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	Bishop of Rome
		As the church became more of an institution, the bishop emerged as a leading figure, with responsibility for an area extending beyond that of one local church.
		Early tradition of the church seeks to demonstrate that the bishop of Rome was in direct line from Peter, claimed as the city's first bishop.
		The bishops of Rome claimed a role as final authority in local disputes, and the right to lead the increasingly centralized church.
	www.kenanderson.net /bible/html/bishop_of_rome.html (785 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Bishop of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The first Bishop of Rome to bear the title of "Pope" was Boniface III in 607, the first to assume the title of "Universal Bishop" by decree of Emperor Phocas.
		Rome today is one of the most important tourist destinations of the world, due to the incalculable immensity of its archaeological and artistic treasures, as well as for the charm of its unique traditions, the beauty of its panoramic views, and the majesty of its magnificent "villas" (parks).
		Bishop of Rome is an ecclesiastical office and title of the popes and is often used in preference to Pope by some members of Eastern Orthodox and Protestant religious denominations to reflect a rejection of papal authority over the Christian community.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Bishop-of-Rome (1471 words)

	Ancient Roman Religion & Popes - Crystalinks
		The Annuario Pontificio describes the office of the pope by the following titles: Bishop of Rome, Vicar of Jesus Christ, Successor of the Prince of the Apostles, Supreme Pontiff of the Western Church, Patriarch of the West, Primate of Italy, Archbishop and Metropolitan of the Province of Rome, Sovereign of the State of Vatican City.
		The religious head of the Roman Catholic Church is known as the Pope or the bishop of Rome.
		The pope is the Catholic Patriarch and Bishop of Rome, and leader of the Catholic Church.
	www.crystalinks.com /romereligionpopes.html (866 words)

	The Ecole Chronology Project
		313 CE: Palestine - Eusebius of Caesarea is consecrated bishop of Caesarea.
		337 CE: Italy - (-352) Julius I is bishop of Rome.
		Gregory of Nazianzus is consecrated bishop of Constantinople.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/timeline (10272 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		He said that all bishops were heirs to the apostles (this was general belief at the time), and that Peter was the chief of the apostles.
		The Bishop of Rome was therefore the chief of all bishops.
		Emperors were accustomed to nominate bishops within their realm because bishops formed an important element of imperial government and the emperor could not trust such a vital choice to the petty rivalries of cathedral canons.
	www.the-orb.net /textbooks/westciv/papacy.html (2524 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Rome
		Rome is consequently the centre of unity in belief, the source of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the seat of the supreme authority which can bind by its enactments the faithful throughout the world.
		Rome, along the main highways, there are chapels for the accommodation of the few settled inhabitants, and the labourers and shepherds who from October to July are engaged in the work of the open country.
		Rome is the residence of the reigning house, the ministers, the tribunals, and the other civil and military officials of both the national Government and the provincial.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/13164a.htm (11511 words)

	Bishop of Rome - Definition, explanation
		The Catholic tradition teaches that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of the Apostle Saint Peter and thus the "Vicar of Christ" for the entire world.
		In the Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Bishop of Rome is accorded historical title to "first among equals" among the overseers of the church, and "Supreme Patriarch of the Western Church".
		The view that the Bishop of Rome has primacy of honor also has unofficial currency in the Anglican communion and in a few other Protestant churches; however, by definition, no Protestant acknowledges the Papal title of "Supreme Head" or, "Patriarch of the Western Church".
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/b/bi/bishop_of_rome.php (553 words)

	[No title]
		Rome took to itself a republican form of government, with two consuls, who held office for only one year; only in times of difficulty was a dictator elected, to wield unlimited power.
		The Bishop of Rome, as the successor of St. Peter, is the Vicar of Christ on earth and the visible head of the Catholic Church.
		Rome is consequently the centre of unity in belief, the source of ecclesiastical jurisdiction and the seat of the supreme authority which can bind by its enactments the faithful throughout the world.
	www.lycos.com /info/rome.html (678 words)

	Bishop of Rome - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The first Bishop of Rome to bear the title of "Pope" was Boniface III in 607, the first to assume the title of "Universal Bishop" by decree of Emperor Phocas.
		Roman Catholic tradition holds that the Bishop of Rome is the successor to the primacy of Simon Peter and thus the "Vicar of Christ" for the entire world.
		In the Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Bishop of Rome is accorded historical title to "first among equals" among the overseers of the church, and "Supreme Patriarch of the Western Church".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bishop_of_Rome (409 words)

