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Topic: Birch bark documents

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Birch

In the News (Fri 17 Feb 12)

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	Letters from Old Russia
		To date, 915 birch-bark documents from the mid-eleventh to fifteenth centuries have been recovered.
		These documents owe their extraordinary survival to a layer of clay beneath the city that prevents normal drainage, saturating the soil above it like a sponge and protecting organic matter from decay.
		Birch bark found by archaeologists in a twelfth-century workshop contained orders for icons such as these.
	www.archaeology.org /0011/abstracts/russia.html (405 words)

	Canoe from the Penobscot River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		To sew they pierced the bark with a punch of pointed bone and passed through the hole an end of the wicker, drawing and tightening the stick as closely as they could against the bark, and always enwrapping the stick with the wicker so that they were in contact with one another.
		The birch bark of the bow and stern was trimmed so that the sides met without overlapping and was laced with a double overhand stitch similar to the lacings of the gores at the bilges.
		Perforations in the birch bark were made by means of bone awls prior to the advent of the explorers and traders.
	www.wcha.org /tidbits/penobscot (4640 words)

	TDAN - Craine - Wherever and Whenever - Document is Critical
		If a document strategy starts with the notion that documents convert information into action, then it ends with the recognition that documents are a tactical liability if they are not effective.
		Documents are generally seen as a problem or a liability, not an opportunity or an asset.
		Documents are a vehicle that can turn the expense of gathering information into an asset and are one area of information technology that can be quantifiably measured and improved.
	www.tdan.com /i028fe03.htm (1616 words)

	Birch bark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Birch bark or birchbark is generally understood to be the bark of the Paper Birch tree (Betula papyrifera), or sometimes of related species such as Gray (Wire) Birch (Betula populifolia).
		Birch bark can be cut with a sharp knife, and worked like cardboard.
		Birch bark was a valuable material in any part of the world where birch trees were available.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birch_bark (520 words)

	Birch bark document - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The late discovery of birch documents, as well as their amazing state of preservation, is explained by a deep culture layer in Novgorod (up to eight meters, or 25 feet) and heavy waterlogged clay soil which prevents the access of oxygen.
		Although their existence was mentioned in some old East Slavic manuscripts, the discovery of birch bark documents (Russian: берестяна́я гра́мота, berestyanáya grámota) significantly changed the understanding of the cultural level and language spoken by the East Slavs between 11th and 15th centuries.
		The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in Olonets Karelia, a dialect of the Karelian language.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birch_bark_document (500 words)

	COOKIN WITH 3 SISTERS - SUGAR MAKING
		Birch syrup (which is rather like molasses) and sugar have no hint of the wintergreen flavor; it is volatile and is driven off by boiling.
		Birch bark comes in many different thickness, depending on the age of the tree, which Winabozho gave to be a protection and benefit to the people, after it had saved him from the thunderbirds (whose child the birch tree is).
		Though birch bark is highly inflammable, freshly cut with its wet inner surface turned outward, it can be made into a cookpot, where stews or soups are boiled without burning up the wet bark.
	www.manataka.org /page178.html (2138 words)

	Glosses.net : makeup your mind » Birch Barks - 2 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Prior to writing, the birch bark was usually treated, it was soaked in water, to straighten it out, sometimes the hard irregular layers of the bark were removed*.
		The broad end is useless for birch barks, but it was used for writing on wax tables and then deleting one’s writing.
		Some of Onfim’s writing and the evidence from the orthography of other birch bark scrolls suggests that Novgorodians were taught to read using the so-called “скандирование” - a method whereby every consonant has to be followed by a vowel.
	glosses.net /archives/2003/04/07/birch-barks-2 (581 words)

	Tree Book - Paper birch
		Paper birch grows on a variety of soils, and is abundant on rolling upland terrain and floodplain sites, but it also grows on open slopes, avalanche tracks, swamp margins and in bogs.
		Birch sap can be used to make syrup, but it requires 80 to 100 litres of sap to make one litre of syrup!
		Birch is harvested in eastern Canada for pulp, sawlogs, and veneer logs; the wood is used for products such as paneling, tongue depressors, and cheese boxes.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /hfd/library/documents/treebook/paperbirch.htm (380 words)

	TDAN - Craine - Document Strategy & Information Integrity
		Since documents are the subject of your document strategy, it stands to reason that you should determine which ones are the most important to your organization.
		In much the same way, identifying the “vital few” documents within your organization will direct your attention to those documents that are the most important and ensure a more fruitful return on your effort.
		Once you have determined which documents are the most important for your business to run, you still need a place to start.
	www.tdan.com /i036ht03.htm (1422 words)

	The White Birch Tree
		Like most birches, their leaves are ovate-shaped and they have tall, elegant trunks.
		The leaves of the White Birch are ovate, or egg-shaped, and are usually a dark or grayish green.
		Because the paper is so thin, formal documents are not commonly written on it, but because of their thin and light qualities, white birch bark paper is usually the kind used to make books.
	www.santharia.com /herbarium/birch_white.htm (464 words)

