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Topic: Birthday attack

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	Birthday
		A birthday is the date on which a person was born.
		It is customary to celebrate the anniversary of one's birthday in some way, usually by having a birthday party.
		In the U.S., the legal drinking age is 21; on your 21st birthday the custom is for your older friends to drag you to the bars and get you rip-roaring drunk.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/bi/Birthday.html (136 words)

	Lexias
		A Cryptanalyst can mount an attack of this type in a scenario in which he or she has free use of a piece of decryption hardware, but is unable to extract the decryption key from it.
		adaptive-chosen-plaintext - A special case of the chosen-plaintext attack in which the cryptanalyst is able to choose plaintexts dynamically, and alter his or her choices base on the results of previous encryptions.
		See algebraic attack, birthday attack, brute force attack, chosen ciphertext attack, chosen plaintext attack, differential cryptanalysis, known plaintext attack, linear cryptanalysis, middleperson attack.
	www.lexias.com /2.0/glossary1.html (447 words)

	Birthday attack - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A birthday attack is a type of cryptographic attack which exploits the mathematics behind the birthday paradox, making use of a space-time tradeoff.
		The notion of 'balance' of a hash function quantifies the resistance of the function to birthday attacks and allows the vulnerability of popular hashes such as MD and SHA to be estimated (Bellare and Kohno, 2004).
		To avoid this attack, the output length of the hash function used for a signature scheme can be chosen large enough so that the birthday attack becomes computationally infeasible, i.e.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birthday_attack (732 words)

	Birthday Attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		A birthday attack refers to a class of brute-force attacks, which gets its name from the surprising result that the probability that two or more people in a group of 23 share the same birthday is greater than 1/2; such a result is called a birthday paradox.
		Birthday attacks are often used to find collisions of hash functions.
		To avoid this attack, the output length of the hash function used for a signature scheme can be chosen large enough so that the birthday attack becomes computationally infeasible.
	www.javvin.com /networksecurity/BirthdayAttack.html (141 words)

	DNS Cache Poisoning Security Research - LURHQ
		While researching Sacramento's findings, the CERT team also realized there might be another attack possible, based on the work of Michal Zalewski in the area of TCP sequence numbers and phase space analysis of the psuedo-random number generators used by different operating systems to generate them.
		At this point the conventional spoofing attack would only have a success probability of 700 divided by 65535 (1.07%) The steepness of the curve is such that one needs only 300 packets to achieve a 50% success ratio.
		If the denial-of-service attack was combined with the phase-space analysis attack on BIND 8, it would be impossible to detect a spoof with any intrusion detection system, as it would there would be only one query and one answer received.
	www.lurhq.com /cachepoisoning.html (3391 words)

	Free CISSP Certification Practice Questions, CISSP Mock Exams, CISSP Study Guides
		The Birthday attack relies on the idea of producing duplicates, or collisions, at a rate that exceeds expectations.
		"Birthday attacks are a class of brute-force techniques used in an attempt to solve a class of cryptographic hash function problems.
		On the other hand, the Meet-In-The-Middle attack is an attack in which an attacker encrypts the plaintext from one end and decrypts the cipher text from the other end, thus meeting in the middle.
	www.certgear.com /products/cissp/cissp_sample_questions4.htm (614 words)

	PGP Attacks
		The attack is a passive one where the attacker sits on a network and observes the RSA operations.
		While the attack is definitely something to be wary of, it is theoretical in nature, and has not been done in practice as of yet.
		This attack, however exotic it may seem, is not beyond the capability of anyone with some technical know-how and the desire to read PGP encrypted files.
	axion.physics.ubc.ca /pgp-attack.html (5523 words)

	Wikinfo \| Birthday
		It is customary in many cultures to celebrate the anniversary of one's birthday in some way, for example by having a birthday party.
		One traditional (USA) song to sing to someone at such a party is "Happy Birthday", particularly while bringing a birthday cake into the room, covered with lit candles.
		The person whose birthday it is will then make a wish and if they blow out the candles in one breath it's supposed to come true.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Birthday (314 words)

	Berkeley Parents Network: First Birthday Party
		I have gone through two first birthday parties with my two daughters and the main thing is that at one year of age the party is not for the birthday child.
		My older daughter slept through her first birthday party, but it was still a good time, and my second daughter had a good time with some other kids we invited to her first birthday but the party was mostly an excuse to get a bunch of relatives and friends together and eat.
		We had a birthday party for her at the merry-go-round in Tilden Park, and it was fabulous.
	parents.berkeley.edu /advice/birthdays/1stbday.html (6663 words)

