Birkeland current - Factbites

Birkeland current - Factbites
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Topic: Birkeland current

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	Abstract_53.html
		Moreover, the sunward shift is found to increase with increasing Birkeland current strength by an amount that agrees with observations of the auroral oval.
		The Region I and II Birkeland currents are added to the model using a series of field-aligned, infinitely thin wire segments.
		We find that inclusion of Birkeland currents in the SSM results in a northward Bz in the near-midnight tail region, and a southward Bz at the flanks.
	pixie.spasci.com /pixie/homepage/pubs/abstracts/Abstract_53.html

	Electric Currents from Space
		The Norwegian Kristian Birkeland, who carefully observed auroral disturbances around the turn of the century, concluded that those currents flowed parallel to the ground, along the auroral formation.
		Any electric current, however, must flow in a closed circuit, and since it seemed to be caused (like that of the aurora) by processes taking place in distant space, Birkeland proposed that it came down from space at one end of the arc and returned to space at the other end.
		Because Kristian Birkeland had proposed long before currents which linked Earth and space in this fashion, they were named Birkeland currents (by Schield, Dessler and Freeman, in a 1969 article predicting some of the features observed by Triad).
	www.iki.rssi.ru /magbase/REFMAN/EAMAGSPH/wcurrent.html

	5th Huntsville Modeling Workshop Presentation Abstract
		We find that inclusion of Birkeland currents in the model results in the closure of previously open flux in the tail and a sunward shift of the separatrix between open and closed field lines.
		Moreover, the sunward shift is found to increase with increasing Birkeland current strength by an amount that agrees with observations of the auroral oval.
		This model is ideal for studying the effects of Birkeland currents since it has a well- defined boundary between open and closed field lines and a clear separation between magnetospheric and interplanetary magnetic fields.
	science.nasa.gov /ssl/pad/sppb/Workshop96/abs/peroomian.html

	News and Views From The Electric Universe
		The current density is highest in the Birkeland filaments themselves so the erosion rate falls off toward their center of rotation — the center of the crater.
		Birkeland filaments twist in pairs to form a rope-like Birkeland current.
		The so-called erosion was an integral part of the formation of the crater, caused by rotating Birkeland filaments.
	www.holoscience.com /news.php?article=we7zdrqs

	Electric Currents from Space
		The Norwegian Kristian Birkeland, who carefully observed auroral disturbances around the turn of the century, concluded that those currents flowed parallel to the ground, along the auroral formation.
		Any electric current, however, must flow in a closed circuit, and since it seemed to be caused (like that of the aurora) by processes taking place in distant space, Birkeland proposed that it came down from space at one end of the arc and returned to space at the other end.
		Because Kristian Birkeland had proposed long before currents which linked Earth and space in this fashion, they were named Birkeland currents (by Schield, Dessler and Freeman, in a 1969 article predicting some of the features observed by Triad).
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wcurrent.html (1101 words)

	thoth-v-12.html
		That is because an electric current in space takes the form of a twisted filament known as a "Birkeland current", rather like an invisible braided copper wire.
		Crater chains are routinely misinterpreted by geologists as indicative of sub- surface faults.
		Particularly striking is the crater chain to the right of center which curves sharply and terminates on a larger crater.
	www.arach.net.au /~brooks/thoth/thoth-v-12.html (1101 words)

	Trapped Radiation -- History
		Birkeland constructed several terrella experiments, including (in 1913) a large one in a big chamber, shown next to his picture on the current Norwegian 200-kroner bill.
		Birkeland aimed beams of electrons (called "cathode rays" in those days) at a magnet inside a vacuum chamber, and noted that they seemed to be channeled towards its near magnetic pole.
		Later Birkeland built bigger vacuum chambers and replaced the magnet with a magnetized sphere or "terrella" representing the Earth, noting that the electrons were channeled towards both its poles.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/whtrap1.html (1101 words)

