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Topic: Birch bark writing

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	Birch bark - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Birch bark or birchbark is generally understood to be the bark of the Paper Birch tree (Betula papyrifera), or sometimes of related species such as Gray (Wire) Birch (Betula populifolia).
		Birch bark can be removed fairly easily from the trunk or branches, living or recently dead, by cutting a slit lengthwise through the bark and pulling or prying it away from the wood.
		Birch bark can be cut with a sharp knife, and worked like cardboard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birch_bark (461 words)

	botany/betula
		Birches are very attractive, with their white or beautifully colored bark, which peels off in thin, papery fragments.
		Birches grow naturally in cold climates and are very hardy; they withstand a substantial amount of exposure.
		Birch tar and oil used in the medical practice are obtained by distillation of the wood of the common Birch.
	www.botany.com /betula.html (703 words)

	Lady of the woods - the birch
		The birch tree, being symbolic of fertility and new birth, was therefore closely associated with the waxing/Maiden phase of the moon.
		The silvery grey bark, which becomes fissured with age, yields a tar which is used in ointments for skin ailments and the sap is used in hair tonics.
		The birch seed, which is small and light and easily spread by the wind (750,000 seeds to the lb) is eaten by many birds such as the chaffinch, redpoll and siskins.
	www.whitedragon.org.uk /articles/lady.htm (1502 words)

	The Beauty of Birches
		Birches produce male catkins up to 3 inches long and female flowers up to an inch long, but the flowers are not significant or showy.
		While birches tend to lose their leaves a little earlier in autumn, if they are not deprived of moisture, they will display beautiful golden, yellow and brown leaves with cinnamon-colored twigs and branches.
		While white birches are popular because of their beautiful stark white bark, the river birch has more subtle, rich, creamy colors and adds its own beauty to just about any landscape.
	www.emmitsburg.net /gardens/articles/adams/2004/birtches.htm (761 words)

	Birch Trees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Birches are graceful and elegant trees, often used in the landscape because of their attractive bark and small leaves, that flutter in the slightest breeze.
		Bark is reddish brown on young trees turning to a creamy white, readily peeling to expose a reddish orange inner bark.
		Bark is similar to that of the river birch, but instead of peeling off in papery sheets, the bark appears to puff out from the trunk.
	www.hortsource.com /birch_trees.htm (3542 words)

	Canoe from the Penobscot River (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		To sew they pierced the bark with a punch of pointed bone and passed through the hole an end of the wicker, drawing and tightening the stick as closely as they could against the bark, and always enwrapping the stick with the wicker so that they were in contact with one another.
		The birch bark of the bow and stern was trimmed so that the sides met without overlapping and was laced with a double overhand stitch similar to the lacings of the gores at the bilges.
		Perforations in the birch bark were made by means of bone awls prior to the advent of the explorers and traders.
	www.wcha.org /tidbits/penobscot (4640 words)

	Medicinal herb articles - Paper Birch - Betula papyrifera - Cedar Mountain Herb School
		Birches tend to grow in stands (a continuous family reunion), and are somewhat spindly with little forking at the lower end of the trees.
		Birch is astringent and used for its curative effects on skin eruptions and eczema.
		Birch trees are wonderfully fragrant after a rain, especially when the sun comes out from the clouds and warms the leaves.
	www.goodnaturedearthling.com /paper_birch.htm (806 words)

	The Birch
		To the Druids, the Birch (often referred to as the "Lady of the Woods" due to its grace and beauty) represented renewal, rebirth and inception, since it was the first tree to come into leaf after the Winter Season.
		It is a deciduous tree with white or grey bark and one of the earliest trees to gain its Spring leaves.
		Birch people are loyal, reliable and trustworthy, but prone to be reserved in displays of affection...although they are sociable with those they choose to socialize with.
	www.novareinna.com /constellation/birch.html (2700 words)

	Writing, 2 (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia) :: Bible Tools
		Writing on the horns of the altar is referred to in Jeremiah 17:1, and these horns too were of gold (Exodus 30:3).
		Bark also has often been used: both liber in Latin and "book" in English, according to some, are thought to refer to the bark of the lime or beech tree, and birch bark was a common writing material among the American Indians.
		The professional scribe, writing as an amanuensis, is represented by Baruch (Jeremiah 36:4) and Tertius (Romans 16:22), and the calligraphist by Ezra (Ezra 7:6).
	bibletools.org /index.cfm/fuseaction/Def.show/RTD/ISBE/ID/9250 (6035 words)

	botanical.com - A Modern Herbal \| Birch, Common - Herb Profile and Information
		The white epidermis of the bark is separable into thin layers, which may be employed as a substitute for oiled paper and applied to various economical uses.
		It yields oil of Birch Tar, and the peculiar, well-known odour of russia leather is due to the use of this oil in the process of dressing.
		Birch Wine, concocted from this thin, sugary sap of the tree, collected from incisions made in the trees in March, honey, cloves and lemon peel being added and then the whole fermented with yeast, makes a very pleasant cordial, formerly much appreciated.
	www.botanical.com /botanical/mgmh/b/bircom43.html (929 words)

