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Topic: Bird flight

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Secretary bird

Flight

Ornithopter

Bird

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Great tit

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Peregrine Falcon

Whiskered Tern

Common Pheasant

Seabird

Wing

Tern

Flying squirrel

Homologous

	Bird flight - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Flight is more energetically expensive in larger birds, and many of the largest species fly by soaring (gliding without flapping their wings) most of the time.
		The bird's forelimbs, the wings, are the key to bird flight.
		Hummingbird flight is different to other bird flight in that the wing is extended throughout the whole stroke, the stroke being a symmetrical figure of eight, with the wing being an airfoil in both the up- and down-stroke.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bird_flight (1602 words)

	Avian Flight
		It is this first bird and its closest relatives that we must consider when discussing the origin of flight in birds, because later birds are more modified in structure, and hence are inaccurate models for understanding the origin of flight in the avian lineage.
		In support of Archaeopteryx as one of the model ancestral birds, there is a line of later transitional forms during the Cretaceous period — forms such as Confuciusornis and Sinornis that show the rapid evolution of flight in birds, quickly approaching the structure seen in most modern flying birds.
		Birds showed a gradual increase in flying ability during their early evolution —; Archaeopteryx was not a powerful flyer, but it seems it was not much of a glider either.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /vertebrates/flight/aves.html (709 words)

	Flight in Birds
		Birds are the ultimate flying machines, though insects have been doing it for longer and in many cases are more versatile; their small size makes the physics of it much easier.
		Bird flight is dependent on the shape of the birds wings and the way they use them.
		Large birds have evolved to be gliders partly because gliding becomes easier the larger your wings are and obviously small birds cannot have large wings.
	www.earthlife.net /birds/flight.html (1729 words)

	Bird Flight
		However, few species of bird exhibit both types of intermittent flight, so flap-bounding may be a compromise between the need to maintain muscle contractions at an optimal velocity and the need to vary power output and flight speed.
		In addition, the primary flight muscle, the pectoralis, of many small birds is composed of a single muscle fiber type, further limiting the range of useful strain rates for these species.
		As flight speed increased in a wind tunnel, budgerigars that exhibited intermittent flight at all speeds tended to flex their wings during intermittent non-flapping periods, apparently in response to increased profile drag.
	www.shawcreekbirdsupply.com /bird_flight_2.htm (1445 words)

	Eastern Birding Central - Bird Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Birds are born with them, but humans aren't, and we spent years attempting to unlock their secrets.
		Birds use their tails as rudders to steer them through the air; common grackles bend their tails into triangular shapes in order to maximize this effect.
		Usually a bird seen soaring high in the sky is a turkey vulture, although Red-tailed and Cooper's hawks are not uncommon sights at all.
	www.geocities.com /easternbirds/Flight.html (1286 words)

	:: SALIM ALI - On the flight of birds :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		It is noticeable that the alighting or landing of a bird is invariably preceded by an upward tilt of the long axis of its body accompanied by the vigorous flapping of wings and a depressing and expanding of the tail.
		It is useful to be able to recognise the style of flight adopted by various groups and species of birds and their sundry little mannerisms on the wing since these are points that may assist materially in field identification.
		Birds that habitually soar, such as vultures, eagles, storks, pelicans, etc., have relatively broad wings with rounded or squared wing –; tips terminating in a finger – like spread of the outer primaries – the ‘slotted-wing device’.
	www.nirvanaadventures.com /pilots_stuff/flight_birds.html (1664 words)

	Feathers, Flight, and Parrotkeeping (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Each feather is individually attached to a muscle, which allows for greater maneuverability.ii Feathers enable birds to fly thousands of miles a year, to fly at speeds of 100 miles an hour, to hover and fly backwards, and to fly for days at a stretch without stopping.
		Even tropical birds, who are not subjected to the extremes of weather, move with the seasonal rains and droughts, often across hundreds of miles.vii Certain examples of migratory flight almost defy belief.
		Some allow flight at some times of the year, then clip their parrots for the remainder of the year, as might the couple who travel in a motor home for the summer and take their bird with them.
	www.holisticbirds.com /Hbn02/spring02/pages/flight2.htm (1504 words)

	Flying High: Bird Man
		Earlier studies of bird flight had to rely on dissections and external examinations, but current research may ultimately lead to improvements in aircraft design.
		The bird is powered by a rubber band and is said to be capable of flights of 150 feet.
		Bird flight was much more complicated than even da Vinci realized, and he lacked the materials and technology needed to make the machine leave the ground.
	www.pbs.org /safarchive/4_class/45_pguides/pguide_603/4563_bird.html (775 words)