	TechExams.Net - Security+ TechNotes: Attacks
		For example, if Alice is communicating with Bob, and the attacker, Charlie, performs a successful MITM attack, Alice will think she is receiving information from Bob and/or vice versa, while it is actually coming via Charlie who is acting as a proxy for both sides and who may have altered the information.
		The birthday attack owes its name to the principal that denotes that if you have 23 people in a room chances are more than even there are two persons with the same birthday.
		Brute-force attacks – instead of using a dictionary with actual words, the attacker can use a password generator to try out every possible combination of characters until the valid password is discovered.
	www.techexams.net /technotes/securityplus/attacks.shtml (3189 words)

	Northern Attack \| Michael’s Birthday
		Threats of terminal illness and birthday celebrations don’t mix well, a lesson that is made all too apparent during this week’s episode.
		Michael’s birthday might actually be a bigger deal for Dwight than it is for Michael, which is extraordinary given how much admiration Michael has for himself.
		The jersey "From Dwight", the body check, the birthday doughnuts, the skin cancer (not that cancer is funny, but you all pulled it off), the fabric softener comment, and the best of all...in that supermarket, Pam fell in love.
	www.northernattack.com /archives/michaels-birthday (3524 words)

	Attacks - Proprofs
		This kind of attack is probably the most commonly successful and damaging of all attacks, yet it requires no technical ability.
		This is an attack by which the attacker wishes to gain authentication (and authorization) to network resources by guessing the correct password.
		In a buffer overflow attack, a malformed packet is sent to overflow the heap of memory that a server application uses.
	www.proprofs.com /mwiki/index.php?title=Attacks (1102 words)

	Q95: What is a Birthday attack?
		A birthday attack is a name used to refer to a class of brute-force attacks.
		It gets its name from the surprising result that the probability that two or more people in a group of 23 share the same birthday is greater than 1/2; such a result is called a birthday paradox.
		Birthday attacks are often used to find collisions of hash functions (
	www.x5.net /faqs/crypto/q95.html (107 words)

	Computer Networking Help - Advice From Experts - What is a Denial of Service (DoS) attack?
		Birthday attack: Based on the "birthday paradox" that more than two people in a group of 23 will share the same birthday is greater than 50 percent the birthday attack is a class of brute force attacks used to solve a class of cyrptographic hash functions problems in hopes of producing a hash collision.
		Spoof attack: Creating an IP packet with a spoofed source address that is legitimate inside the targeted network.
		Smurf attack: The art of sending a large amount of ICMP echos (pings) to the broadcast address of a subnet to slow down or disable the network from responding to legitimate traffic.
	www.computernetworkinghelp.com /content/view/29/1 (685 words)

	Computing Papers on Attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An efficient quantum hash function Attack, based on the birthday Attack, will be developed, dramatically reducing both space and time requirements for this birthday Attack algorithm.
		Collusion Attack is a cost effective Attack against digital fingerprinting, where colluders combine several copies with the same content but different fingerprints to remove or attenuate the original fingerprints.
		Researchers and developers can specify which prototypical Attacks can be found by their systems, but without access to the normal traffic generated by day-to-day work, they can not describe how well their systems detect real Attacks while passing background...
	computing.breinestorm.net /Attack (2645 words)

	K2Crypt
		This is an attack on the collision resistance property, which is much more efficient (2000 times more efficient, in fact) than birthday attack.
		It is not clear whether the required effort is achievable or not with today’s computing power: we know that an effort of 2^55 operations has been done several times (and becomes reasonably easy), and that 2^64 has been done at least once.
		The complexity of the attack might be reduced, or extensions of the attack might appear that apply to other contexts.
	www.k2crypt.com /sha1.html (1301 words)

	US-CERT Vulnerability Note VU#457875
		As a result, it is possible for an attacker to apply a 'birthday attack' technique to dramatically improve the probability of a successful DNS spoofing attack.
		The only distinction between this attack and the traditional brute-force approach (1 query with multiple spoofed replies) is the generation of multiple simultaneous queries.
		The 'birthday attack' method described here appears to be reasonably well known in the DNS developer community, but we have been unable to find significant public discussion of it and are thus documenting it here.
	www.kb.cert.org /vuls/id/457875 (1321 words)

	Birthday attack
		The mathematical oddity, which I still don't find obvious despite a three-year degree in the stuff, is that it's so many fewer.
		It's basically a type of brute force > attack against hash functions that is based on the rather odd > mathematical paradox in that if you have 23 people in a room, > then the probablility of 2 or more people in the room having > the same birthday is greater than a half.
		So the probability > of two people not having matching birthdays (assuming 365 > days/year - let's keep it simple) = 1 * 364/365.
	www.chiark.greenend.org.uk /pipermail/ukcrypto/2002-October/020781.html (372 words)