	Bishop of Rome
		The Bishop of Rome is an ecclesiastical title of the Pope, and is used in preference to Pope by some who choose to reflect their rejection of his claims of authority over all Christians in their terminological discourse.
		Outside of the Roman Catholic Church, inclusive of the Oriental Orthodox Church and the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Bishop of Rome is accorded historical title to "first among equals" among the overseers of the church, and "Supreme Patriarch of the Western Church".
		The Catholic traditions all teach that the Bishop of Rome is the successor of the Apostle, Saint Peter.
	www.wapipedia.org /wikipedia/mobiletopic.aspx?cur_title=Bishop_of_Rome (280 words)

	The Early Church in Europe
		Donatus was a bishop in North Africa during the persecutions of Diocletian; unlike the rest of the empire, the persecutions in North Africa were relatively mild as the governor only demanded that Christians hand over written copies of the Christian scriptures as a gesture of repudiating their faith.
		Leo interpreted the Petrine Succession as instituting the bishopric of Rome as the rock or center of Christianity; the bishop of Rome, in Leo's version of the Petrine Succession, was the primate or "first" of the church in all matters of doctrine and governance.
		Leo's doctrine of the primacy of the bishop of Rome also drove the engine of the history of the early medieval church which in large measure can be read as an attempt to consolidate and legitmate the power of the pope.
	www.wsu.edu:8001 /~dee/CHRIST/EUROPE.HTM (3559 words)

	Pope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Early bishops occupying the See of Rome were designated Vicar of Peter; for later popes the more authoritative Vicar of Christ was substituted; this designation was first used by the Roman Synod of AD 495 to refer to Pope Gelasius I, an advocate of papal supremacy among the patriarchs.
		It was under Leo I that the bishopric of Rome was first acclaimed in ecumenical council at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 as uniquely "speaking with the voice of Peter".
		The primacy is therefore regarded primarily as a consequence of the pope's position as bishop of the original capital city of the Roman Empire, a definition explicitly spelled out in the 28th canon of the Council of Chalcedon.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope (5457 words)

	Catholic Culture : Document Library : Byzantium and the Roman Primacy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Roman Bishops, from the beginning, derived their prestige from the fact that St. Peter, the chief of the Apostles, had died and was buried in Rome.
		Rome had lost her great prerogative as the center of the Empire and the residential city of the Emperors, and had retained only her apostolic character and her successorship to St. Peter as justification for her claim to the primacy in the Church.
		To them, the fact that Rome was the first capital and the foundation of the Empire was sufficient proof that the primacy in the Church belonged to her Bishops, and it would so remain as long as the Roman Empire, of which Constantinople was now the Imperial residence, endured.
	www.unipeak.com /gethtml.php?_u_r_l_=aHR0cDovL3d3dy5jYXRob2xpY2N1bHR1cmUub3JnL2RvY3MvZG9jX3ZpZXcuY2ZtP3JlY251bT0xMzU1 (8422 words)

	If a Pope Resigns... by Kenneth E. Untener, America: The Catholic Weekly Magazine
		It is in fulfilling this mandate that bishops are the successors of the apostles, and the pope is the successor to Peter as the leader of the church of Rome.
		Because of the special standing of the Church of Rome, its bishop was recognized as a special witness and minister to the tradition of the Apostles, and to the unity of the churches.
		The German bishops subsequently issued a statement noting that "the pope is bishop of Rome, not bishop of any other city or diocese, not bishop of Cologne or of Breslau...." Pope Pius IX praised the German bishops’ statement and expressed his full agreement.
	www.americamagazine.org /gettext.cfm?articleTypeID=1&textID=608&issueID=281 (2105 words)

	The Papacy
		Later in the 2nd century, Victor, Bishop of Rome, decided to settle the question by excommunicating the Asian churches, presumably on the grounds that the authority of the Roman Bishop was superior to that of all other.
		Rome asserted apostolic authority for its claim, the tradition that Peter was first Bishop of Rome, whether this is true or false is only open to conjecture.
		Rome was what no other city has ever been-the capital of the whole civilized world, it was moreover, the center of the civil and military government of the Empire.
	latter-rain.com /eccles/papacy.htm (1303 words)

