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	The Catholic Encyclopedia - Urgel
		Simplicius, Bishop of Urgel, figures in the Third Council of Toledo and the names of his successors, in later councils of Tarragona, and the Second Council of Barcelona.
		These counts and the bishop contended for the rights over the Andorran valleys until 26 Oct., 1040, when on the occasion of the dedication of the cathedral of Urgel the Countess Constancia accompanied by her son Armengol, a minor, ceded to Bishop Eribaldus her right of sovereignty over Andorra.
		Jatvert, Bishop of Valencia, acting with the other arbitrators, drew up an agreement known as the "Pariatges", which was accepted by the Count de Foix on 7 Sept., 1278, and later confirmed by Martin IV.
	www.jcsm.org /StudyCenter/Catholic_Encyclopedia/15223b.htm (1245 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Urgel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Justus, Bishop of Urgel, attended the Second Council of Toledo in 527.
		The line of bishops continued uninterruptedly during the period of the Mohammedan dominion.
		Another saint and Bishop of Urgel was Odo, son of Count de Pallas (1095-1122).
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15223b.htm (1176 words)

	Andorra
		Charlemagne's grandson, Charles II, granted Andorra to the counts of Urgel, from whom it passed to the bishops of Urgel.
		Andorra's seven-century-old dual allegiance to two princes, one in Spain and one in France, originated in the late 13th century in a proprietary quarrel between the (Spanish) bishops of Urgel and the (French) heirs to the countship of Urgel.
		Andorra was subsequently governed jointly by representatives of the Spanish bishop of Urgel and of the French head of state, each of whom received an annual payment of a token tribute.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/A/Andorra.html (551 words)

	St. Joseph Calasanctius
		On his recovery he was ordained priest 17 Dec., 1583, by Hugo Ambrose de Moncada, Bishop of Urgel.
		Joseph began his labours as priest in the Diocese of Albarracin, where Bishop della Figuera appointed him his theologian and confessor, synodal examiner, and procurator, and when the bishop was transferred to Lerida his theologian followed him to the new diocese.
		He was then called by his Bishop of Urgel to act as vicar-general for the district of Trempe.
	www.heiligenlexikon.de /CatholicEncyclopedia/Joseph_von_Calasanza.html (535 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Tarragona
		Its suffragans are Barcelona, Lérida, Gerona, Urgel, Vich, Tortosa, and Solsona.
		Ascanio was bishop in 465, and previous to 516 we find the name of Archbishop John, who, on 6 November, 516, assembled all the bishops of his province and held the first provincial council of Tarragona, at which ten bishops were present.
		The new bishop, however, was to remain in possession of the Church of Vich.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/14459a.htm (1756 words)

	MSN Encarta - Andorra
		For 715 years Andorra was ruled jointly by Spanish and French co-princes—respectively the Bishop of Urgel and, in modern times, the president of France.
		For many years, the right to rule Andorra was disputed by the Count of Foix of France and the Bishop of Urgel of Spain.
		In 1991, representatives of the president of France and the Bishop of Urgel agreed to recognize Andorra’s sovereignty and to permit the principality to draft a constitution.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761554662_2/Andorra.html (554 words)

	Living Bishops by Name (H) [Catholic-Hierarchy]
		Bishop José María Hernández González, Bishop Emeritus of Netzahualcóyotl, México
		Bishop Ján Hirka, Bishop Emeritus of Preov (Prjaev) (Byzantine), Slovakia
		Bishop Henry Theophilus Howaniec, O.F.M., Bishop of Santissima Trinità in Almaty, Kazakhstan
	www.catholic-hierarchy.org /bishop/llh.html (1408 words)

