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Topic: Biston (moth)

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Peppered moth

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	Peppered moth
		The English peppered moth (Biston betularia) was the subject of an early study by H.
		The frequency of the dark moth increased relative to that of the "light" or typica form, until, by 1898, 95% of the moths in Manchester and other highly industrialized areas were the dark form.
		It is known that the dark and light phenotypes of the moth are controlled by a single gene.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pe/Peppered_moth.html (519 words)

	Peppered Moths
		Moths are found all over trees, which is not a surprise (Clarke et al., 1994) and it is mentioned in the references that Wells cites.
		Whether or not this is so, the release and capture experiments took place over a number of days, so the moths were able to take up positions of their choosing, even if the first day was not perfectly "natural" (Kettlewell, 1955, 1956, 1973).
		Although it is true that the moths are well-camouflaged against lichens, and lichens are destroyed by pollution, nevertheless the camouflage of the moths ultimately depends upon the color of the trees, which reflect the amount of soot staining the trees.
	www.ncseweb.org /icons/icon6moths.html (1886 words)

	Peppered moth - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a temperate species of night-flying moth often used by educators as an example of natural selection (see theory of evolution, industrial melanism).
		During the day, the moths cryptically rest on trees, where they are predated by birds.
		Beginning in 1998, the traditional peppered moth story has been criticised by several people, but most prominently by creationists.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biston_(moth) (489 words)

	Peppered moth - EvoWiki
		The peppered moth, Biston betularia (L.), is one of some 20,000 moth species found in the United Kingdom.
		Starting in 1953, Bernard Kettlewell conducted field experiments on the peppered moth, providing hard evidence that differential bird predation based on relative camouflage was the primary selective force contributing to the different fitnesses of the moth morphs in polluted and unpolluted environments.
		Peppered moths fall with in the family Geometridae, the geometer or geometric moths; one of the numerous families of Lepidoptera.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Peppered_moth (5461 words)

	Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths
		If peppered moths normally rest under horizontal branches in the upper canopy, then observations of differential bird predation on moths which are placed on tree trunks probably have little relevance to their survival in the wild.
		The geographic distribution of melanic peppered moths did not fit the theory: the frequency of melanics was not as high as it should have been in some places, and higher than it should have been in others.
		A decline of melanism in the peppered moth Biston betularia in The Netherlands.
	www.origins.org /articles/wells_pepmoth.html (4704 words)

	The Nature Institute - Science as Process or Dogma? The Case of the Peppered Moth
		The "peppered moth," Biston betularia, occurs in light and dark (melanic) forms, both of which are shown in Figure 1.
		He said: what the peppered moth is really showing us is how a species, by having different forms, is more flexible and able to survive as one species; the populations and varieties of the species fluctuate, but the species as a whole continues to thrive.
		The moth had been to a certain degree reduced to an example, which would be comparable to looking at the sloth only as an example of adaptation to arboreal life.
	natureinstitute.org /txt/ch/moth.htm (5130 words)

	BIOdotEDU
		Normally this moth is hard to find because it rests on the bark of lichen-covered tree trunks and has wonderful cryptic appearance (it is well camouflaged).
		Later Kettlewell was able to recapture 16 light moths (16% of the original release) and 82 dark moths (53% or the original population).
		In the presence of predators, genes in the moths for cryptic coloration (camouflage) are an adaptation that increases the chances of survival.
	www.brooklyn.cuny.edu /bc/ahp/LAD/C20/C20_Biston.html (549 words)

	In Defense of Darwin and a Former Icon of Evolution - peppered moth, biston betularia
		Experiments by British lepidopterist Bernard Kettlewell in the 1950s claimed to show that bird predation, coupled with pollution, was responsible for a color shift in the moth population.
		All he needs, he reckons, is another 2 years' worth of data--a total of some 4000 moth observations--to settle the controversy over whether bird predation is the major selective force in favoring one color form of the peppered moth over another.
		Time is running out for studying the melanic peppered moth, which, with declining pollution levels, is expected to make up only 1% of the British peppered moth population by 2019.
	www.geocities.com /lclane2/biston.html (1263 words)

	Second Thoughts About Peppered Moths (unedited): Wells, Jonathan
		Melanism and predation by birds in the moths Biston betularia and Phigalia pilosauria.
		Biston cognataria (Geometridae): frequency of melanic males in Tyringham, Massachusetts, 1958-1977.
		Melanism in Biston (Lepidoptera: Geometridae) in the rural central Appalachians.
	www.arn.org /docs/wells/jw_pepmoth.htm (4764 words)

	Peppered moth Summary
		The peppered moth (Biston botularia) is an inconspicuous member of the family Geometridae, a night-flying species thought to spend its days resting camouflaged among the lichens that grow on tree trunks.
		All of the peppered moths experimented with had been collected in traps at night and many of the ones eaten from tree trunks had been glued to the trees where they were found by opportunistic birds.
		The peppered moth (Biston betularia) is a temperate species of night-flying moth often used by educators as an example of natural selection (see theory of evolution, industrial melanism).
	www.bookrags.com /Peppered_moth (1533 words)