	Kievan Rus Database (Novgorod: Literacy) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Birch bark documents include children's alphabet exercises, love letters, records of business transactions, details on lawsuits and tax records.
		The bark was written upon by scratching or engraving its surface.
		Such a piece of bark would, on the average, measure 8-10 inches by 2-3 inches.
	members.aol.com /ingigerthr/Novgorod_Literacy.html (242 words)

	Shenandoah National Park - Nature & Science
		Furthermore, Sweet Birch bark is smooth and prominently encircled with horizontal lenticels (corky spots which allow gas exchange with the air) reminiscent of cherry bark (Grimm, 2002).
		In the southern reaches of its range, it is mostly found in the cooler highlands (Little, 1996) Sweet Birch is tolerant of acidic and clayey soils and prefers cool and moist uplands.
		After all of the choice bark from the larger trees has been stripped and processed, the birch distillers turned to birch saplings — using both bark and wood chips — as their source.
	www.nps.gov /archive/shen/pphtml/21highlights568.html (570 words)

	Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--bark
		The inner side of the bark of certain trees, e.g., birch, has been used in the past as a surface for writing.
		Bark books were rather common in Central Asia and the Far East until comparatively recent times.
		Bark is vulnerable to dampness and curling in climates of high relative humidity and to cracking in dry areas.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /don/dt/dt0232.html (66 words)

	Yellow Birch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The yellow birch is confined to our cool, high mountain slopes, generally at greater elevations than the fl birch, from which it can usually be distinguished by its bark.
		The leaves are simple, alternate, oval or approximately oblong, doubly and finely toothed, 3 to 5 inches long, dark green and lusterless on the upper surface.
		The bark on the trunk and large branches is silvery or yellow-gray, with thin papery layers separating and often curling at the edges, giving the trunk a ragged appearance.
	www.dof.virginia.gov /trees/birch-yellow.shtml (240 words)

	BirchBarkPlotOutline
		In Ed Schroeter's compelling new historical fiction, Birch Bark and Silk Damask, Hélène's simple wish sets in motion a series of events that throws her into the center of a raging storm of power politics, desire, and male ego.
		BRÛLÉ expresses surprise that Sagard, one of the "grey friars," survived the canoe trip, let alone winter with the Wendat in the birch bark hut and on a diet of sagamite (ground corn in water as a soup).
		It becomes clear that the two men have a grudging admiration for each other's ability to survive in the wilderness, but their relationship is characterized by constant friction.
	www.homestead.com /heritagepavilionstage/BirchBarkPlotOutline.html (3138 words)

	Manuscript - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A manuscript is any document that is written by hand, as opposed to being printed or reproduced in some other way.
		Private or government documents remained hand-written until the invention of the typewriter in the late nineteenth century.
		Before the invention of woodblock printing (in China) or by moveable type in a printing press (in Europe), all written documents had to be both produced and reproduced by hand.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manuscript (1071 words)

	NOVA \| Infinite Secrets \| Great Surviving Manuscripts \| PBS
		Generations upon generations of caretakers have ensured the astonishing longevity of these rare documents, which allow scholars and laypeople alike to peer inside cultures long gone from the world.
		The Dunhuang manuscripts are housed in four major institutions: the National Library of China, the British Library, the National Library in France, and the Institute of Oriental Studies in St. Petersburg, Russia.
		The soft, smooth textures of birch tree bark and poured wax were easily scratched with a sharp metal, wood, or bone tool functioning as a pen.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/archimedes/manuscripts.html (2175 words)

	Virittäjä-lehden hakemistot
		Many of the mediaeval Russian birch bark documents that have been found in archaeological excavations contain some Finnic material (e.
		Two of these documents, however, are of particular interest: Novgorod 403, the lower half of which Helimski (1988) has shown to be a Finnic-Russian »glossary», and Novgorod 292, dating from the middle of the 13th century, which is indisputably the oldest existing complete text in a Finnic language.
		The conventional interpretation of Novgorod 292 given by Eliseev (Jelisejev 1959, 1966) and Haavio (1964), is that the text is a »Karelian charm against lightning».
	www.kotikielenseura.fi /virittaja/hakemistot/jutut/vir99laakso.html (655 words)

	Manuscript (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		A manuscript (Latin manu scriptus, "written by hand"), strictly speaking, is any written document that is put down by hand, in contrast to being printed or reproduced some other way.
		Information may be hand-recorded in other ways than in manuscripts, as inscriptions that are scratched upon a hard material (the original meaning of graffiti), or in cuneiform writing, impressed with a pointed stylus in a flat tablet of unbaked clay.
		In the Philippines, for example, as early as 900CE, specimen documents were not inscribed by stylus, but were punched much like the style of today's dot-matrix printers.
	manuscript.iqnaut.net (716 words)

	River Birch
		The upper surface is dark green and the lower a pale yellowish green.
		The bark provides a ready means of distinguishing this tree.
		Unlike the bark of our other birches, the thin papery layers are usually covered with a gray powder On older trunks, the bark on the main trunk becomes thick, deeply furrowed, and of a reddish-brown color.
	www.dof.virginia.gov /trees/birch-river.shtml (265 words)

