Preview/Pokatsu (631 words)

	Belarusian Textile
		Such for dying fl brew of "babounik"(laburnum аnаgyroides) leaves was used in which threads or textiles were boiled for 2-3 hours, after which it was soaked in the "swamp rust" for color fixation and dried without rinsing.
		Woolen threads were dyed fl in the brew of birch bark, which was boiled for several hours.
		The yellow color was achieved by using brew of barberry bush (“barbarys” — berberis vulgaris) bark, birch tree flowers, cornflowers, onion skins brew, alder-bark with the use of ashes stored in a small textile bag inside the vessel with brew, also apple tree bark brew.
	www.belarusguide.com /culture1/visual_arts/Textile.html (1654 words)

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