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	Biretta
		The shape during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries was everywhere considerably modified, and, though the question is very complicated, there seems no good reason to reject the identification, proposed by several modern writers, of the old doctor's birettum with the square college cap, popularly known as the "mortar-board", of the modern English universities.
		As regards usage in wearing the biretta, the reader must be referred for details to some of the works mentioned in the bibliography.
		It may be said in general that the biretta is worn in processions and when seated, as also when the priest is performing any act of jurisdiction, e.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/b/biretta.html (592 words)

	Biretta - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The biretta is a square cap with three or four ridges or peaks, sometimes surmounted by a tuft, traditionally worn by Roman Catholic clergy, as well as by some clergy of the Anglican Churches.
		However, a four-peaked biretta is awarded to those who complete a doctoral degree in a pontifical faculty or university (as opposed to doctorates from other faculties), which may be piped and tufted with the color indicating the field of expertise, thus, for example, emerald green for canon law and dark red for theology.
		The pontifical doctoral biretta is sometimes seen in depictions of St. Teresa of Ávila, because she was declared a doctor by the University of Salamanca.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biretta (780 words)

	SPACE.com -- Radio Images Show the Source of Towering Cosmic Jet
		Biretta and his colleagues suggest that magnetic field lines that are anchored in the accretion disk drive the jet.
		Biretta and Junor suggest that magnetic focusing might be the force that forces the jet into a narrow column, but that is just one of several ideas that have been proposed.
		Biretta and his colleagues have proposed to next take observations sensitive to the polarization of the radio waves.
	www.space.com /news/m87-jet_991027.html (1203 words)

	Dappled Photos: Biretta Sightings
		The biretta, which was never abolished, is the customary cap of Roman Catholic clergy.
		The biretta is the usual headgear for clerics at commencement ceremonies, rather than the mortarboard.
		Once a cleric receives a higher degree (usually the doctorate), he may wear (in an academic setting) the academic biretta, which has four horns and is piped in the color of his specific field of expertise.
	dappledphotos.blogspot.com /2005/01/biretta-sightings.html (831 words)

	Miscellaneous
		The biretta is a square stiff hat with three or four ridges.
		Fro many centuries it was prescribed that clerics would wear the biretta when entering or leaving the sanctuary for the liturgy and also it would be worn when the rubrics prescribed that the clerics be seated.
		The color of the biretta or its "pompom" (deriving from the academic tassel) denotes the rank of the cleric.
	www.dioceseoflincoln.org /purple/misc/misc16.htm (582 words)

	Liturgical Vestments, Catholic, Protestant, Anglican, Episcopalian, Lutheran,
		However, as the rochet may be used by the properly privileged persons as choir-dress, it may be included among the liturgical vestments in the broad sense, like the biretta or the cappa magna.
		biretta: "A square cap with three ridges or peaks on its upper surface, worn by clerics of all grades from cardinals downwards.
		The canons of Loretto basilica in 1882 got a violet tassel on their birettas and numerous chapters were privileged to wear the choir dress of the various grades of prelates of the pontifical household.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/1611/hautepriestcouturevestments.html (6874 words)

	Zucchetto
		The official name is pileolus; other designations are: berettino, calotte, subbiretum (because worn under the biretta), submitrale (because worn under the mitre), soli-deo.
		Cardinals who had been secular priests received the red zucchetto and also the red biretta in 1464 from Paul II; the cardinals taken from the regulars were granted both in 1591.
		If the newly-appointed cardinal is at Rome he receives the zucchetto from the Sotto-guardaroba as he leaves the throne room where he has received the mozetta, and biretta from the pope; otherwise the zucchetto is brought to him, along with the decree of appointment, by one of the pope's Noble Guard.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/z/zucchetto.html (424 words)

	The cap
		Aside from its retention as the trencher cap, the cap of the Oxford Doctors of Divinity, and the biretta, the barret cap survives today as the head-dress for the Lutheran clergy, German lawyers, deans and rectors of Continental universities.
		Although the wig passed out of general use by bishops in the reign of William IV, the biretta was re-introduced to a limited extent only at the end of the nineteenth century (and is now also called the Canterbury cap).
		It is used by graduates and undergraduates of the University of Malta, and others in the Near East; Haycraft, Frank, The Degrees and Hoods of the World's Universities and Colleges revised and enlarged by EW Scobie Stringer (4th ed, The Cheshunt Press, Cheshunt, Hertfordshire, 1948, first published 1923) 29.
	www.geocities.com /noelcox/The_cap.htm (2764 words)

	M87 as a radio galaxy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The jet seen by the VLA at 2 cm (from Biretta & Owen).
		The scale from the bright core (at the left) to the outermost bright spot (where the flow starts to bend) is about 2 kpc.
		Two views of the jet from the VLA at 7 mm (from Owen & Biretta).
	www.aoc.nrao.edu /~fowen/M87_jet.html (257 words)

