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Topic: Bird skeleton

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	Bird - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, oviparous vertebrate animals characterized primarily by feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, and hollow bones.
		Birds ventilate their lungs by means of posterior and anterior air sacs (typically nine) which act like bellows, but do not play a direct role in gas exchange.
		Birds possess a ventriculus, or gizzard, that is composed of four muscular bands that act to rotate and crush food by shifting the food from one area to the next within the gizzard.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bird (2594 words)

	Comparing a Human and Avian Skeleton
		The main difference between the human and bird skeleton is that the bird's skeleton is adapted for flight.
		The differences between the bird and human skeleton are very apparent in the pectoral girdle, which is the place where the forelimbs attach to the spine.
		The collarbone of the bird is fused to form the furculum, or wishbone.
	www.biologycorner.com /worksheets/comparing_avian_human.html (592 words)

	Keel (bird) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The skeleton of a dove displays a prominent keel.
		A keel in bird anatomy is an extension of the sternum which runs axially along the midline of the sternum and extends outward, perpendicular to the plane of the ribs.
		Historically, the presence or absence of a pronounced keel structure was used as a broad classification of birds into two classes: Carinatae (from carina, "keel"), having a pronounced keel; and Ratites (from ratis, "raft" — referring to the flatness of the sternum), having a subtle keel structure or lacking one entirely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Keel_(bird) (209 words)

	Birds - Anatomy Of Birds
		So the modifications of a bird's skeleton are primarily morphological, those due to the fact that it is a bird, but these are associated with others rendered necessary by the adaptation of the fore limb for flight and its consequent withdrawal from use in any other form of locomotion, or for taking food.
		The general characteristics of a bird's skeleton are lightness, length of neck, very decided difference between the fore and hind limbs, and reduction in the apparent number of bones of the hand and foot (metacarpals and metatarsals) by their fusion with one another.
		The extent to which the skeleton of a bird is permeated by air usually bears a direct and apparent ratio to its mode of life.
	www.oldandsold.com /birds/bd1-2.shtml (4042 words)

	Inside the pet bird
		A unique feature of the bird skeleton is that the vertebral column, consisting of the cervical, thoracic, lumbar and tail vertebrae, is partly fused together.
		Bird lungs are relatively small and not as elastic as those of a mammal.
		When the bird is at rest, the ribs are moved by muscles of the body cavity, which causes air to be sucked into and expelled from the air sacs, so that gas exchange can take place.
	www.prettybirds.net /Insidebird.htm (1283 words)

	Avian Skeleton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A bird's streamlining for flight is perhaps best exemplified in the evolution of the skull, which is composed mainly of thin, hollow bones.
		A bird's skull is extremely light in proportion to the rest of its body due to elimination of a heavy jaw, jaw muscles, and teeth; the job of chewing has largely replaced by the gizzard.
		In contrast to the rigidity of a bird's skeleton, the neck is extremely mobile.
	www.paulnoll.com /Oregon/Birds/Avian-Skeleton.html (379 words)

	The Anatomy of Birds
		Birds are different to most mammals in a number of immediately obvious ways, they walk on two legs and have two wings, they have feathers instead of hair and a beak instead of jaws with teeth.
		The main ways birds have lost weight is through the loss of teeth and the large jaw bones needed to support teeth, the loss of nearly all the tail and reduction of the skull.
		This is missing in certain flightless birds such as the ratites (Emus and Ostriches etc.) It is also missing in Archeopteryx, however scientists believe that in the ratites the sternal keel has been lost as a result of the birds having adopted a flightless life style, whereas in Archeopteryx it had not evolved yet.
	www.earthlife.net /birds/anatomy.html (1581 words)

	Re: Avian Bone Marrow
		In birds the pectoral girdle is made of three bones, rather than two as in humans.
		The bird's large eyes are separately supported and protected by an encircling ring of small, shinglelike bony plates called the sclerotic ring.
		As in mammals, birds have a four-chambered heart; however, a bird's heart is proportionately larger and more powerful to help facilitate the spreading of oxygen faster and more efficiently.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/dec96/842732147.Zo.r.html (707 words)

	The Origin of Birds
		The four-footed bird ancestors, which were common ancestors of birds and dinosaurs, evolved the bipedal stance, why their pectoral skeleton was generally reduced.
		The broad breastbone and the well-developed collarbone, the “wish-bone”, was therefore maintained as a characteristic trait of the bird- skeleton.
		Birds’ flight can be distinguished in two moments, elevation and thrust of which elevation is the ability to stay unsupported in the air, and thrust is the ability to move forward in the air with no connection to the ground.
	home13.inet.tele.dk /palm/origbird.htm (3427 words)