	Articles - Birkeland current
		After Kristian Birkeland suggested "currents there are imagined as having come into existence mainly as a secondary effect of the electric corpuscles from the sun drawn in out of space," (1908), his ideas were generally ignored in favour of an alternative theory from British mathematician Sydney Chapman.
		Birkeland currents are also one of a class of plasma phenonena called a z-pinch, so named because the azimuthal magnetic fields produced by the current pinches the current into a filamentary cable.
		Originally Birkeland currents referred to electric currents that contribute to the aurora, caused by the interaction of the plasma in the Solar Wind with the Earth& magnetosphere.
	www.milliondata.com /articles/Birkeland_current?mySession=bd5fb0f1cd38192a457dd1276b02f55f (1244 words)

	thothV03.txt
		If the galactic Birkeland currents move around, it is likely they will move relative to some stars - either increasing or decreasing the current densities these stars experience.
		Craters are the records of impacts that have largely shaped the surface of Eros, of other asteroids we have seen, and of objects from Mercury to the moons of Neptune.
		The size distribution of craters is dependent solely upon the power of the cosmic lightning being endured by the body during its birth or during a cometary existence.
	www.kronia.com /thoth/thothV03.txt (1244 words)

	The Polar Aurora -- History
		Birkeland constructed more than one terrella experiment, including (in 1913) a much larger one in a bigger chamber, shown next to his picture on the current Norwegian 200-kroner bill.
		The Norwegian physicist Kristian Birkeland (1867-1917), for instance, placed a magnetized sphere, a "terrella" representing the Earth, inside a vacuum chamber, and aimed a beam of electrons towards it.
		Some details about Birkeland's work and further references to it can be found in "A Brief History of Magnetospheric Physics Before the Spaceflight Era" by David P. Stern, Reviews of Geophysics, 27, 103-114, 1989, included on this web site.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/whaur1.html (363 words)

	Catastrophism: Man, Myth and Mayhem in Ancient History and the Sciences
		Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (1867-1917) was the founder of experimental astrophysics.
		Plasma Cosmology Kristian Olaf Bernhard Birkeland (1867-1917) was the founder of experimental astrophysics.
		Plasmas do not behave like a gas, they develop structure Electric current in a plasma takes the form of filaments The magnetic fields cause them to twist into" ropes" For many years now, Thornhill has been arguing that the universe is governed at a fundamental level by electromagnetic forces...
	www.catastrophism.com /intro/search.cgi?zoom_query=birkeland (1109 words)

	planets.txt
		The plasma tails of all the planets today are in the dark current mode of operation.
		Terraced crater walls and small secondary craters sitting on the edge of larger craters are characteristic of electric arc machining.
		There are two straight rills to the left of the crater (as well as the curving ones leading down into it from the top of the photo).
	saturniancosmology.org /files/scott/planets.txt (1109 words)

	Crators: Impact or Discharge Exchange?
		So, in complex lunar craters, the blast pressure-wave as each "simple crater" is formed, quenches that discharge and the impinging current filament moves on to form the next crater, in a circular pattern.
		In a large crater, the fraction of the blasts directed radially inwards, if reasonably symmetrical and synchronous, would create an axial over-pressure, tending to quench any filaments attempting to discharge near the centre of the crater.
		In addition, if my view is correct for formation of the crater itself, the moat forming blasts will not come statically from the centre of a large crater, but dynamically, with a rotary movement about the centre.
	pacificsites.com /~cmorford/Her_Sci/E_U/Crators_Impact_or_Discharge.htm (1109 words)

	Richat Crater Revisited
		The twisted Birkeland current of the discharge channel usually doesn't machine as intensely in the center of the crater and it leaves a formation of undisturbed material ranging from a slightly elevated mound to a tall spike of rock.
		The type of central "peak" depends on many factors: the narrowness, focus and intensity of the Birkeland current, the type of material being excavated and the material's current carrying capacity.
		Crater chains are a common result of electric arcs passing over a cathode surface because the arc "sticks" and machines out a circle and then jumps to repeat the process.
	www.thunderbolts.info /tpod/2005/arch05/050811richatrevisit.htm (426 words)

	Electric Currents from Space
		Any electric current, however, must flow in a closed circuit, and since it seemed to be caused (like that of the aurora) by processes taking place in distant space, Birkeland proposed that it came down from space at one end of the arc and returned to space at the other end.
		The Norwegian Kristian Birkeland, who carefully observed auroral disturbances around the turn of the century, concluded that those currents flowed parallel to the ground, along the auroral formation.
		The electric energy needed to drive the current is taken from the motion, which is slowed down.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wcurrent.html (1101 words)