	Flight
		Flight evolved from gliding behavior and gliding and the use of feathers for insulation probably evolved together.
		On a bird, a special small group of feathers attached to the thumb (1st digit), the alula, rests on the anterior wing surface and can be raised so that there is a gap between it and the rest of the wing.
		Flight speed is dependent upon the bird, the weather, the wind, etc. In general, the flight speed of small passerines varies from 15 to 50 mph.
	www.ornithology.com /lectures/Flight.html (1542 words)

	Bird Flight
		Flight is possible because of the action of the wing as an airfoil.
		Flight is more energetically expensive in larger birds, and many of the largest species fly by soaring (gliding through the air without flapping their wings) most of the time.
		Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/21/bird-flight.html (963 words)

	The Bird Site: Flight
		As with an airplane, four main forces affect the flight of a bird: lift, drag, thrust, and the downward pull of gravity.
		A bird wing is very stream-lined, tapering from a thick, rounded leading edge to a thin point at the trailing edge.
		Birds with different types of flight have wings that are shaped very differently.
	www.nhm.org /birds/guide/pg018.html (510 words)

	Bird Divination
		Bird divination was one of the most important forms of auspicy (messagescoming from the sky) practised in cultures throughout the world.
		Birds flying from the left indicate delays and perhap counsel waiting or remaining silent for a while.
		If a dark bird or a bird of prey screams as it circles, unless it is near its nest there may be unexpected opposition to overcome.
	www.homestead.com /crystalforest1/DivinationBirds.html (566 words)

	bird flight
		Diagram showing the large fan-shaped pectoralis muscle converging to an attachment on the humerus, and the smaller supracoracoideus deep to it at the front, attaching to the top of the humerus via a tendon passing through the foramen triosseum.
		The pectoralis muscle powers the downstroke and is proportionately very large in birds (up to 35% of body weight).
		Poore, S.O., Sanchez-Haiman, A., and Goslow Jr, G.E. (1997) Wing upstroke and the evolution of flapping flight.
	www.nurseminerva.co.uk /adapt/bird.htm (262 words)

	Ornithology Lecture Notes - Flight
		Birds are known to employ two different gaits in flapping flight, a vortex-ring gait in slow flight and a continuous-vortex gait in fast flight.
		On the aerodynamics of moult gaps in birds.
		An Early Cretaceous bird from Spain and its implications for the evolution of avian flight.
	www.biology.eku.edu /RITCHISO/554notes2.html (3651 words)

	All About Birds : Birds in Flight
		It has two high-speed auto-focus (AF) modes that would be perfect for birds in flight except the frame momentarily "freezes" in the camera's viewfinder, making it difficult to track your moving subject.
		While starting with a perched bird increases the odds for a successful flight sequence, using the RDS on a bird already in flight can add to the percentage of in-frame shots.
		Steve Wolfe is an amateur photographer with a passion for birds, and for building a stitch-and-glue mahogany kayak in his living room.
	www.birds.cornell.edu /AllAboutBirds/bp/flight (492 words)

	Bird - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Air enters the bird and immediately 75% of the air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air.
		When the bird exhales the air from the posterior air sac is forced into the lungs thus birds receive a supply of air during both inhalation and exhalation.
		Birds with eyes on the side of their head have a wide vision field while birds with eyes on the front of their heads like owls have binocular vision and can measure depth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bird (2769 words)

	The Why Files \| When birds soar: What happens?
		To answer this question, his crew of researchers stuck a model of a bird wing in water containing shiny particles.
		While high-performance aircraft have used the leading-edge vortex for many years, this is the first evidence for the LEV in bird wings, Videler says.
		Acrobatic birds also take advantage of the LEV; changing wing angle gives them the ratio of lift and drag they need for flying and snatching insects in mid-air.
	whyfiles.org /shorties/166bird_wing (866 words)

	Bird flight diverter bird deterrent repels pigeons and other pest birds from power lines, agriculture and industry.
		Bird flight diverter bird deterrent repels pigeons and other pest birds from power lines, agriculture and industry.
		Each FireFly bird diverter is easily installed from the ground using a spring-loaded clamp with an installation tool or on live power lines with a hot stick.
		This bird diverter/flapper swivels and rotates in 3-5 mph wind conditions, increasing visibility to migrating birds and bats with both night and day reflectors.
	www.birdbusters.com /bird_flight_diverter.html (458 words)