	Birches In The Landscape, HYG-1079-88 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Birches are susceptible to two serious insect pests, which if not properly controlled can mar their effective use as ornamentals.
		Paper birch is the most popular of the birches for ornamental use and is less susceptible to severe attacks of the birch borer than European birch.
		The European birch is pyramidal in habit with white trunk and older branches and lateral branches that are slightly pendulous.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1079.html (804 words)

	Glosses.net : makeup your mind » 2003 » April » 07 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Prior to writing, the birch bark was usually treated, it was soaked in water, to straighten it out, sometimes the hard irregular layers of the bark were removed*.
		Some scrolls have writing on both sides of the bark; in these cases, the beginning of the text is usually found on the inner side.
		Some of Onfim’s writing and the evidence from the orthography of other birch bark scrolls suggests that Novgorodians were taught to read using the so-called “скандирование” - a method whereby every consonant has to be followed by a vowel.
	glosses.net /archives/2003/04/07 (714 words)

	Birch
		The tree is handsomely deciduous, reaching 100 feet in height, with pale gray papery bark, toothed leaves, and catkins in the spring.
		In the Highlands of Scotland, birch sap is tapped in the spring and drunk as a treatment for bladder and kidney complaints.
		Birch tar is a clear, dark brown oil obtained through a distillation process and used for parasitic infestations of the skin and other chronic skin complaints.
	www.innvista.com /health/herbs/birch.htm (443 words)

	The Birch Trees Overview
		The bark of this tree is commonly thought of as being white or grayish white, but also comes in yellowish or dark gray.
		The bark of Birch Trees tends to be easily peeled off in horizontal layers as thin as parchment, and indeed they can be used for just such a purpose.
		The catkin of the Birch Tree, when they’re in bloom, are often harvested and dried and used to scent a room, or are burned for a sweet aroma.
	www.santharia.com /herbarium/birch.htm (1101 words)

	NYS Horticulture Study Guide For Youth
		There are several different kinds of birch trees, but the gray birch is particularly popular because it has a beautiful white, papery bark Native Americans use the bark to make pouches and containers, or for writing and drawing.
		Birches are handsome trees that are planted primarily for decoration.
		If you need to move a birch tree, wait until spring and be sure to "ball and burlap" it.
	www.hort.cornell.edu /4hplants/Ornamentals/Birch.html (236 words)

	About Russian Birch Bark Basket Baskets Basketry Information - Simply Baskets
		Birch bark crafts have a long history in Russia and Siberia, but the boxes that you see now have a relatively recent history.
		Birch is a symbol of the Russian soul. This slim and subtle tree with a white trunk associates with Russia and its traditions.
		The birch bark is collected only during a brief interval in June and from trees that have been marked for logging.
	www.simplybaskets.com /RussianBirchBarkInformation.html (583 words)

	Birch
		Birches are popular ornamental trees in the northern United States and in Canada because of their graceful habit and peeling, textured bark.
		Canoe or Paper Birches (Betula papyrifera) are most easily recognized by their white bark, which was used by Indians to make canoes and cover wigwams.
		River Birch is a good replacement for the white barked birches if they have been a problem.
	www.yardener.com /Birch.html (359 words)

	Bronze Birch Borer Management, HYG-2018-95 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Adult bronze birch borers are rarely observed because of their secretive behavior and rapid flight ability.
		Thus, when birches are planted as an accent plant in sunny, dry urban lawns, they are rapidly attacked.
		However, gray birch is very susceptible to leaf miners and river birch is attacked by leaf aphids.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/2000/2018.html (1120 words)

	New Hampshire Almanac
		The white birch is also called the canoe birch or the paper birch, for understandable reasons.
		While all birches are sturdy and graceful and may grow tall, the canoe, or white birch sometimes reaches a height of 80 feet.
		Its bark is chalky to cream white, tinged with yellow, and peels in thin film-like layers.
	www.state.nh.us /nhinfo/tree.html (321 words)

	Birch
		Birch is one of our most beautiful and graceful forest trees and there are few places, which are more calming, peaceful and uplifting than a Birch wood.
		Birch has brought many gifts to people’s lives: An environment to live in, warm fires, light to see by, shelter, furniture, containers and other household objects, footwear, cradles and beds, tools and toys, boats to travel in and use for fishing, paper, food and drinks, medicine, beauty and spirituality.
		Birch has been messenger, medium, provider, healer, regenerating presence for millions of ancient souls in the past and she will do the same for us if we open up to her Spirit.
	www.the-tree.org.uk /BritishTrees/birch.htm (2450 words)

