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Topic: Bird evolution

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	Bird - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones.
		Birds respire by means of crosscurrent flow: the air flows at a 90 degree angle to the flow of blood in the lungs capillaries.
		Birds posses a ventriculus, or gizzard, that is composed of four muscular bands that act to rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /bird.htm (2593 words)

	The Life of Birds \| Evolution
		Birds have adapted so well to the demands of and trials set by our planet that Sir David Attenborough believes they may be the most successful creatures on earth, more successful even than insects.
		The dodo is the tragic symbol of bird extermination.
		After reserves were created to protect the birds, the population grew to such an extent that the birds actually ate themselves out of their own food.
	www.pbs.org /lifeofbirds/evolution (3063 words)

	Evolution: Library: Bird Evolution
		The skeletal adaptations that gave theropod dinosaurs an advantage of better balance or a swift strike to capture prey combined with feathers that may have served as insulation or an impressive display to potential mates to provide the components of a basic wing.
		A significant advance in flying ability came with the evolution of the alula, a tuft of specialized feathers attached to the thumb that alter airflow and allow control and maneuvering at slow flying speeds, important for controlled takeoffs and landings.
		Many characteristics that typify birds were present in the theropods before birds evolved, including hollow bones, a wishbone, a backward-pointing pelvis, and a three-toed foot.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/03/4/l_034_01.html (689 words)

	Untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		These are of interest in determining the age of birds, the ancestors of birds, the series of changes that birds underwent in evolution, whether modern birds are related to the radiation of fossil birds in the Mesozoic, and what makes a bird a bird.
		is unlike modern birds in retaining some primitive conditions shared with dinosaurs and other reptiles: teeth in jaw, curved backward; snout rather than a bill; small braincase (intermediate in relative body size between modern reptiles and modern birds) with large olfactory lobes; abdominal ribs or gastralia.
		Birds have arms at least as long as legs, longer and flightworthy feathers (though these features have been lost in some fossil and some modern flightless birds).
	www.ummz.lsa.umich.edu /birds/birddivresources/evolhist.html (3561 words)

	Fossil Record of the Aves
		The fossil record of birds is not extensive: the light, hollow bones of birds are not likely to survive as fossils.
		The oldest known fossil unambiguously identified as a bird is still the dinosaur-like Archaeopteryx, from the Solnhofen Limestone of the Upper Jurassic of Germany.
		It would also show that the first birds lived at the same time as the earliest dinosaurs -- which could disprove or force modification of the standard hypothesis that birds are descended from the highly derived coelurosaurian dinosaurs, which are not known from the Triassic.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/birds/birdfr.html (808 words)

	The Myth of Bird Evolution (by Harun Yahya) - Media Monitors Network
		This group of scientists emphasize the differences between dinosaurs and birds, claiming that the differences are too great for the birds to have evolved from earlier dinosaurs.
		Birds, in contrast, whether living or extinct, have hollow bones that are very light, as they must be in order for flight to take place.
		In other words, the passages in birds' lungs are so narrow that the air sacs inside their lungs cannot fill with air and empty again, as with land-dwelling creatures.
	www.mediamonitors.net /harunyahya15.html (3789 words)

	Health experts carefully watching bird flu evolution
		HANOI, Jan 30 (AFP) - Bird flu cases in Vietnam have grown since December at around the same rate as last year but scientists are carefully watching for any change in the way the virus is spreading.
		The bird flu has however claimed a few more lives this year in Vietnam -- 11 as of Sunday, as opposed to eight last year.
		On Saturday, a 13-year-old girl succumbed to bird flu, a week after her mother died aged 35.
	www.turkishpress.com /news.asp?ID=36710 (711 words)

	Harun Yahya - Articles - The Myth of Bird Evolution
		Just how such a different respiratory system could have evolved gradually from the standard vertebrate design without some sort of direction is, again, very difficult to envisage, especially bearing in mind that the maintenance of respiratory function is absolutely vital to the life of the organism.
		Feathers are features unique to birds, and there are no known intermediate structures between reptilian scales and feathers.
		Even birds' most scalelike features-the leg scutes (scales), claws, and the epidermally derived beak-are formed from a single category of protein, the -keratins.
	www.harunyahya.com /70myth_bird_evolution_sci33.html (3780 words)