	Bishop of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Bishop of Rome is an ecclesiastical title of the Pope, andis used in preference to Pope by some who choose to reflect their rejection of his claims of authority over allChristians in their terminological discourse.
		The view that the Bishop of Rome has primacy of honoralso has unofficial currency in the Anglican communion and in a minority of other Protestant churches; however, by definition, no Protestant acknowledgesthe Papal title of "Supreme Head" or, "Patriarch of the Western Church".
		The Catholic traditions all teach that the Bishop of Rome is the successor ofthe Apostle, Saint Peter.
	www.therfcc.org /bishop-of-rome-97717.html (240 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Marsiligio of Padua: Conclusions from Defensor Pacis, 1324
		If one priest or bishop is placed over another it is for the purpose of organization, and the authority of the superior is derived from the state.
		The other bishops, singly or in a body, have the same right by divine authority to excommunicate or otherwise exercise authority over the bishop of Rome, having obtained the consent of the "legislator," as the bishop of Rome has to excommunicate or control them.
		The bishop of Rome and any other ecclesiastical or spiritual minister may be advanced to a "separable" ecclesiastical office only by the Christian "legislator" or the one who rules by its authority, or by the general council of Christians; and they may be suspended from or deprived of office by the same authority.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/source/marsiglio1.html (1633 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Sardinian archdeacon of Rome, Hilarius was elected bishop of Rome probably November 17, 461, and was consecrated November 19, 461 and died on February 28 (?), 468.
		As Pope, he continued the policy of his predecessor Leo, who in his contest with Hilary, bishop of Arles for supremacy in Gaul, had obtained from Valentinian III a famous rescript (445) confirming the supremacy of the bishop of Rome.
		At the same time the bishops were admonished not to overstep their boundaries, and to assemble in a yearly synod presided over by the Bishop of Arles.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=Pope_Hilarius (770 words)

	Sean Hannity Discussion - Guide to Early Christian Writings
		Bishop of the church at Alexandria, Egypt at the outbreak of the Arian controversy.
		Bishop of Rome noted for the controversial dialog with Dionysius of Alexander, concerning the divine nature of Christ.
		Bishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, he was a friend of Origen, and sided with Cyprian against Stephen (bishop of Rome) in the controversy over baptism by heretics.
	www.hannity.com /forum/printthread.php?t=5821&pp=10 (3317 words)

	EARLY HISTORY OF CHRISTIANITY: 170 to 590 CE
		The bishops produced the Nicene Creed, which declared that Jesus Christ was "of one substance with the Father." This did not immediately settle the question of the divinity of Christ; many bishops and churches refused to believe in the council's decision for decades.
		Authority within the church was coalescing around the Bishop of Rome in the west and the Patriarch of Constantinople in the east.
		The Bishop of Rome, Pope Vigilius saw that many more bishops from the east than from the west would be present.
	www.religioustolerance.org /chr_hise.htm (1968 words)

	Bishop
		A bishop is ranked in the church hierarchy as above the priest, and below an archbishop or patriarch.
		There are several gradations of bishops, from pope, cardinals, archbishops, patriarchs, metropolitans to the average bishop.
		Early on, a bishop was the chief priest of a city, but this gradually developed into including churches in the countryside, so that every small church belonged to a bishop diocese.
	lexicorient.com /e.o/bishop.htm (364 words)

	Catholic Orthodox Church Bishop of Rome
		She believes that in the early Church, all bishops were equal in power, and that Rome gained primacy only because it was a bigger and more imposing church, not because Peter was given that role by Jesus.
		It is only when this bishop violates Church dogma or canon law that the Pope of Rome has the responsibility to intrude into that dioceses -- that is, for the good of maintaining the universal unity of the Church.
		Popes of Rome did not live exclusively at the Vatican until the 19th Century when the Republic of Italy was formed and the Popes lost political control of central Italy and of the city of Rome itself.
	www.davidmacd.com /catholic/orthodox/bishop_of_rome_pope_primacy.htm (1990 words)

	ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies
		He said that all bishops were heirs to the apostles (this was general belief at the time), and that Peter was the chief of the apostles.
		The Bishop of Rome was therefore the chief of all bishops.
		Emperors were accustomed to nominate bishops within their realm because bishops formed an important element of imperial government and the emperor could not trust such a vital choice to the petty rivalries of cathedral canons.
	the-orb.net /textbooks/westciv/papacy.html (2524 words)

	Knights of Columbus - Catechism
		For this reason every bishop exercises his ministry from within the episcopal college, in communion with the bishop of Rome, the successor of St. Peter and head of the college.
		This is evidenced by the bonds between the episcopal college and its head, the successor of St. Peter, and in the relationship between the bishop's pastoral responsibility for his particular church and the common solicitude of the episcopal college for the universal Church.
		893 The bishop is "the steward of the grace of the supreme priesthood,"
	www.kofc.org /un/publications/cis/catechism/getsection.cfm?partnum=1&SecNum=2&ChapNum=3&articlenum=9&ParSecNum=4&subSecNum=1&headernum=0&ParNum=874&ParType=6 (1949 words)

	Nicene/Post-Nicene, Series II, Volume 28
		Thus wrote the Bishops of Egypt to all Bishops, and to Julius, Bishop of Rome.
		Part II a charge had been laid by some persons against the Bishop of Alexandria before the Bishop of Rome, as if he had said that the Son was made, and not coessential with the Father.
		For ancient bishops, of the Great Rome and of our city, some 130 years ago, wrote and censured those who said that the Son was a creature and not coessential with the Father....
	jmgainor.homestead.com /files/PU/ECW/npn2/npnii28.htm (2850 words)

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