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Topic: Bit stuffing

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	AX.25 Amateur Packet-Radio Link-Layer Protocol
		Bit 0 is the first bit sent and bit 7 is the last bit sent of the control field.
		Bits W and Y described in 2.3.4.3.3.2 should both be set to one to indicate this condition.
		The reception of a supervisory frame with the F bit set to one, except during a timer recovery condition (see 2.4.4.9), or except as a reply to a command frame sent with the P bit set to one.
	www.tapr.org /pub_ax25.html (8552 words)

	What is bit stuffing? - a definition from Whatis.com
		Bit stuffing is the insertion of one or more bits into a transmission unit as a way to provide signaling information to a receiver.
		Bits with a value of 0 are represented by a no-voltage time slot.) If more than 15 bits in a row are sent with a 0 value, this "lull" in 1 bits that the system depends on for synchronization may be long enough for two end points to become out of synchronization.
		Bit stuffing is defined by some to include bit padding, which is the addition of bits to a tranmission to make the transmission unit conform to a standard size, but is distinct from bit robbing, a type of in-band signaling.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci214383,00.html (508 words)

	Definition: bit stuffing
		Note 2: In data transmission, bit stuffing is used for various purposes, such as for synchronizing bit streams that do not necessarily have the same or rationally related bit rates, or to fill buffers or frames.
		The location of the stuffing bits is communicated to the receiving end of the data link, where these extra bits are removed to return the bit streams to their original bit rates or form.
		Bit stuffing may be used to synchronize several channels before multiplexing or to rate-match two single channels to each other.
	www.atis.org /tg2k/_bit_stuffing.html (147 words)

	Stuffing - StoneHome
		If stuffing a cold bird, as opposed to a room-temperature bird, add a little bit of extra broth, because the cold bird won't soak the juices up very well, and so more of the early fluid will be immediate pan drippings than otherwise.
		If the stuffing inside is successfully single-minded, a second group of flavors can be introduced almost seperately to the meat by setting down a layer of vegetables underneath or in the stead of a drippings rack.
		Stuffing is a big undertaking, and is frequently associated with the centerpiece roast of a large dinner; as such, because it's so intimately connected with the centerpiece, it gains a sort of ancillary centerpiece status.
	sc.tri-bit.com /Stuffing?printable=yes (1761 words)

	CAN Bus Protocol Decription - Digital Core Design
		Therefore Bit stuffing is used to ensure resynchronization of all bus nodes - this means that during the transmission of a message, a maximum of five consecutive bits may have the same polarity.
		The first bit of this field is called the IDE bit (Identifier Extension) and is at dominant state to specify that the frame is a Standard Frame.
		Bit Error of course not occurs during the Arbitration Field and Acknowledge Slot because these fields must be able to be overwritten by a dominant bit in order to achieve arbitration and acknowledge functionality.
	www.dcd.pl /ashow.php?page=can-protocol (2791 words)

	What is bit stuffing? - A Word Definition From the Webopedia Computer Dictionary
		Therefore, if the actual data being transmitted has six 1 bits in a row, a zero is inserted after the first 5 so that the dat is not interpreted as a frame delimiter.
		Of course, on the receiving end, the stuffed bits must be discarded.
		For protocols that required a continuous stream of data, zero bits are sometimes inserted to ensure that the stream is not broken.
	www.webopedia.com /TERM/B/bit_stuffing.html (174 words)

	Packet Radio - Physical Layer
		Packet uses NRZI (non-return to zero inverted) encoding, which means that a 0 is encoded as a change in tone, and a 1 is encoded as no change in tone.
		This sequence is not bit stuffed, so this is the only time you'll see a run of six 1s.
		If the bit that was shifted off (formerly bit 1) was not equal to the bit being sent, exclusive-OR the FCS value with 0x8408.
	n1vg.net /packet (591 words)

	A COMBINED PARITY AND STUFFING BIT FOR AN ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL PROTOCOL CONTROLLER
		Bit stuffing is used in asynchronous serial pro- atier each n (e.g., 5) bits of the same value in the tocols with relatively long messages (e.g., CAN pro- transmitter, while the receiver uses the transition tocol) and thus a need exists to supply the receiver and then deletes the artificially-inserted bit.
		The imple- of bit-stuffing decreases the throughput of the serial mentation is to add an artificial, opposite-value bit line, and also adds logic for bit insertion/deletion.
		systems), in such a way that the number of '1' bits in a message is complemented to an even number (i.e., A parity bit is used in serial communication to even parity), or an odd number (i.e., an odd parity).
	www.priorartdatabase.com /IPCOM/000007211 (368 words)