	Old Bird, Inc.
		Old Bird is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit corporation dedicated to facilitating acoustic monitoring of avian night flight calls.
		One is the development and distribution of information and tools for advancing the method and utility of monitoring night flight calls of migrating birds.
		The second is the establishment and maintenance of networks of acoustic monitoring stations for gathering and distributing night flight call data for environmental education and understanding.
	www.oldbird.org (101 words)

	Is there more to Bird Flight Than Meets the Eye?
		Physiology and function clearly indicate that flying birds are dependent on wings for mobility and is necessary for flying birds' daily lives.
		The model bird was a duck standing on the ground and the hard-to-follow explanation for air flow and air sac function was a 'had to' read over and over again proposition.
		Realizing that birds have all these air sacs and pnuematic bones that intercommunicate with each other and are in turn connected to the lungs results in a confused mess to try to understand.
	home1.gte.net /impekabl/Birdflight.html (835 words)

	Dr. Philip Burgers - New Ideas On Bird Flight
		A bird flying in formation are looking for the upwash from the other birds around it in order to increase its thrust.
		The upwash is larger at the tips, so if you are a bird on migration look to be the one at the tip of the formation to take advantage of the greatest amount of upwash and thus the thrust.
		He used this program to study the aerodynamics of one bird as the lead and the other bird at 70-80 degrees behind it, but not in the downwash of the lead bird.
	www.twitt.org /BIRDS.htm (2282 words)

	Bird Flight (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Birds and insects are both among the most frequently seen wildlife in our everyday life.
		The flight of birds is arguably the most graceful and expressive of all natural motions.
		In this project we focus on the synthesis of realistic bird flight animations using physics-based methods.
	grail.cs.washington.edu /projects/flight (76 words)

	BirdForum - Bird Flight in pictures?
		You are most welcome to register for an account, which allows you to take part in lively discussions in the forum, post your pictures in the gallery and more.
		I'm looking for pictures of birds in flight, in particular of birds of prey.
		SASOL Birds of Prey of Africa and its Islands by Kemp (ISBN 1 85974 100 2)
	www.birdforum.net /showthread.php?t=19467 (361 words)

	Partners in Flight Home Page - U.S.
		The theme for International Migratory Bird Day (IMBD) 2006 is "Boreal Forests".
		Geological Survey (USGS) is supporting the Partners in Flight (PIF) Home Page as part of its contribution to PIF.
		It is being served by the USGS Patuxent Wildlife Research Center.
	www.partnersinflight.org (143 words)

	Flight and Breeding Birdcages from Bird and Cage Co
		Flight and Breeding Birdcages from Bird and Cage Co Home
		She can finally enjoy the world from more of a 'bird's perspective', and as soon as we get her installed in her new cage-home she will have a little room to hop around.
		This spacious wrought iron cage comes with its own stand, including deluxe carpet castors and a storage shelf, and sports a vertically removeable divider, which comes in especially handy during breeding season.
	www.birdandcage.com /flight.html (2613 words)

	Bird Flight
		Ornithopters are machines designed to fly like birds, just by flapping their wings.
		A: The larger a bird is, the less power its muscles can produce, in relation to their weight.
		Also, if a really large bird spent a lot of time flapping its wings, it would need a huge amount of food.
	www.ornithopter.org /birdflight (334 words)

	Chirp n Squawk Bird Supplies. Safe Parrot Supplies including bird food, bird toys, bird stands and bird carriers.
		Thermo-Perch is a thermostatically controlled heated bird perch that gives your parrot a cozy place to perch on cold nights or when it is ill. This textured polymer bird perch is designed to safely give off continuous warmth and maintain a comfortable perch surface of 102-107 degrees Fahrenheit.
		Reputable bird stores are intimately familiar with all sizes and most species of parrots and are passionate about their own pet parrots.
		Water bottles are useful, especially for parrots that bathe or poop in their water dish or dunk their pellet bird food.
	www.birdsupplies.com (801 words)

	Realistic Modeling of Bird Flight Animations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In this paper we describe a physics-based method for synthesis of bird flight animations.
		The bird motion is created by applying joint torques and aerodynamic forces over time in a forward dynamics simulation.
		This detailed bird flight model enables us to produce flight motions of different birds performing a variety of maneuvers including taking off, cruising, rapidly descending, turning, and landing.
	grail.cs.washington.edu /projects/flight/wu2003realistic.html (132 words)

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