	Birthday paradox - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The birthday paradox in its more generic sense applies to hash functions: the expected number of N-bit hashes that can be generated before getting a collision is not 2
		Note that this number is significantly higher than 365/2 = 182.5: the reason is that it is likely that there are some birthday matches among the other people in the room.
		The birthday problem for such non-constant birthday probabilities was tackled by Murray Klamkin in 1967.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Birthday_paradox (1871 words)

	USATODAY.com - Saddam's 66th birthday comes with rumors he's alive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In Baghdad, residents scorned the ousted leader and swapped rumors that he would surface for a final birthday attack.
		Since 1985, Saddam turned his birthday into a public event that fueled his cult of personality.
		"Happy Birthday" graffiti was scrawled in several places, and some members of Saddam's clan sat quietly in the house where he was born.
	www.usatoday.com /news/world/iraq/2003-04-28-saddam-birthday_x.htm (784 words)

	USATODAY.com - Birthday party turns bloody when chimps attack (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		The Davises were at Animal Haven Ranch, in a canyon 30 miles east of Bakersfield, to celebrate the birthday of Moe, a 39-year-old chimpanzee who was taken from their suburban Los Angeles home in 1999 after biting off part of a woman's finger.
		The couple had brought Moe a cake and were standing outside his cage when Buddy and Ollie, two of the four chimpanzees in the adjoining cage, attacked St. James Davis, said Steve Martarano, a spokesman for the state Department of Fish and Game.
		In 2000, after city prosecutors decided to drop charges against the Davises in Moe's 1999 attack, St. James Davis said Moe was not a threat to the public and attacked only when provoked.
	www.usatoday.com /news/nation/2005-03-04-chimp-attack_x.htm (706 words)

	Damn Interesting » The Birthday Paradox
		There is a classic cryptographic computer attack known as the "birthday attack" which exploits the math of the birthday paradox.
		Since with two people in the room, there's little chance they'll have the same birthday, the number of people for which the chance of a same birthday is 50% is going to be somewhere between 2 and 120 (already less than half), but by our math it looks way closer to 2 than 120.
		Well, the odds of you being born on 3/13 are 1 in 365, but you walked into the room with that birthday, so it was a foregone conclusion and gave the date significance, so that much is a probability of 1.
	www.damninteresting.com /?p=402 (8819 words)

	www.myspace.com/birthdayattack
		Birthday Attack is an instrumental blend of experimental, orchestral and electronic sounds with catchy twists and rhythms.
		Subscribe to the podcast and get notified about new songs when they are released.
		If you're feeling philanthropic, leave feedback by rating a song or by casting your vote for Birthday Attack songs at Sound Click.
	myspace.com /birthdayattack (263 words)

	SecurityFocus
		An Implementation of a Birthday Attack in a DNS Spoofing Apr 24 2003 04:36PM
		An Implementation of a Birthday Attack in a DNS Spoofing.
		This tool is a perl implementation of such an attack that does it.
	www.securityfocus.com /archive/1/319622/2003-04-18/2003-04-24/1 (475 words)

	Nicholas Allen's Indigo Blog : Math Behind the Hashing Birthday Attack
		The cause of this is something called the birthday paradox.
		The birthday paradox comes from the question whether any two people in a crowded room were born on the same day of the year.
		Most people guess that everyone has a unique birthday unless there's at least a hundred people in the room.
	blogs.msdn.com /drnick/archive/2006/05/19/601402.aspx (504 words)

	Homework solution for
		The more efficient attack can be the birthday attack.
		This attack is based on the Birthday Paradox.
		From this we can see, the strong collision resistance is required against birthday attacks.
	acc6.its.brooklyn.cuny.edu /~qsun/cg/No7/ansr.htm (854 words)

	Hash Function Balance and its Impact on Birthday Attacks - Bellare, Kohno (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abstract: The standard estimate of r trials to nd a collision in a birthday attack on a hash function h with range size r is actually pessimistic, being correct only when h is regular, meaning all points in the range have the same number of pre-images under h.
		This paper provides a quantitative assessment of the extent to which the \amount of irregularity" in h improves the success-rate of the birthday attack.
		We show that the expected number of trials to nd a collision is determined by a...
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /bellare02hash.html (506 words)

	Schneier on Security: New Cryptanalytic Results Against SHA-1
		The birthday paradox comes from the scenario that two randomly chosen people in a classroom of 30 students will have the same birthday (excluding year) is almost certain.
		Bruce, the way you're stating the birthday paradox is that if you choose the first student in the class, the odds that one of the remaining 29 will have the same birthday as the first are almost certain - which is false.
		The argument about the aplicability of the birthday paradox is unfortunatly a bit of a red herring, and actually probably does not apply in the practical case.
	www.schneier.com /blog/archives/2005/08/new_cryptanalyt.html (4921 words)

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