	Performance as a function of compression
		The coder processes the individual bits of the raw data stream, calculating the probability of the symbol (binary bit value) on the basis of the context obtained from a template applied to the raw data.
		Bit stuffing occurs whenever a 0xFF byte is generated during compression, inserting a stuff bit before the next bit of coded data.
		With a byte-size (eight bits) data unit, encoding a raw-data byte that cannot be encoded within a string match generates nine bits of coded data.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/426/kampf.html (4424 words)

	bit robbing - a definition from Whatis.com
		Bit robbing is not the same as bit stuffing.
		Bit robbing is a technique used in signaling on the T-carrier system, the widely-used system for transmitting both voice and data in digital form in the public switched telephone network (PSTN) and in private networks.
		Bit robbing is acceptable for voice conversations or data transmissions that are received by a modem but not for "pure" data transmission (where every bit is significant).
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,289893,sid9_gci214388,00.html (249 words)

	Aki's Kitchen - Recipes
		For a larger amount, place the extra stuffing in a buttered pan and add in enough turkey stock to cover the mixture halfway; cover with foil paper and then bake for 45 - 55 minutes, or until rice is tender and has split.
		To prevent food poisoning in the extra stuffing, the stuffing should be cooled, transferred to a non-metal container (glass or ceramic), covered well and then refrigerated.
		Later on, when the finished turkey rests and waits to be carved, place the extra stuffing in a buttered or parchment paper lined pan and then stir in bit of the simmering turkey stock or hot water, enough to moisten the stuffing.
	www.akiskitchen.ca /recipes_sidedishes/stuffing/rice_bread_1.html (797 words)

	X.25 - LAPB \| MLP \| HDLC \| Terminology
		A bit contained within the X.25 data packet which is set by layers higher than layer 3 to inform the destination DTE that more data will follow in the next packet.
		The bit size of the sequence number field is dependent on the respective modulo (maximum window size) of the layer and determines the maximum number of frames or packets that can be outstanding by the transmitter at any given time.
		In order to ensure that the bit pattern of the frame delimiter flag does not appear in the data field of the frame (and therefore cause frame misalignment), a technique known as Bit Stuffing is used by both the transmitter and the receiver.
	www.protocols.com /pbook/x25.htm (3377 words)

	bit stuffing definition - isp.webopedia.com - The Glossary for Internet Service Providers
		Bit stuffing is required by many network and communications protocols for the following reasons:
		Therefore, if the actual data being transmitted has six 1 bits in a row, a zero is inserted after the first 5 so that the dat is not interpreted as a frame delimiter.
		For protocols that required a continuous stream of data, zero bits are sometimes inserted to ensure that the stream is not broken.
	isp.webopedia.com /TERM/B/bit_stuffing.htm (185 words)

	CommsDesign - Understanding the 3G-324M Spec: Part 1
		Another problem with HDLC is that after some bit errors, flag emulations in the payload are very probable, due to the shortness of the framing flag (problem 2).
		In this level, the stuffing bits are removed and the length of the flag is increased.
		Stuffing '0' bit insertion after every 5 succeeding 1's is defined to prevent the flag emulation inside the payload.
	www.commsdesign.com /design_corner/OEG20030121S0009 (2182 words)

	Data transparency, byte and bit stuffing
		To transmit non-character data when using a character orientated data transmission protocol some sort of coding has to be used to avoid confusing the receiver.
		Bit orientated protocols look for patterns of data for control purposes.
		To overcome this problem the transmitting device stuffs a '0' bit into the data stream after each sequence of five binary '1's.
	www.cems.uwe.ac.uk /jharney/stuff.html (250 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Note also that since only 30 of 48 bits in the MAC address have pseudorandom values, there is no possibility of randomly generating a broadcast or multicast value by accident.
		Stuffing is data-dependent; thus selection of different payload patterns will result in frames transmitted on the media that vary in length, even though the original frames may all be of the same length.
		PPP Bit Stuffing [RFC1662], section 5.2 specifies that any sequence of five contiguous "1" bits within a frame must be escaped by inserting a "0" bit prior to the sequence.
	www.ietf.org /internet-drafts/draft-ietf-bmwg-hash-stuffing-08.txt (5201 words)

	bit stuffing (Site not responding. Last check: )
		To eliminate the possibility of such a pathological case, when a preset number of transitionless bits have been transmitted, a bit which does cause a transition is "stuffed" (transmitted) by the sender.
		The receiver follows the same protocol and removes the stuffed bit after the specified number of transitionless bits, but can use the stuffed bit to recover the sender's clock.
		The advantage of bit stuffing is that only a bit (not a byte) is inserted in the data stream, and that only when the content of the data stream fails to provide a timing signal to the receiver.
	burks.bton.ac.uk /burks/foldoc/71/12.htm (190 words)

	The Qx-coder
		During the termination of Q-coding, the bits remaining in the C register are shifted into the data stream.
		The JBIG specification explicitly states that the 17th bit can be avoided if initialization to 0x0000 produces the same output after the first subtraction as initialization to 0x10000 in the low-order 16 bits.
		Finally, the most significant 16 bits of the C register, not including the carry bit, are inverted and written.
	www.research.ibm.com /journal/rd/426/mitchell.html (4282 words)