	Novgorod Forever New
		Its heyday though was prior to the Muscovite conquest in the 1470s, soon to be followed by the closing of the Hanseatic League's regional branch there, and the final blow was its sack by Ivan the Terrible's terrible oprichniki in 1570.
		For those who would wish to learn about Novgorodians' lives, so abundantly documented by the archaeologists, the museum in the kremlin has a rich and well displayed collection.
		As with its manuscripts and birch bark documents, Novgorod was particularly fortunate in the preservation of its art down to modern times.
	faculty.washington.edu /dwaugh/rus/novgorod/nforever.html (1440 words)

	Name Frequency in the Novgorod Birch-Bark Letters:Introduction
		Specifically, this is a survey based on the corpus of Novgorod Birch-Bark Letters, a collection of various private, handwritten documents unearthed during archeological excavations in the northern Russian city of Novgorod.
		These documents cover a period from the XI to the XV centuries (from archeological expeditions between 1951 and 1993).
		It is impossible to determine trends and preferences in chronological perspective on the basis of these documents alone because of their random nature.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/predslava/bbl (1304 words)

	Tree Book - Alaska paper birch
		Alaska paper birch is also known as Alaska white birch or Alaska paper birch.
		Alaska paper birch characteristically occurs on bogs and poorly drained soils; in pure stands or mixed with other species, especially fl spruce (Picea mariana).
		Erratum: this information on the Alaska paper birch was added October 2003 to the on-line version of the Tree Book and is not available in the printed version or any other version.
	www.for.gov.bc.ca /hfd/library/documents/treebook/alaskabirch.htm (350 words)

	RIA Novosti - Science & Technologies - Russian archaeologists discover ancient birch-barks with profanities
		The pieces of bark were found at an excavation site near the Novgorod Kremlin's fortress wall on Wednesday and Thursday.
		A total of 956 pieces of birch bark have been found near Veliky Novgorod in the past 54 years.
		The first bark document did not contain profanities, but was rather unusual.
	en.rian.ru /science/20050819/41190073.html (310 words)

	Birch Bark Dances
		My work may be used freely by individuals for non-commercial, non-web-based activities, such as Scouting, research, teaching, and personal use so long as this copyright statement is included in the text.
		Much of the content has been edited to be of practical use in today's world and is not intended as historical preservation.
		I will be happy to provide scans of specific short passages in the original documents for people involved in academic research.
	www.inquiry.net /outdoor/native/dance/bbr (711 words)

	Arts Guide: Exhibits around the world - Travel & Dining - International Herald Tribune
		To Feb. 12: "Sacred Arts and City Life: The Glory of Medieval Novgorod." About 290 works document the culture of Novgorod, Russia's oldest medieval city, from the ninth century, to its golden age in the 14th century and to its downfall after it was sacked by Ivan the Terrible in 1570.
		Among the works are carved objects, jewelry, musical instruments and birch-bark documents - the typical Russian means of communication between the 11th and 15th centuries - as well as icons by Greek artists for the churches of Novgorod after it converted to Christianity in 989.
		Leiden, where Rembrandt van Rijn (1606-1669) apprenticed, and Amsterdam, where he reached the height of his fame, are getting ready for the celebration of the 400th anniversary of the artist's birth.
	www.iht.com /articles/2005/12/30/news/traguide31.php (907 words)

	languagehat.com: BIRCH-BARK MAT.
		They only said one of the findings was a note written by a woman to her acquaintance in which she reprimanded the latter for not paying her debt.
		The other piece is said to be part of a larger document not found so far.
		Birch barks with "mat" words are not sensational, but rather well known - there is no reason for scholars to sit tight on these (see Zaliznyak 1995, 2004).
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002049.php (1417 words)

	Locative Bynames in Medieval Russia
		A single example of a Type I name in the Novgorod digs (ot Pavla iz Rostova [birch bark document #745]) is summarily rejected as an anthroponym by the editors.
		While the form is found in period documents, there is no convincing evidence that it was used as part of a personal name (or "anthroponym") in Russia and therefore its usage should be discouraged with Russian names.
		By the 14th-15th century it was the accepted form for noting legal residency in court documents (Wójtowicz, 1986: 119].
	www.sca.org /heraldry/laurel/names/toprus.html (2369 words)

	Viking Answer Lady Webpage - Old Norse Names
		There were a total of only 34 women in Iceland whose sons are shown by the historical records to have borne their mother's name as a matronymic, and most of these women lived in the northern and western districts of Iceland (Barði Guðmundsson.
		This doesn't mean the book is not useful - in a bunch of cases he includes information documenting a name in Scandinavia, with dates.
		All of these names come from Latin documents and hence are in a Latinized form, but the Scandinavian antecedents of many names is still very easy to see.
	www.vikinganswerlady.com /ONNames.shtml (4109 words)

	MAPLE SUGAR CANDY: Nez Perce recipes for kids
		A short stick was pushed into the opening and the sap ran down the stick and into a bucket (usually a bark pan or wooden bowl) below.
		Mothers would make candy for their children by folding little cones of thin birch bark and filling them with sugar.
		When the sugar hardened, they wrapped it in thin pieces of birch bark.
	www.fs.fed.us /npnht/education/candy.shtml (348 words)

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