	[No title]
		Most writings were everyday ones, asking the wi fe to send clean underwear or the neighbor to lend some money, some love letters, poems or election bulletins where only one name was written.
		As the manor of a rich 12th century artist Grechin Petrovich was excavated and linked with his name (by birch-bark sources mainly), it was found that he was the chief of the artists' team that painted the Church of the Saviour at Nereditsa, previously well known to historians.
		The birch bark documents recovered there, let us say firmly that since the n all major decisions could be held by the prince only on condition the posadnik wouldn't say no (an important juridical system reform!).
	www.florilegium.org /files/CULTURES/Birch-Brk-Wrt-art.rtf (1468 words)

	Specialty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The bark is thick, dark and corky, deeply grooved, with dark reddish brown ridges.
		The bark is scaly, heavily furrowed and crosshatched, gray to dark brown.
		Officially known as the paper birch, this tree is also called the white birch and the canoe birch.
	www.scilogs.com /specialty.htm (565 words)

	Glosses.net : makeup your mind » Birch Bark 724 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		So some scholars write that the fall of the jers begins (in the first pretonic syllable) as early as 11th century; to strengthen this claim, as one discovers, the same examples are cited, namely книга, князь, два, вси, кто, многъ.
		Traditions of writing are something that we have to take into account when considering manuscript spelling: some of it was influenced by the spoken language of the scribe, some of it by the way the scribe learned to write.
		The analysis of content allows us to place the writing of the scroll between 1161-1167 (The text talks about a certain official Zakharia, and only one such existed, he held ffice btw 1161-67; there are also two other persons mentioned in the scroll who are identified as persons of the same period).
	glosses.net /archives/2003/05/07/birch-bark-724 (1193 words)

	Manuscripts along the Great Silk Road (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Thus, in India, two types of material were used for writing: birch bark (in Northwestern India, Kashmir, on the southern slopes of the Himalayas) and palm leaf (in Northeastern and Southern India).
		A new era in the history of writing in the East began with the invention of paper.
		All forms of Chinese writing of the fourth to eleventh centuries and Tangut writing are ideographic.
	www.lotossutra.at /english/manuskr.htm (1200 words)

	Birch Bark Canoes and Writing Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The first step is to assemble a shell of bark, using split roots from a spruce tree as the "thread" holding the pieces of bark together.
		The paper that forms the background for this page was hand-peeled from the bark of the Heart-leaved White Birch, a tree found on the upper slopes of the mountains of northern New England.
		In the spring, the tree trunks swell with sap, stretching their bark tighter and tighter until the outer layers split open, curl back, and fall to the ground.
	www.compuphoria.com /birch (323 words)

	The White Birch Tree
		Like most birches, their leaves are ovate-shaped and they have tall, elegant trunks.
		The White Birch has a bark of a whitish or grayish-white color that, when peeled away in strips, is thin and light enough to write on.
		The leaves of the White Birch are ovate, or egg-shaped, and are usually a dark or grayish green.
	www.santharia.com /herbarium/birch_white.htm (464 words)

	Silver Birch
		It grows to a height of 100 feet and is recognized by its grayish-white, peeling bark and dark cracks at the base.
		The silver birch is usually found in the thickets and in dry deciduous and evergreen forests of North America, Europe and the temperate zones of northern Asia.
		Birch leaves have diuretic properties because of the flavonoids they contain; they increase urinary excretion without irritating the kidneys.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/herbal_lore/46386 (415 words)

	Old Novgorod dialect - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Would you not like to give me the pleasure of riding into the city, not leaving our word?
		("I've Sent a Birch Bark to You...") 3rd ed., with an afterword by A.A. Zaliznyak.
		This page was last modified 00:16, 9 July 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Old_Novgorod_dialect (286 words)

	Thew Arctic Birch Tree
		The Birches is a catkin bearing trees being nearly two inches long, with five pollen bearing organs to each flower with its winged fruits.
		The birch bark canoe was good-looking and plain in lay out as it was useful.
		Historians say the birch bark canoe is one of the finest boons of the peoples of the north country who explored these areas.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/arctic_wildlife/110504 (403 words)

	Etherington & Roberts. Dictionary--bark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		The inner side of the bark of certain trees, e.g., birch, has been used in the past as a surface for writing.
		Bark books were rather common in Central Asia and the Far East until comparatively recent times.
		Bark is vulnerable to dampness and curling in climates of high relative humidity and to cracking in dry areas.
	palimpsest.stanford.edu /don/dt/dt0232.html (66 words)

	New Hampshire Symbols, Tree: Paper Birch - SHG Resources
		Not only is it native to New Hampshire -- a first consideration -- but it is found in all regions of the state, growing as it does on rich-wooded slopes and along the borders of lakes and streams.
		Paper birch is short-lived and rarely lives more than 140 years.
		They are important browse plants for animals, and the seeds, buds, and bark are also eaten by wildlife.
	www.shgresources.com /nh/symbols/tree (725 words)

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