	Howstuffworks "Evidence Supports Dinosaur-Bird Evolution"
		Scientists have long debated the notion that birds are descended from dinosaurs.
		The debate surrounding the dinosaur-bird evolution theory became particularly heated in June, when a team of U.S. and Russian researchers reported their discovery of longisquama, an extinct, small flying reptile with feathers.
		Longisquama was part of the archosaur group of reptiles from which dinosaurs, birds and crocodiles are descended, say the researchers.
	www.howstuffworks.com /news-item154.htm (319 words)

	Glencoe Science: WebQuest
		Birds have a keeled sternum to which flight muscles are attached.
		Was this fossil a dinosaur or a bird?
		At the top of the rows, write in the age of the fossil, where it was found, and why it is important to the study of bird evolution.
	www.glencoe.com /sec/science/webquest/content/dinobirds.shtml (1097 words)

	Evolution Fraud
		In an attempt to further their careers and justify the claims that evolution is a legitimate theory, many scientists have fraudulently deceived the world by planting or reconstructing fossils which they would claim to be authentic finds.
		The most recent and perhaps the most infamous evolution frauds was committed in China and published in 1999 in the journal National Geographic 196:98-107, November 1999.
		Dinosaur bones were put together with the bones of a newer species of bird and they tried to pass it off as a very important new evolutionary intermediate.
	www.nwcreation.net /evolutionfraud.html (1114 words)

	Microscopic Bone Evidence Supports Dinosaur-Bird Evolution Link
		The popular notion that birds evolved from dinosaurs has come under assault recently with the discovery of fossil evidence of a feathered reptile that pre-dates birds.
		The debate over bird evolution grew more heated in June when a team of Russian and U.S. researchers suggested a fossil of a small flying reptile with feathers, called Longisquama, came from 225 million years ago.
		Longisquama was an archosaur, part of a group of reptiles from which dinosaurs, birds and crocodiles (birds' closest living relatives) are descended.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2000/08/000810071719.htm (920 words)

	Bird evolution? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		New research shows that birds lack the embryonic thumb that dinosaurs had, suggesting that it is ‘almost impossible’ for the species to be closely related.
		Flying birds have streamlined bodies, with the weight centralized for balance in flight; hollow bones for lightness which are also part of their breathing system; powerful muscles for flight, with specially designed long tendons that run over pulley-like openings in the shoulder bones; and very sharp vision.
		On flightless birds, mutations degenerating the aerodynamic feather structure would not be as much a handicap as they would be on a flying bird.
	www.answersingenesis.org /home/area/re1/chapter4.asp (2599 words)

	Dinobuzz: Dinosaur-Bird Relationships
		However, birds were still not well accepted as dinosaur descendants—such hypotheses as A. Walker's "crocodylomorph" ancestor and G. Heilman's "thecodont" ancestor held sway for most of the 19th and 20th century, or else birds were simply dismissed as originating from some unknown reptile that didn't matter anyway.
		Like all other reptiles, birds have scales (feathers are produced by tissues similar to those that produce scales, and birds have scales on their feet).
		Extant birds have been separated evolutionarily from the other coelurosaurian dinosaurs for some 150 million years, so they do look, act, and function quite differently, but science has shown us that they are closely linked by their common evolutionary history.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /diapsids/avians.html (1502 words)

	Evolution of Bird Migration (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Bird migration is a behavior that has evolved over many thousands of years.
		Migratory behavior continues to evolve because of the changing environment in which the birds live: If environmental conditions favor migration, the number of birds that migrate increases; if conditions permit the birds to stay in one place, the sedentary type predominates.
		It was undoubtedly some of these migrants gone astray that colonized Guadeloupe Island, some 150 miles off the coast of Baja California, where the junco is now established as a sedentary population.
	www.paulnoll.com /Oregon/Birds/migrate-evolution.html (276 words)