	Baked Chicken with Apple Stuffing - Allrecipes
		Stir in the stuffing mix until the liquid is absorbed.
		Transfer the stuffing to a baking dish, and top with the pieces of the remaining apple.
		The stuffing was a bit soggier than I like it so I think I'll remove the foil for that last five minutes or so of cooking.
	allrecipes.com /Recipe/Baked-Chicken-with-Apple-Stuffing/Detail.aspx?rss=7 (433 words)

	[No title]
		This stuffing is done to ensure sequences in test traffic will not be confused with flag or control characters.
		Currently there is no standard method for determining the probability that stuffing will occur for a given pattern, and thus no way to determine what impact stuffing will have on test results.
		5.2 PPP Bit Stuffing [RFC1662], section 5.2 specifies that any sequence of five contiguous "1" bits within a frame must be escaped by inserting a "0" bit prior to the sequence.
	www.faqs.org /ftp/internet-drafts/draft-newman-hash-stuffing-00.txt (3865 words)

	H. Baker -- Efficient Bit-vector Searching
		We must now ignore some of the bits in the process of trying to perform the match--i.e., we may now have some "don't care" items at the beginning and the end of the pattern.
		If the "CanStart" table entry is a bit-vector whose "on" bits indicate the leftmost position of a succeeding match; i.e., if bit #'s 0,3, and 4 are all on, then the pattern can start in those bit positions within the index byte.
		requires a bit more complexity, because the pattern may be positioned in a byte in such a way that we have "don't care" bits at both ends of the byte.
	www.pipeline.com /~hbaker1/BitSearch.html (3444 words)

	Bit Oriented Protocol (Site not responding. Last check: )
		If the next bit is a 0, the 0 is ignored, and the receiver continues on.
		If the next bit is a 1 followed by a 0, the receiver has gotten the flag to signify the end of a frame.
		There may be extraneous bits in the bit stream (ie, bits that are not apart of a frame).
	www.cis.udel.edu /~breech/contest.spring.99/probs/bitorient.html (225 words)

	Aerospace Software Ltd.
		In short, HDLC is used wherever a bit stream is used to transmit packetized data.
		Also, since the data is a bit stream, you can be sure that the data will never start/stop on byte boundaries, so complex bit shifting is required in the receiver to extract a byte stream from the raw data.
		As soon as 8 bits are reached, the rx byte is full, is appended to the receive message and the receive message length in hd_byte_count is incremented.
	www.aerospacesoftware.com /hdlc.htm (1173 words)

	J-series™ Services Router Basic LAN and WAN Access Configuration Guide
		After every 48 DS1 information bits (12 bits from each signal), a DS2 OH bit is inserted to indicate the start of a subframe.
		Bit stuffing control bits (C-bits)—Serve as bit stuffing indicators for each DS2 input.
		Therefore, the bit stuffing that occurs when DS2 signals are multiplexed is redundant.
	www.juniper.net /techpubs/software/jseries/junos76/jseries76-config-guide-basic/jN1474A.html (1237 words)

	Pointer adjustment jitter cancellation processor utilizing phase hopping and phase leaking techniques - Patent 5796796
		The adaptive bit leaking circuit has the technical difficulties that small jitter in normal operation mode and small static phase error in the degraded mode cannot be achieved simultaneously.
		The bit leaking rate frequency is controlled as f/N where a denominator N is applied to adjust the bit leaking rate frequency and N is dependent on the time history of PJE occurrences.
		However, with the phase hopping techniques of the present invention, the use of a dynamic bit leaking rate control may not be necessary because the worst jitter is only (1/32) UI compared with a range of 0.5 to 3.0 UIs typically achievable by the use of a prior art pointer adjustment jitter (PAJ) cancellation circuit.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5796796.html (4515 words)

	"bit stuffing" - Shopping.com
		A wee bit of Scotland for a dapper dog it is. Scottish tartan clans and heritage throughout history have appreciated this classic fabric of the old c...
		This piece is an egg-cellent way to serve deviled eggs, stuffed mushrooms, clams casino or oysters-on-the-hal f-shell.
		This piece is an eggcellent way to serve deviled eggs, stuffed mushrooms, clams casino or oysters-on-the-hal f-shell.
	www.shopping.com /xCC-bit_stuffing~all-ap_types~MS-1 (1109 words)

	CEN 4500C - Framing and Synchronization (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In order to receive bits in the first place, the receiver must be able to determine how fast bits are being sent and when it has received a signal symbol (usually one bit, but with m-ary signaling, it may be several bits, lg(m) in fact).
		Further, the receiver needs to be able to determine what the relationship of the bits in the received stream have to one another, that is, what the logical units of transfer are, and where each received bit fits into the logical units.
		It is the ratio of data bits per protocol data unit (PDU) to the total size of the PDU, including synchronization, headers, etc. Equivalently, it is the ratio of the time spent actually sending useful data to the time it takes to transfer that data and its attendant overhead.
	www.cise.ufl.edu /~nemo/cen4500/synch.html (1201 words)

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