	Skeleton, Skeletons, All about human skeleton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		skeleton system, squeeelton systum, the human skeleton The best thing about the hunan skeleon, skeleton watch and related to squeleetun wath is required by skeleton diagram both dkeleton diaglam, the skeleton key trailer and topics related to the scheelton key tlaiell and cat skeleton cat scheretun, appendicular skeleton or appandicular skeleon, dog skeleton.
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	skeleton.wet-videos.com (3435 words)

	Skeleton of a Typical Bird
		Birds also have more neck (cervical) vertebrae than many other animals; most have 13 to 25 of these very flexible neck vertebrae (this helps them groom their feathers).
		Furthermore, as birds have immobile eyes, head movement and flexibility is required to focus on objects at various distances.
		Of course, between the femur and the fibula and tibiotarsus is the knee, whose location in birds is often confused.
	fsc.fernbank.edu /Birding/skeleton.htm (602 words)

	birds template (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The wings of a bird correspond to the arms of a human being.
		In birds that fly, the largest muscles are those that move the wings.
		A bird's skeleton is both lightweight and strong.
	www.worldbook.com /features/birds/html/whatis_skeleton.html (192 words)

	Bird Skeleton (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Birds are bipedal, warm-blooded, egg-laying vertebrates characterized primarilyby feathers, forelimbs modified as wings, andhollow bones.
		Birds are a very differentiated class, with some feeding on nectar, seeds, insects, rodents, fish, carrion, or other birds.
		Most birds arecharacterised by flight, though the ratites are flightless, and several other species,particularly on islands, have also lost this ability.
	www.vermontreview.com /edge/47247-birdskeleton.html (598 words)

	Birds of Prey
		In diurnal birds of prey most of the muscle mass is divided between the flight and leg muscles.
		Birds also stay warm by increasing their activity rate (metabolism), fluffing feathers to trap insulating air, shivering, or tucking exposed parts, such as faces and legs into feathers.
		The gizzard in most diurnal birds of prey is relatively thin-walled and saclike due to the soft nature of fish and meat.
	www.seaworld.org /animal-info/info-books/raptors/anatomy.htm (1050 words)

	IdahoPTV Dialogue For Kids Birds of Prey What is a Bird? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		A bird's eyes are usually located toward the front and/or sides of its head, and may point almost directly forward or in opposite directions, giving it one of two types of vision or a combination of both.
		Although birds may have monocular or binocular vision, or a combination of both, they vary in their capability to move their eyes in their sockets.
		Birds seem to have a poor sense of smell and rely heavily on their sense of sight and hearing to find food and avoid predators.
	www.idahoptv.org /dialogue4kids/birdsofprey/bird.html (1627 words)

	Flying on Ice - Amanda Bird - Skeleton Racing
		It’s called skeleton racing and Amanda’s long-term goal, along with graduating this spring from the University at Albany, is to compete in the 2006 Winter Olympics.
		Skeleton racing suits the high-energy Bird to a T. "I am very emotional — I feel a lot of things strongly, and skeleton racing is a huge outlet," she said.
		Prior to this year, Amanda was a bobsled racer, but an accident in the winter of 1999 tore the retinas in both her eyes and kept her inactive while she went through four corrective surgeries.
	www.albany.edu /main/features/2002/12-02/abird/abird.htm (383 words)

	Bird Anatomy
		Your bird's skeleton is thin and much lighter than a mammal's, and this characteristic is one reason she can fly.
		Some birds may suffer from a condition known as an overgrown beak, in which the upper or lower beak continues to grow to a length that impedes proper eating.
		Bird tongues come in a variety of sizes and shapes and have one purpose, which is to aid in feeding.
	www.petco.com /Content/Article.aspx?PC=article&Nav=153&PetTypeID=4&TopicID=12&id=33&webt=0&tab=&categoryID=1&pettype=NULL&articleID=33 (1320 words)

	[No title]
		Flight is physically stressful on a bird's skeleton, yet flight must overcome the force of gravity.
		A bird's wing is cambered, or curved, especially on the upper surface.
		Respiration physiology of diving birds is poorly known compared to mammals, but high concentrations of oxyhemoglobin in blood and muscles of diving birds enable them to survive without inhaled oxygen for longer than non-diving birds.
	www.humboldt.edu /~mdj6/365/lect/OLect3&4.doc (3254 words)

	Scientists: Dodo bird skeleton discovered \| The San Diego Union-Tribune
		An international team of researchers said they found the bones of the bird on a sugar cane plantation on the island of Mauritius off the east coast of Madagascar, and presented their findings at the National Museum of Natural History in the Dutch city of Leiden on Friday.
		The last-known stuffed bird was destroyed in a 1755 fire at a museum in Oxford, England, leaving only partial skeletons and drawings of the bird.
		They believe the bird did not fear humans because it had no natural predators on Mauritius and had lost the ability to fly because it was so large: adults grew to around 3 feet and weighed around 50 pounds – far bigger than a pelican.
	www.signonsandiego.com /uniontrib/20051225/news_1n25dodo.html (443 words)