	BIRD EVOLUTION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		One group of scientists say that birds are descended from certain dinosaurs that lived about 70 million years ago.
		For example the fossils of Sinosauropteryx prima that appear to have feathers (70 million years old) are not as old as those of Archaeopteryx, the oldest recognized bird (143 millions years old).
		While there are still many questions, most people think that at some time birds and dinosaurs were related.
	warrensburg.k12.mo.us /ew/firstbirds/darin.html (275 words)

	Birds-Zoom School-Enchanted Learning Software
		Birds are warm-blooded vertebrate animals that have wings, feathers, a beak, no teeth, a strong, hollow skeleton, and bear their young in hard-shelled eggs
		Bird fossils are rare because bird bones are hollow and fragile.
		Birds play an important part in the control of insects, the dispersal of seeds and the pollination of flowering plants
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds (99 words)

	Bird Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Birds evolved from reptiles and, except for their feathers and warm-blooded condition with related anatomical changes, are very similar to reptiles.
		In the Cretaceous are found birds which still have teeth, but otherwise are like modern birds with well-developed flight.
		By the beginning of the Cenozoic Era, the diversification of the more modern groups of birds began, which now comprises most of the world's bird life.
	www.umpi.maine.edu /info/nmms/birdev.htm (126 words)

	- Camp answers Theobald - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The first is that the cytochromes of all the higher organisms (yeasts, plants, insects, fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals) exhibit an almost equal degree of sequence divergence from the cytochrome of the bacteria Rhodospirillum.
		The fact is that those scientists who concluded that birds were most closely related to mammals (and thus that mammal-bird intermediates existed) remained fully committed to the hypothesis of universal common ancestry.
		The idea that birds descended from dinosaurs was first suggested by Thomas Huxley in 1868 on the basis of skeletal similarities between Archaeopteryx lithographica and Compsognathus longipes, a chicken-size coelurosaur recovered from the same formation as Archaeopteryx.
	www.trueorigin.org /ca_ac_01.asp (12330 words)

	Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The configuration of birds’ teeth groups them strongly with crocodilians, which is why Larry Martin believes birds split off from the crocodilians possibly in the late Permian or early Triassic period [about 250 million evolutionary years ago—mid-Flood deposits from our perspective] (pp.
		In Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, Michael Denton explains that it is physiologically impossible to evolve from bellows type lungs of reptiles to flow-through bird lungs.
		Her attempt to reconcile the lack of fossil evidence by using modern mammals to justify her claim of "overwhelming evidence," e.g., the flying lemur which glides and hangs upside down when not flying, betrays her unwillingness to consider creation as a possible answer.
	www.creationinthecrossfire.com /Articles/TakingWing.html (1493 words)

	Refuting Evolution, Chapter 4: Bird Evolution?
		The problem with the hypothesis that birds evolved from dinosaurs is so pervasive that we asked permission of Answers in Genesis, and the publisher, Master Books, Inc., to publish an entire chapter from this book on our web site to refute it.
		Archaeopteryx had fully formed flying feathers (including asymmetric vanes and ventral, reinforcing furrows as in modern flying birds), the classical elliptical wings of modem woodland birds, and a large wishbone for attachment of muscles responsible for the downstroke of the wings.
		Interestingly, some defenders of dinosaur-to-bird evolution discount this evidence against their theory by saying, "The proponents of this argument offer no animal whose lungs could have given rise to those in birds, which are extremely complex and are unlike the lungs of any living animal.
	www.creationists.org /chapter4.html (2290 words)

	Creationist Dinosaur Links
		Demise of the 'Birds are Dinosaurs' Theory by GodandScience.Org
		On the Alleged Dinosaurian Ancestry of Birds by Ashby Camp
		Birds Flew Earlier Than Previously Thought, Scientists Say Scientists have determined that Archaeopteryx had what it took to fly.
	www.nwcreation.net /dinolinks.html (574 words)