	Cosmic Jet Explodes From Distant Galaxy
		Junor, along with John Biretta and Mario Livio of the Space Telescope Science Institute, in Baltimore, MD, now have shown that M87's jet is formed within a few tenths of a light-year of the galaxy's core, presumed to be a fl hole three billion times more massive than the sun.
		In the formation region, the jet is seen opening widely, at an angle of about 60 degrees, nearest the fl hole, but is squeezed down to only 6 degrees a few light-years away.
		The scientists believe that magnetic fields in the disk are twisted tightly as the disk spins and then channel the electrically-charged particles into a pair of narrow jets.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/hubble-99c.html (1114 words)

	Hubble Heritage
		John Biretta is an Associate Astronomer at the Space Telescope Science Institute.
		Biretta's scientific interests are in the area of "active" galaxies and the jets they often contain.
		Much of his work is devoted to understanding how these jets are formed, and how they propagate across enormous distances in their host galaxies.
	heritage.stsci.edu /2005/25/bio/bio_primary.html (924 words)

	Scotland on Sunday - Opinion - Gunning for the biretta
		As they relax in Rome this weekend, the men are all too aware that only one of them will go on to wear the red biretta and shape the agenda of the powerful Scottish Catholic church for a new century.
		He was the only other one of the church’s eight bishops to speak out publicly in support of the crusade against the repeal of Section 28, which may be why Winning is said to have recommended the Vatican make Conti his successor as Archbishop of Glasgow.
		Meanwhile, the liberal wing of the church, which is firmly behind 63-year-old O’Brien, is already mounting an unofficial campaign to win the biretta for their man. Under Winning’s reign, their views were sidelined in favour of his punchy populism.
	scotlandonsunday.scotsman.com /opinion.cfm?id=72972002 (1389 words)

	Instrument Science Reports
		Baggett, S. Gonzaga, J. Biretta, S. Casertano, I. Heyer, A. Koekemoer, J. Mack, M. McMaster, A. Riess, A. Schultz, and M. Wiggs.
		ISR WFPC2 97-11: WFPC2 Polarization Calibration, Biretta and McMaster.
		ISR WFPC2 95-07: WFPC2 Cycle 4 Calibration Summary, Baggett, Casertano, and Biretta.
	www.stsci.edu:8083 /instruments/wfpc2/Wfpc2_hand5/ch9_references3.html (667 words)

	Cardinal's Biretta Still Size 6 7/8, O'Connor Says ''I missed you,'' the Cardinal told 2,500 who filled the cathedral. ...
		Cardinal's Biretta Still Size 6 7/8, O'Connor Says ''I missed you,'' the Cardinal told 2,500 who filled the cathedral.
		I plead with you to pray that I will never need a larger size.'' To laughter and applause, the Cardinal waved the biretta, the red hat that Pope John Paul II placed on his head as symbol of his new office.
		To laughter and applause, the Cardinal waved the biretta, the red hat that Pope John Paul II placed on his head as symbol of his new office.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01EFDF1439F932A35755C0A963948260 (174 words)

	AKMA’s Random Thoughts
		What burned my toast, though, was that the first-year in questions allowed that it wasn’t her own biretta, but belonged to a middler who is possibly the lowest of the low-churchmen presently studying at Seabury.
		The biretta was given him as a joke (!), and he had simply offered to share it with his friend.
		Pictures were taken of me wearing the doubly-borrowed biretta, and my esteeemed colleague Ellen Wondra wearing a Canterbury cap (Archbishop Laud example here), but they’re safe behind a password-protected barrier.
	akma.disseminary.org /archives/2006/10/hat_club_for_pr.html (376 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Guide
		The red watered-silk biretta is to be worn only with choral dress, and not as common headdress.
		The sash with tassels, coloured hose and shoe-buckles are abolished.
		For the Apostolic Protonotaries Supernumerary and for the Prelates of Honour of His Holiness, the purple mantellella, the sash with tassels, coloured hose, shoe-buckles and the red tuft on the biretta are all abolished.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/instruction69.htm (1160 words)