	New Page 1
		Birds have the characteristics that are specific to dinosaurs.
		Bird Skeleton from: Bird Skeleton Printout- EnchantedLearning.com at http://www.enchantedlearning.com/subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml
		Birds have the same type of foot, thus birds are ornithodirans.
	www.wvup.edu /ecrisp/geol307lectheoriginofbirds.htm (1043 words)

	Information
		Birds' beaks are used for scratching, grooming, collecting nest materials, as weapons, and, most important for obtaining food.
		The skeleton of a bird is light-weight and strong.
		In birds, unlike mammals, many of the bones of the skeleton are fused together giving the skeleton its strength.
	www.scsc.k12.ar.us /ArnoldL/goals.htm (755 words)

	Bird Skeleton Printout- EnchantedLearning.com
		Most of the bones of flying birds are thin and hollow; some have internal struts or trusses (cross walls) that make them very strong.
		This is because many of their bones have fused together (like the middle to lower vertebrae), making the skeleton more rigid.
		Birds are are the only vertebrate animals to have a fused collarbone (the furcula or wishbone) or a keeled breastbone.
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds/printouts/Skeleton.shtml (187 words)

	Bird Ecology Study Group, Nature Society (Singapore): Forensic Birding 1: Introduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		He had to determine what sort of birds were killed by looking at the remains of feathers, bones and bits of skin.
		Birding is not and should not be confided only to identifying birds and counting them.
		In the UK, bird strike remains are sent to the Central Science Lab and in the US they go to the Smithsonian.
	besgroup.blogspot.com /2006/02/forensic-birding-1-introduction.html (695 words)

	Birds-Zoom School-Enchanted Learning Software
		Birds are warm-blooded vertebrate animals that have wings, feathers, a beak, no teeth, a strong, hollow skeleton, and bear their young in hard-shelled eggs
		Bird fossils are rare because bird bones are hollow and fragile.
		Birds play an important part in the control of insects, the dispersal of seeds and the pollination of flowering plants
	www.enchantedlearning.com /subjects/birds (99 words)

	Print Article: 70-million-year-old bird skeleton found (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Scientists have unearthed the skeleton of a prehistoric bird and the remains of its eggs dating back more than 70 million years, in western Romania, a paleontologist said.
		Vlad Codrea, who is considered to be Romania's top paleontologist, said the enantiornithine is the country's oldest bird fossil.
		The size of a flbird, it is believed to be between 70 million and 72 million years-old, he said.
	www.smh.com.au /cgi-bin/common/popupPrintArticle.pl?path=/articles/2004/02/18/1077072709769.html (180 words)

	Bird species identification - bird strike aircraft
		It involves bird species identification through the examination of feathers, feather fragments and bird skeleton bones that are the end products of aircraft bird strikes, wind turbine bird strikes, power line bird collisions, communication tower bird collisions and tall building bird collisions.
		Forensic ornithology is also used for bird identification by customs authorities through the examination of bird feathers, eggs, egg fragments (bird egg identification), bird specimens and nests confiscated at airports and seaports.
		Identification of feather, egg and bird bone components of anthropological artefacts from the Australasian region.
	www.ambecol.com.au /forensic.html (262 words)

	CTV.ca - 70 million-year-old bird skeleton unearthed- CTV News, Shows and Sports -- Canadian Television (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		— Scientists have unearthed the skeleton of a prehistoric bird and the remains of its eggs dating back more than 70 million years, in western Romania, a paleontologist said Tuesday.
		Professor Vlad Codrea, who is considered to be Romania's top paleontologist, said the enantiornithine is the country's oldest bird fossil.
		He said the discovery was made recently near the city of Hateg, about 350 kilometers (220 miles) northwest of the capital.
	www.ctv.ca /servlet/ArticleNews/print/CTVNews/1077054093753_72463293?hub=SciTech&subhub=PrintStory (192 words)

	ARCHAEOPTRYX (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The skeletal anatomy is almost a perfect structural precursor to the modern bird skeleton, though, and ever since the first specimen was recognized more than a century ago, scientists have accorded Archaeopteryx a position of special importance--as a unique example of a transitional creature perfectly intermediate between two major kinds of animals--birds and reptiles.
		Fossil bird remains are the rarest of all land vertebrates because of the hollow and fragile nature of their skeletons.
		The skeleton was found in a large quarry in a region known locally as Langenaltheimer Haardt, near the village of Solenhofen.
	athena.english.vt.edu /~hagedorn/TechnicalWriting/Archaeoptryx.html (2883 words)

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