	Shuttle Columbia Disaster; Wrong Place, Wrong Time!
		Because Kristian Birkeland had proposed long before currents which linked Earth and space in this fashion, they were named Birkeland currents (by Schield, Dessler and Freeman, in a 1969 article predicting some of the features observed by Triad).
		In 1973 the navy satellite Triad flew through the auroral zone region in a low-altitude orbit, its magnetometer indeed detected the signatures of two large sheets of electric current, one coming down on the morning side of the auroral zone, one going up on the evening side, as expected.
		The following paragraphs (12) make reference to large sheets of electric current running through the morning side and evening side of the ionosphere, a region the shuttle was just passing through.
	www.yfiles.com /shuttle/index.htm (1101 words)

	Banknote
		The front of the Norwegian 200 kroner banknote, issued in 1994, shows a portrait of Kristian Birkeland against a stylized pattern of the aurora and a very large snowflake.
		Common to all notes are the European flag, the initials of the European Central Bank in five versions (BCE, ECB, EZB, ΕΚΤ, EKP), a map of Europe on the back, the name "euro" in both Latin and Greek script and the signature of the current president of the ECB.
		Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/15/banknote.html (1719 words)

	Banknote
		Common to all notes are the European flag, the initials of the European Central Bank in five versions (BCE, ECB, EZB, ΕΚΤ, EKP), a map of Europe on the back, the name "euro" in both Latin and Greek script and the signature of the current president of the ECB.
		Could someone fix the current pictures in the article please
		Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/15/banknote.html (1719 words)

	Solar Wind Encyclopedia Article @ AlienArtifacts.com (Alien Artifacts)
		Laboratory simulation of the magnetosphere's influence on the Solar Wind; these auroral-like Birkeland currents were created in a terrella, a magnetised anode globe in an evacuated chamber.
		These two magnetic domains are separated by a two current sheet (an electric current that is confined to a curved plane).
		Outside the plane of the ecliptic the solar wind is steady and rapid, at speeds between 600-800 km/s; this is called the fast solar wind and it is known to emanate from solar coronal holes.
	www.alienartifacts.com /encyclopedia/Solar_wind (1258 words)

	Anne_Orchid.txt
		Birkeland points to this issue many times in her ecofeminst credo, calling for a total restructuring of the current patriarchal power system to create a world based on respect for the land as well as each other rather than the current system which is based on domination (Gaard 20).
		Black Orchid makes no secret of having a high degree of intertextuality with commonly-known superhero-book villains and crimefighters; in fact, significant sections of the narrative are predicated on outside assistance from superheroes so well known that even the casual reader of Black Orchid (implied to be women) would understand the reference.
		In Black Orchid, Swamp Thing explains her genesis to the second Black Orchid (the older of the two escaped hybrids), tells her where to find Suzy (the younger of the two hybrids, also known as the little one), and giv[es] her babies in the form of plant seeds in the beginning of the third chapter.
	www.holycow.com /dreaming/academia/Anne_Orchid.txt (3595 words)

	Magnetohydrodynamics
		But based on his experimental work, AlfvÃ©n's also applied an "electric current description" to plasmas, whose properties are less well-known, such as Birkeland current (field-align currents), Double layer (charge separation regions), certain classes of plasma instabilities, and chemical separation in space plasmas.
		Hannes Alfvn, who won the Nobel Prize for his development of magnetohydrodynamics, and co-author Carl-Gunne FÃ¤lthammar, wrote in their book Cosmical Electrodynamics (1952, 2nd Ed.): "It should be noted that the fundamental equations of magnetohydrodynamics rest on the assumption that the conducting medium can be considered as a fluid.
		The field of MHD was initiated by Hannes Alfvn, for which he received the Nobel Prize in 1970.
	www.yahoo10.net /search/MHD.html (1520 words)

	Crater Chains
		The arc that carves a crater is a Birkeland current consisting of a pair of filaments that rotate around the current's axis.
		Notice that the sizes of the craters are similar, with an increase toward the middle.
		A final observation is that many craters appear to have their rims "pinched up," rather than "rolled over" or splattered as would be expected from debris thrown out by an impact.
	www.thunderbolts.info /tpod/2005/arch05/050810crater.htm (522 words)