	[No title]
		The story is that this moth changed from its light form to dark as pollution from the industrial revolution in England darkened tree trunks, by killing the light-colored lichen on them and covering them with soot.
		Nevertheless, the peppered moth story as an example of uniformitarian evolution in action continues to be taught.
		The initial "hyping" of the peppered moth story as an example of evolution in action, and not adaption in action, and the subsequent refusal to modify or drop it in the light of new data, fits the contention that uniformitarian evolution is not science, but a social construct, divorced from reality.
	www.georgiasouthern.edu /~etmcmull/MOTH.htm (1576 words)

	Christian Student Survival Conference: Scientists Pick Holes in Darwin Moth Theory
		Evolution experts are quietly admitting that one of their most cherished examples of Darwin's theory, the rise and fall of the peppered moth, is based on a series of scientific blunders.
		Experiments using the moth in the Fifties and long believed to prove the truth of natural selection are now thought to be worthless, having been designed to come up with the "right" answer.
		According to Michael Majerus, a Cambridge University expert on the moth, Dr Kettlewell tried to confirm the standard story simply by pinning dead moths on to parts of the trees where they could be seen easily by birds.
	www.leaderu.com /cl-institute/cssc/survival11.html (722 words)

	lb5pg6
		The response of the peppered moth Biston betularia to industrial pollution in England is a well known example of selection in natural populations.
		Birds had the same difficulty as the researchers in recognizing the mottled moths against the lichen background and ate only 26 of the light forms while 164 of the poorly camouflaged melanic moths were captured.
		With this the peppered moth population is shifting again toward the mottled form.
	io.uwinnipeg.ca /~simmons/16cm05/16lab05/lb5pg6.htm (1237 words)

	Moth
		Dark moths were at a distinct disadvantage, however, due to their increased vulnerability to bird predation.
		In 1848, the dark moths comprised 1% of the population and by 1959 they represented ~90% of the population.
		Since pollution is the true driver of the change in genotype frequency in the peppered moth population, it is the variable that we are most interested in modifying.
	www.globalchange.umich.edu /globalchange1/current/labs/Lab7/Moth.htm (1572 words)

	THE MOTH FLAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		But the basic story holds: there is absolutely zero doubt that peppered moth populations evolved (from being made up mainly of light moths to being made up mainly of dark moths) over just a few decades and in direct correlation to changes in the level of industrial pollution.
		The Creationists have tried to sow confusion about the example of evolution in the peppered moth by saying that moths do not naturally rest on tree trunks during the day (when they actually do!) and by suggesting that Kettlewell's experiments were "unnatural, and "staged" because birds would not normally encounter moths pinned to tree trunks.
		The evolution of industrial melanism in Biston betularia and other insects--the back and forth shifts in the proportion of different genetic variants in relation to environmental changes-- is unquestionably real and has been readily observed in both England and the United States.
	www.mukto-mona.com /science/skybreak/moth_flap.htm (1131 words)

	Biston - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Biston was the son of Ares in Greek mythology.
		Biston built the city of Bistonia on the shores of Lake Bistonis in Thrace.
		This article relating to Greek mythology is a stub.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Biston (66 words)

	Archives Evolution/Creation: The Truth 7/7a/2004
		To his credit, he is seeking to really develop a feel for the moths and let them tell their own story, rather than impose a preconceived conclusion on them.
		He is motivated by growing concern over attacks on Kettlewell’s character, most notably writer Judith Hooper’s scathing account of the men behind the peppered moth story in her 2002 book Of Moths and Men: The Untold Story of Science and the Peppered Moth, which helped fuel an anti-evolutionist campaign to remove Biston from school textbooks.
		It is necessary to keep the peppered moths in the textbooks and prevent the students from hearing the problems with the moth myth.
	www.creationinfo.com /evcr/7_7a_2004.htm (1931 words)

	Second Thoughts about Peppered Moths
		When he later recaptured some of the marked moths, the proportion matching the color of nearby tree trunks was significantly higher than in the batch he had released, consistent with the camouflage-predation theory.
		Before biologists discovered that peppered moths don’t normally rest on tree trunks, many experiments were conducted by pinning or gluing dead moths to tree trunks.
		Since the surface on which peppered moths rest is a key factor in the camouflage-predation theory, the tradition I learned would require that experiments be conducted using the moths’ normal resting-places--and that textbook illustrations portray those resting-places accurately.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/f-news/714116/posts (6369 words)