	Dino-bird evolution falls flat! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We cautioned that many media ‘proofs’ of evolution are later refuted with barely a whimper in the media.
		A team led by bird expert Alan Feduccia, chairman of biology at the University of North Carolina, studied bird embryos under a microscope, and published their study in the journal Science.
		Indeed, birds have a complicated system of air sacs which keep air flowing in one direction through special tubes (parabronchi) in the lung, and blood moves through the lung’s blood vessels in the opposite direction for efficient oxygen uptake,
	www.answersingenesis.org /docs/1357.asp (528 words)

	Glaciers may not have driven modern bird evolution
		John Klicka and Dr. Robert Zink, evolutionary biologists at the J. Bell Museum of Natural History at the University of Minnesota in St. Paul, studied 35 pairs of bird species considered to be the best examples of species split by the geographical isolation caused by the glaciers.
		The researchers used other bird and mammal species with dateable fossils to estimate about how many years it took to accumulate a certain number of differences, or the actual rate at which the molecular-clock ticks.
		Researchers suggest that the challenge to the theory should encourage biologists to reexamine the evolution of many species of birds, mammals, insects and others thought to have arisen due to the period of glaciation from 2 million to 10,000 years ago.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/evol/glaciers.html (847 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Taking Wing: Archaeopteryx and the Evolution of Bird Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Applying skills honed in the controversial field of paleoanthropology, Shipman (The Evolution of Racism: Human Differences and the Use and Abuse of Science, LJ 6/1/94) draws from a diversity of scientific fields to present a comprehensive analysis of the ideas explaining how adaptations needed for animal flight came about.
		Using the well-known Archaeopteryx fossils as a keystone, she discusses historical and current hypotheses about bird evolution, along with the provocative debates they spurred.
		The author breaks down the book into smaller stories, such as the discovery of the fossils themselves, the structure of the skeletal joints of dinosaurs and modern birds, and the evolution and aerodynamics of feathers to name a few.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/0684849658 (1080 words)

	Powell's Books - Taking wing: (Archaeopteryx and the evolution of bird flight ) by Pat Shipman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		A bird's-eye view of evolution through the story of Archaeopteryx, the fossil skeleton of a transitional bird-reptile that offers a stunning glimpse into the origins of flight — and the drama with which scientific understanding unfolds.
		A few years after the publication of Charles Darwin's The Origin of Species, the scientific world was set aflutter by an amazing discovery: a fossil skeleton exquisitely preserved even to the impressions of individual feathers on its wings had been found in the Bavarian region of Germany.
		Hailed as First Bird, Archaeopteryx became a celebrity among fossils, the subject of heated debates that have escalated over the past 130 years.
	www.powells.com /cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1-0684811316-7 (228 words)

	EvC Forum: Bird Evolution (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Clearly it is; the evidence is that birds evolved from other flightless creatures, and that there's a gradient of flight ability found in the natural world.
		That's fairly conclusive, to me. If birds evolved from other creatures, as they did; and there's a variety of transitional forms between flightlessness and flight, as there are, then it's simple.
		We can instead say that the various birds were designed for their particular niches in nature.
	www.evcforum.net /cgi-bin/dm.cgi?action=msg&f=10&t=113&m=16 (1087 words)

	Bird Fossils - Enchanted Learning Software
		In 1868, Thomas Henry Huxley interpreted the Archaeopteryx fossil to be a transitional bird having many reptilian features.
		Along with Compsognathus, a bird-sized and bird-like dinosaur, Huxley argued that birds and reptiles were descended from common ancestors.
		Many birds have become extinct because of competition for habitat and food, predators, exposure to harmful chemicals, etc. Birds as a group have been in a gradual decline since they reached a peak about a quarter to a half a million years ago.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds/Birdfossils.html (263 words)

	Journal of Dinosaur Paleontology
		Original article discussing the results of an experiment that grew feathers from bird scales, and their implications for the dinosaur-bird debate.
		Discussion of the problems with hypotheses made by Dr. Alan Feduccia in his new book on bird evolution, plus general discussion on the dinosaurian affinities birds.
		Original commentary on the recent spate of bills mandating evolution not be taught as fact, focusing on the definitions of fact, theory, etc., and the need for and motivation behind such legislation.
	www.dinosauria.com /jdp/jdp.htm (1616 words)

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