	ANDOVER - LoveToKnow Article on ANDOVER
		Two viguiersone nominated by France, and the other by the bishop of Urgelcommand the militia, which consists of about 600 men, although all capable of bearing arms are liable to be called out.
		This force is exempt from all foreign service, and the chief office of the viguiers is the administration of criminal justice, in which their decisions, given simply according to their judgment and conscience, there being no written laws, are final.
		Spain and the bishop of Urgel are very jealous of French encroachments, and claim to have a better right ultimately to annex the little state.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /A/AN/ANDOVER.htm (1554 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Released from the Saracen yoke by Charlemagne and Louis the Pious, Andorra was ceded in the 11th century to the bishops of Urgel, who associated the French Counts of Foix in the government.
		The country is now under the joint suzerainty of France and the Bishop of Urgel, Spain, who each appoint a civil and a criminal judge.
		The country is included in the Spanish Diocese of Urgel, founded in the 4th century, of which Seo de Urgel, in Spain, is the cathedral city; the chief town of the republic is Andorra La Vieja.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/ncd00522.htm (177 words)

	wiki/Prince bishop Definition / wiki/Prince bishop Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Prince-Bishop was the title given bishops who held secular powers, beside their inherent clericalA cleric is: A member of the clergy of a religion, especially one that has trained or ordained priests, preachers, or other religious professionals; or A member of a character class in Dungeons and Dragons and similar fantasy role-playing games.
		The Bishops of Durham founded the University of DurhamThe University of Durham is a university in England.
		The Principality of Andorra, in the Pyrenees Mountains on the French-Spanish border, was established in 1278 by the Treaty of Joint Suzerainty between the Spanish Bishop of Urgel and the French Count of Foix, whose descendants inherited Navarre in 1479 and then France in 1589.
	www.elresearch.com /wiki/Prince_bishop (1455 words)

	URGEL
		Urgel One of Charlemagne's paladins, famous for his "giant strength." Source: Brewer's Dictionary.
		A descendant of the count later gave the lands to the diocese of Urgel, headed by Bishop of Urgel.
		Over the years, the title was passed between French and Spanish rule until, under the French throne of Henry IV, an edict in 1607 established the head of the French state and the Bishop of Urgel as co-princes of Andorra.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /definition/english/UR/URGEL.html (426 words)

	Adoptionism (Adoptianism)
		A certain Migetius (q.v.), preaching in that part of Spain which was held by the Moors, had given a very gross exposition of the doctrine of the Trinity, teaching that there were three bodily persons, and a triple manifestation in history of the one God.
		At what period the most prominent representative of Adoptionism, Felix, bishop of Urgel in the Pyrenees, first took part in the strife is unknown.
		Charlemagne sent these, with one from the pope (representing also the bishops of central and southern Italy) to Elipandus, urging him not to separate himself from the authority of the apostolic see and of the universal Church.
	cblibrary.org /schaff_h/aa/adoptionism.htm (1311 words)

	ninemsn Encarta - Print Preview - Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		In 1278 it came under the joint rule of the Spanish Bishop of Urgel and of the Count of Foix of France; through the latter, French rights passed successively to the kings and elected heads of state of France.
		Andorra pays a nominal biennial tribute to France and to the Bishop of Urgel.
		The franchise in Andorra was extended in 1970, to include women and second-generation Andorrans, and subsequent changes during the 1970s led to discussions on institutional reform in 1980.
	au.encarta.msn.com /text_761554662___6/Andorra.html (272 words)

	Andorra
		From 1278-1993, it was a co-principality under the French head of state and the bishop of Urgel, Spain.
		One objective of the new bishops' conference is reconciliation with the Orthodox.
		Bishop Eugene Bossilkoff was imprisoned in 1948, and sentenced to death in 1952.
	www.ewtn.com /new_evangelization/europe/history/countries1.htm (1995 words)

	Andorran Philatelic Study Circle - Valira Torrent magazine
		The Bishops of Urgel, in their capacity as Co-Princes of Andorra, are normally reluctant to make any unilateral decisions with regard to matters outside their ecclesiastical sphere, and when decisions not connected with the ecclesiastical part of their authority are required these are usually taken only after consultation with the delegate of the French Co-Prince.
		"On the 26th January 1928 the Bishop of Urgel acknowledged receipt of the list of Postal staff provisionally named, and affirmed it as being his criterion that the undertaking of the postal service by Spain was not a right of the Spanish State but a favour conferred on Spain by Andorra.
		Even the Bishop of Urgel appears not to have been informed of the negotiations which took place between France and Spain at this period, as from a letter which he wrote to Weilenmann several months later it seems that he was under the impression that the matter of the post was completely settled.
	www.chy-an-piran.demon.co.uk /vt3-1 (2096 words)