	Literature Review: The Peppered moth and intelligent design
		The peppered moth is a very interesting example of how natural selection and variation can explain the distribution of the moth in rural and industrial England (and beyond).
		Occupying a quarter of the book, the Biston analysis is necessary reading for all evolutionists, as are the introductory chapters on the nature of melanism, its distribution among animals, and its proposed causes.
		A vaste majority of those researchers who have worked with peppered moths and studied them (Coyne and the Discovery Institute hardly qualify as experts here), have indicated that they consider bird predation to be one of the major factors explaining the spatial and temporal distribution of the peppered moth.
	www.iscid.org /boards/ubb-get_topic-f-18-t-000014.html (4619 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		Biston betularia, normally called the Peppered Moth, is an example of the process of natural selection used in most biology books, from both Christian and secular publishers.
		It turns out for one thing that these moths do not rest on trees, they were placed on the trees by the researchers, and this is when the famous picture of the moths was taken apparently.
		Also, these moths do not tend to choose backgrounds that are like their own color.
	creationanswers.net /gensci/PEPPEREDMOTH.HTM (484 words)

	THE PEPPERED MOTH STORY: PRIME EXAMPLE OF EVOLUTION?
		The peppered moth (Biston betularia) has often been used as a prime example of “evolution in action.” This case first came to prominence when H. (Bernard) Kettlewell published a key Scientific American article in 1959.
		Now the melanic moths were better camouflaged against the darkened tree trunks; the predators began to eat more of the light-coloured moths, and the dark ones lived to reproduce, passing on their traits to their offspring.
		He released moths during the day (they normally choose resting places at night), placing them directly onto tree trunks (which is probably not where they normally rest).
	www3.telus.net /csabc/PepperedMoth.html (1298 words)

	Evidence for Evolution (Page 7)
		Biologists soon noticed that in industrialized regions where the dark moths were common, the tree trunks were darkened almost fl by the soot of pollution.
		To evaluate his results, he had marked the released moths with a dot of paint on the underside of their wings, where birds could not see it.
		This indicated that dark moths had a far better chance of surviving in these polluted woods, where the tree trunks were dark.
	www.txtwriter.com /backgrounders/Evolution/EVpage07.html (625 words)

	Evolution - A-Z - Peppered moth
		The usual form of the peppered moth Biston betularia in northern Europe has a light 'peppered' pattern of coloration.
		The moth rests on tree branches and its color pattern camouflages it against predatory attack.
		Through the 19th century, the melanic form increased in frequency until, near industrial regions, it was the normal type of the moth.
	www.blackwellpublishing.com /ridley/a-z/Peppered_moth.asp (231 words)

	Peppered moth - free-definition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-16)
		The peppered moth (Biston betularia (L.)) is a temperate species of night-flying moth notable for its evolution of industrial melanism.
		From 1998 the traditional peppered moth story has been criticised.
		More on the Peppered Moth as an example of evolution (http://www.evowiki.org/wiki.phtml?title=Peppered_moth) at EvoWiki.
	www.free-definition.com /Peppered-moth.html (428 words)

	Peppered Moths
		Several species of birds eat peppered moths, taking them from the tree trunks where they rest during the day.
		There are six moths on this tree trunk.
		There are six moths on this flened tree trunk.
	www.english.ilstu.edu /students/flknowl/flk3/museum/moths.html (136 words)

	TEXTBOOK FRAUD: Pepper Moth (biston betularia): "Piltdown Moth"
		Fails to tell you that the Oak Beauty is the Pepper moth's closest relative in England and is a trunk rester, (unlike the Pepper moth) yet the melanic form may have increased from 33-36%, but was always in the minority although it lived in the same areas as the Pepper moth.
		Since the Ghost moth is eaten by birds, the melanic in the north and the white male in the south, are exactly opposite to Pepper moth theory.
		So those species of moths that show even a tiny increase in melanics in industrial areas are labeled "industrial melanism" but the vast majority of other moth species in the same industrial areas where melanism is either unchanged or decreasing are not classified as "industrial melanism".
	www.bible.ca /tracks/textbook-fraud-pepper-moth-biston-betularia.htm (17257 words)

	The Peppered Moth
		Almost all peppered moths were gray with dark flecks, but very rarely a fl moth was observed.
		Peppered moths rest during the day on tree trunks, where they are vulnerable to being eaten by birds.
		In industrial areas, because fl moths avoided being eaten by birds, they survived better and therefore reproduced more (had higher fitness.) As a result, each generation, more and more of the offspring born came from fl parents and inherited the fl coloration, since the color differences between moths (gray versus fl) are genetic.
	www.utm.edu /departments/cens/biology/rirwin/391/moth.htm (458 words)

	Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
		The English moth, Biston betularia, is a frequently cited example of observed evolution.
		The moths' color was primarily determined by a single gene.
		There are thus four possible types of moths: brightly colored moths with and without tails, and dark moths with and without tails.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html (15764 words)

	Picture page about Peppered Moth Biston betularia
		The Peppered Moth usually is a white moth with numerous fl dots and patches.
		In some areas and at certain times the fl form (called Biston betularia forma carbonaria) are more common than the 'peppered' form.
		There is only one generation a year, but it is on the wing for a long period of time: from April to August.
	www.gardensafari.net /english/picpages/biston_betularia.htm (340 words)

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