	Crater Chains
		The arc that carves a crater is a Birkeland current consisting of a pair of filaments that rotate around the current's axis.
		Instead, crater chains are a common result of electric arcs passing over a cathode surface.
		A final observation is that many craters appear to have their rims "pinched up," rather than "rolled over" or splattered as would be expected from debris thrown out by an impact.
	www.thunderbolts.info /tpod/2004/arch/040825crater.htm (522 words)

	Banknote
		Common to all notes are the European flag, the initials of the European Central Bank in five versions (BCE, ECB, EZB, ΕΚΤ, EKP), a map of Europe on the back, the name "euro" in both Latin and Greek script and the signature of the current president of the ECB.
		Could someone fix the current pictures in the article please
		Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/15/banknote.html (1719 words)

	Earth & Planetary Sciences: Les McFadden
		The soil survey and soil geomorphology; Vance T. Holliday, Leslie D. McFadden, E. Arthur Bettis, and Peter W. Birkeland, in Douglas Helms (ed), History of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, Iowa State University Press, 2001.
		Martha Eppes (Ph.D., 2002): Soil Geomorphology of the North Flank of the San Bernardino Mountains, California." (current address: Department of Geology and Geography, University of North Carolina,..campus)
		Soil inorganic carbon modeling; McFadden, L.D. and Amundson, R., Encyclopedia of Soil Science, New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc..
	epswww.unm.edu /facstaff/lmcfadnm (1719 words)

	Dictionary of Meaning www.mauspfeil.net
		Could someone fix the current pictures in the article please??
		Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left.
		Norwegian notes in use in 2003 include: The '''50 kroner note''', issued in 1997, portrays the collector of folktales, Peter Christen Asbjørnsen.
	www.mauspfeil.net /Norwegian_banknotes.html (1719 words)

	Electric Plasma effects in the cosmos
		Electric current, passing through a plasma, will take on the corkscrew (spiral) shape discovered by Birkeland.
		In fact it was he who first used the name "plasma" to describe the almost lifelike, self-organizing behavior of these ionized gas clouds in the presence of electrical currents and magnetic fields.
		In fact, electric currents, flowing in plasmas, have been shown to produce most of the observed astronomical phenomena that are inexplicable if we assume that the only forces at work in the cosmos are magnetism and gravity.
	www.electric-cosmos.org /electricplasma.htm (1719 words)

	Earth & Planetary Sciences: Les McFadden
		The soil survey and soil geomorphology; Vance T. Holliday, Leslie D. McFadden, E. Arthur Bettis, and Peter W. Birkeland, in Douglas Helms (ed), History of the National Cooperative Soil Survey, Iowa State University Press, 2001.
		Martha Eppes (Ph.D., 2002): Soil Geomorphology of the North Flank of the San Bernardino Mountains, California." (current address: Department of Geology and Geography, University of North Carolina,..campus)
		Soil inorganic carbon modeling; McFadden, L.D. and Amundson, R., Encyclopedia of Soil Science, New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc..
	epswww.unm.edu /facstaff/lmcfadnm (1719 words)

	Banknote
		Birkeland's terrella experiment, which consisted of a small, magnetized sphere representing the Earth suspended in an evacuated box, is shown on the left.
		Could someone fix the current pictures in the article please
		Norwegian banknotes are circulated, in addition to Norwegian coins as a standard unit of currency in Norway, the Norwegian krone.
	www.wwwtln.com /finance/15/banknote.html (1719 words)

	plasma cosmology
		Hannes Alfven - Along with Birkeland, fathered Plasma Cosmology and was a pioneer in laboratory based plasma physics.
		Many astrophysicists believe that the standard cosmology can make the detailed and observable predictions better than the current plasma cosmology model that has been proposed.
		In the mid-1990s, interest in plasma cosmologies arose among the standard (Big Bang) cosmological community, mostly as a "fallback" theory, in case COBE failed to discover variations in the cosmic microwave background or in case primordial helium abundances turned out to be unexplainable by standard cosmologies.
	www.yourencyclopedia.net /Plasma_cosmology.html (1857 words)

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In the News (Thu 24 Dec 09)