	MSN Encarta - Search View - Andorra
		Most of the small patches of land suitable for cultivation are used to grow tobacco.
		For more than 700 years Andorra was ruled jointly by the leader of France and the Roman Catholic Bishop of Urgel in northwestern Spain.
		Today, the president of France and the Bishop of Urgel remain Andorra’s heads of state, but their roles are largely ceremonial.
	encarta.msn.com /text_761554662__1/Andorra.html (1591 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 60, ANDORRA: Library of Economics and Liberty
		A small independent state situated on the southern slope of the Pyrences between the French department of Ariége and the Spanish province of Lerida, having an area of 450 to 460 square kilometres, with a population of about 12,000.
		The republic of Andorra (Val d' Andorre) is under the protection of France which divides the suzerainty with the bishop of Urgel, in Spain, who exercises episcopal jurisdiction, assigns priests to the parishes, names one of the provosts and receives 450 francs yearly.
		As all officers are unsalaried these revenues are intended to discharge the tributes to France and the bishop of Urgel.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy60.html (374 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		A local General Council of the Valley consisting of 28 members, which has formed the legislature since a new constitution was approved in march 1993, is elected by universal suffrage [18 years of age and older].
		Co-heads of state: Dr Joan Marti Alanis, Bishop of Urgel, Spain, and Jacques Chirac of France.
		Born in 1946, Marc Forne Molne was educated at the University of Barcelona.
	www.greatestcities.com /go.bml?journal=cbray5003&itemid=380683&dir=next (928 words)

	Background Notes Archive - Europe
		In 1278, the conflict was resolved by the signing of a pareage, which provided that Andorra's sovereignty be shared between the Count of Foix and the Bishop of Seo de Urgel of Spain.
		As co-princes of Andorra, the President of France and the Bishop of Seo de Urgel maintain supreme authority in approval of all international treaties with France and Spain, as well as all those which deal with internal security, defense, Andorran territory, diplomatic representation, and judicial or penal cooperation.
		Principal Government Officials Co-Prince--Jacques Chirac, President of France Co-Prince--Juan Marti Alanis, Bishop of Seo de Urgel, Spain Head of Government--Marc Forne Sindic General--Josep Dalleres Ambassador to the United States--Juli F. Minoves Triquell ECONOMY Andorra's GDP for 1993 was $1 billion, with tourism as its principal component.
	dosfan.lib.uic.edu /ERC/bgnotes/eur/andorra9512.html (2639 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		After that in the 1000’s the Bishop of Urgel asked Caboet to defend Andorra.
		The Count of Fiox was from France and the Count of Urgel was from Spain.
		At that time the Bishop of Urgel was head over Andorra.
	tps.dpi.state.nc.us /connecteurope/andora/history.html (373 words)

	The Cathars: Who's Who In The Cathar War: The Counts of Foix.
		A descendant of the Count later gave the lands to the Bishop of Urgell.
		From the time when Henry III of Navarre became king of France, the territory was ruled jointly by the French Kings and the bishops of Urgel.
		During the the reign of the French king Henry IV, an edict in 1607 confirmed the head of the French state and the Bishop of Seu d'Urgell as Co-princes of Andorra.
	www.languedoc-france.info /120514b_foix.htm (527 words)

	CountryMenu
		In 819 AD Louis the Pious, a son of the emperor Charlemagne, gave the land belonging to the counts of Urgel to the Catalan bishop of that diocese.
		In 1278 it came under the joint suzerainty of the bishop of Urgel in Spain and the Count of Foix with the latter’s rights successively passing to the monarchs and heads of state of France.
		The Valleys of Andorra, as the co-principality is also known, pays a nominal biennial tribute of 460 pesetas to the Bishop of Urgel and of 960 francs to France.
	members.fortunecity.co.uk /victorcauchi/andorra1.htm (590 words)