	The importance of M87 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was the first extragalactic jet to be discovered (Curtis 1918) and, since then, it has been subjected to intense observational studies at all wavelengths (see Biretta 1993 for a recent review).
		The complex knotty structure of the jet has been resolved at wavelengths from the radio through to X-rays (Biretta, Stern and Harris 1991).
		The spectrum and proper motions (Biretta, Zhou and Owen 1995) of the knots yield direct constraints on the physical processes operating and the geometry of the system.
	www.astro.umd.edu /~chris/publications/thesis/node102.html (266 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Biretta
		New Advent does not necessarily endorse these advertisers.
		A square cap with three ridges or peaks on its upper surface, worn by clerics of all grades from cardinals downwards.
		The privilege of wearing some such head-dress was extended in the course of the sixteenth century to the lower grades of the clergy, and after a while the chief distinction became one of colour, the cardinals always wearing red birettas, and bishops violet.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/02577a.htm (600 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Cardinals - 2001
		Created cardinal priest, February 21, 2001; received red biretta and title of Natività di Nostro Signore Gesù Cristo a Via Gallia, February 21, 2001.
		Preached the Lent Spiritual Exrecises for the Pope and the Roman Curia, March 12-18, 2000.
		Viêt Nam's Foreign Ministry eased restrictions and the Cardinal would face only routine immigration procedures when entering the country and would be afforded all the privileges normally given to overseas citizens, February 27, 2001.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/newcards-bios.htm (7118 words)

	Superluminal Quasar M87 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		In the last decade (Biretta, 1990) astronomers have been estimating the speed of various parts of the M 87 jet at ever increasing multiples of the speed of light.
		In the context of the laser star theory, quasars are stars and these ridiculous superluminal velocities naturally disappear.
		Biretta also discovered that 3C 345 is exceeding 7 times the speed of light!
	laserstars.org /news/M87.html (253 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Biretta, J.; Baggett, S.; Riess, A.; Schultz, A.; Casertano, S.; Gonzaga, S.; Heyer, I.; Koekemoer, A.; Mack, J.; McMaster, M., 2001, American Astronomical Society Meeting 198, #04.02.
		Biretta, J.; Baggett, S.; Riess, A.; Schultz, A.; Casertano, S.; Gonzaga, S.; Heyer, I.; Koekemoer, A.; Mack, J.; McMaster, M.; Wiggs, M., 2000, American Astronomical Society Meeting 197, #12.14.
		Biretta, J., Riess, A., Baggett, S., Whitmore, B., Casertano, S., Heyer, I., Schultz, A., Gonzaga, S., Wiggs, M., McMaster, M., O'Dea, C., Koekemoer, A., 2000, American Astronomical Society Meeting 196, #32.09.
	www.cpu-net.com /host/vodheyer/publications.html (1023 words)

	Amazon.com: biretta (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		have it all, from cardinals' birettas and rosaries to religious art...
		those had traded the cardinal's biretta for the pope's tiara as...
		priest in a fl biretta rising from his carved oak...
	www.amazon.com /s?ie=UTF8&keywords=biretta&tag=lexico&index=blended&link_code=qs&page=1 (922 words)

	Medieval Heads (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		It was a small hat with no brim or hole through, but sometimes a tail was on the hat instead.
		A version of the skullcap, the biretta had changed into a stiff square shape.
		The conical hat which was popular in the ancient times remained present through the middle ages.
	library.thinkquest.org /J003226F/hats.htm (280 words)

	Cardinal's red hat
		Note: Birettas are worn especially by Roman Catholic clergy and are fl for priests, purple for bishops, and red for cardinals
		The small round cap is called a berettino, calotte, or subbiretum when it is worn under the biretta.
		In the past, in place of a biretta, the popes wore a soft red velvet cap lined in fur called a camauro.
	www.englishforums.com /English/87674/Print.htm (578 words)

	LM
		Slang expression for dioceses in the vicinity of the Great Lakes that were once considered to be characterized by Anglo-catholic practices.
		The term is derived from the traditional fondness of some Anglo-catholic clergy for wearing birettas.
		It is also misleading because Anglo-catholicism cannot be equated with use of a biretta.
	www.episcopalchurch.org /19625_13840_ENG_HTM.htm (125 words)

	Goofs for Tea with Mussolini (1999) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Factual errors: In the scenes of the orphanage, several of the priests wear a biretta, which is a fl four-cornered hat with a pom-pom.
		In all the shots but the final shot at the orphanage, the priests are wearing their birettas correctly (i.e.
		However, in that final shot, the priest is wearing his biretta incorrectly, with the blade-less side to the right.
	imdb.com /title/tt0120857/goofs (262 words)

	Catholic-Pages.com \| Discussion Forum - Cardinals' Oath on Receiving Biretta
		Discussion Forum - Cardinals' Oath on Receiving Biretta
		VATICAN CITY, OCT. 21, 2003 (Zenit.org).- Below is a translation of the oath of fidelity and obedience to the Pope and his Successors, pronounced today by the 30 new cardinals to whom John Paul II handed the biretta, or cardinal's hat.
		As you may have noticed, I'm on a bit of a Catholic Hierarchy kick.
	www.catholic-pages.com /forum/topic.asp?ARCHIVE=true&topic_id=853 (92 words)

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