	ANDORRA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Two viguiers--one nominated by France, and the other by the bishop of Urgel--command the militia, which consists of about 600 men, although all capable of bearing arms are liable to be called out.
		In the meanwhile it continues to pay each of the suzerain powers L. 40 a year, levied by a tax on pastures.
		Before 1278 it was under the suzerainty of the neighbouring counts of Castelbo, to whom it had been ceded in 1170 by the counts of Urgel.
	simplestartpage.com /2301_ANDORRA.HTML (851 words)

	Andorra - Introduction
		For 715 years, from 1278 to 1993, Andorrans lived under a unique co-principality, ruled by the French chief of state and the Spanish bishop of Urgel.
		In 1993, this feudal system was modified with the titular heads of state retained, but the government transformed into a parliamentary democracy.
		Many immigrants (legal and illegal) are attracted to the thriving economy with its lack of income taxes.
	www.classbrain.com /art_cr/publish/andorra_introduction.shtml (82 words)

	Patron Saints Index: Saint Benedict of Aniane
		The results of his austere rule were disappointing, so he adopted the Benedictine Rule and the monastery grew.
		Bishop Felix of Urgel proposed that Christ was not the natural, but only the adoptive son of God (Adoptionism); Benedict opposed this heresy, wrote against it, and assisted in the Synod of Frankfurt in 794.
		Emperor Louis the Pious built the abbey of Maurmunster as a model abbey for Benedict in Alsace and then Cornelimunster near Aachen, then made Benedict director of all the monasteries in the empire.
	www.catholic-forum.com /saints/saintb18.htm (389 words)

	St. Joseph Calasanctius
		After various experiences which earned him many admirers, Calasanz was appointed vicar general of the district of Trempe by the bishop of Urgel.
		He was so effective that the bishop sent him to the desolate Pyrenean part of the diocese, in the valleys of Andorra.
		His work here to revive religion and to reform the clergy was very successful, and the bishop soon made Calasanz the vicar general of the whole diocese.
	members.bellatlantic.net /~vze4bf57/cal/joecal.htm (1021 words)

	Aethelweard (Anglo-Saxon nobleman, late 10th c (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Spain by Elipand bishop of Toledo and Felix bishop of Urgel, that Christ was the adoptive son of God.
		The apostles were regarded as the original bishops of the early Church: hence the term 'apostolic succession' referring to how bishops could trace their succession back to the earliest days of the Church.
		Ivo of Chartres (bishop of Chartres, died 1115): canon lawyer, wrote the Panormia and the Decretum.
	www.nottingham.ac.uk /history/teaching/jsb/jsb.html (16417 words)

	Welcome in the "capital village" Andorra la Vella of the dwarf's state Andorra (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-07)
		Behind the 6 1/2 ft thick walls of the "house of the valleys", Andorra is being governed.
		The "chancellor" conducts business in the absence of two gentlemen, who's photographs are hanging on the wall above the desk: The Spanish Bishop from Urgel and the president of the French Republic.
		In the 13th century, the Spanish Bishop from Urgel, imagined that the valleys belonged solely to him.
	www.mgb-home.de /english/Andorra.html (760 words)

	Chapter 4: A History of Aragon and Catalonia
		In 1111 he inherited the county of Besalù, and in 1117 that of Cerdaña; in 1112 the alliance with Douce brought him territory extending as far as Nice, so that he was in possession of a considerable part of Southern France and of all Catalonia, except the counties of Ampurias, Urgel and Peralada.
		In 1123 the Count of Ampurias became his vassal; this was one of the final steps in the process by which the frontier counties created by the Frankish kings were gradually and peacefully absorbed by Barcelona.
		Papal control, though fully recognized by the Spanish bishops, could not always be effectively exerted in an age when communications were slow, difficult and often disturbed by war.
	libro.uca.edu /chaytor/hac4.htm (2981 words)

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