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Topic: Bitterroot Salish (tribe)

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	Salish Lodge Wa
		The Coast Salish are a Salishan-speaking First Nations/Native American culture that inhabited an area centered in southwestern British Columbia in Canada and western Washington in the United States for several millennia up to the time of arrival of the Europeans in the 19th century.
		A branch of the Coast Salish, including the Tillamook and related tribes, established themselves on the coast of Oregon south of the Chinookan peoples at the mouth of the Columbia River.
		The Bitterroot Salish are one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana.
	www.artistbooking.com /trips/180/salish-lodge-wa.html (876 words)

	CSKT - Salish Language
		Salish Elders say that they, and many other tribes, were placed on this earth as one Salishan-speaking people.
		Several large bands of Salish (later misnamed Flatheads) camped throughout Montana from the Bitterroot to the Yellowstone Valleys; however, encroachment from non-Indians led to the eventual concentration of the tribe in the Bitterroot Valley.
		Each tribe had a leader or leaders who governed by consensus, and who were guided and advised by large numbers of respected elders.
	www.cskt.org /hc/salishculture.htm (1378 words)

	One Round River
		Many of the tribes in the language group used a particular sort of cradle board that deliberately flattened the foreheads of infants, a deformation that was regarded as handsome and a sign of nobility.
		Tribes that had for millennia survived as farmers, fishers and gatherers threw it off in a blink and took to the horse.
		The Salish marked their important trails with cairns, and it was their custom, when passing, to add a rock to the pile as a sort of traveler's offering to the guidance of the trail.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/m/manning-river.html (6859 words)

	Claywoman's Lodgings - Essays - Indian Woman (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the Salish tradition, to keep her child from wandering, she was forbidden to gaze out the tent flap at the sky.
		The Salish, once a proud nation, were considered less than human; they were treated like dogs in the gutter; women were considered shiftless and lazy, children were considered "nits of lice," unteachable, and throwaways.
		For the first time in Salish history, two women sit on the Tribal Council elected by those living on the reservation, one an elder who lived through the boarding school experience, the other, a young single mother trying to raise her children to be honest, hard-working members of tribal society.
	members.tripod.com /claywoman55/essay2indianwoman.htm (2636 words)

	Historical Bitterroot SightSeeing - Bitterroot Valley & Ravalli County Montana Vista Links
		Daly was attracted to the Bitterroot by its pastoral beauty and by the supply of timber which he needed to shore up his mines at Butte and feed the fires of his copper smelter at Anaconda.
		Saint Mary's Mission, the cradle of early settlement on the Montana frontier, was established in 1841 at the request of the Salish Indians.
		The 1,300 acre Teller Wildlife Refuge, nestled between Corvallis and the Bitterroot River, was established by conservarionist/philanthropist Otto Teller.
	bitterrootsites.com /sightseeing.htm (2391 words)

	Kootenai (tribe) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		They are one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana, and they form the Ktunaxa Nation in British Columbia.
		The Flathead Reservation is home to the Bitterroot Salish and Pend d'Oreilles tribes as well.
		Most tribes in the United States are forbidden to declare war on the U.S. government because of treaties, but the Kootenai Tribe never signed a treaty.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Kootenai_(tribe) (386 words)

	The Bitterroot
		Each spring as the bitterroot's vibrant pink and white flowers splash across the green canvas of Montana's prairies and foothills like drops of paint from an artist's brush, one is reminded that Montanans made a wise choice with their decision to adopt the bitterroot as their state flower.
		Indeed, the very name bitterroot is firmly rooted with the land, history, and myth of Montana.
		Both David Thompson, a geographer and explorer in the employ of the North West Company, and David Douglas, pioneer botanist of the Northern Rockies, noted that the bitterroot was highly prized as a food-stuff by Native Americans throughout the region.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/Forum/3807/features/bitterroot.html (803 words)

	Montana Real Estate - Bitterroot Valley
		The spine of the Bitterroot Range was mistaken by pioneer surveyors for the Continental divide.
		The settlement of Missoula serves about 80,000 people to the north of the Bitterroot Valley, the small town of Salmon Idaho is to the south, and Hamilton is in the heart of the Valley with plenty of services from eclectic restaurants, grocery stores, and sporting goods for tent pegs, fishing flies, and bootlaces.
		Whether you are a lucky resident with an afternoon, weekend, holiday, or a visitor to the Bitterroot Mountains, prepare to be infected by the beauty of the area.
	www.weleadtheway.com /bitterroot_bootlaces.htm (933 words)

	Outdoor Adventure Travel: Bitterroot Valley, Montana
		The Bitterroot Valley, approximately 96 miles long and 20 miles wide at mid-valley, was the ancestral home of the Salish (Flathead) Indian tribe long before the white man ever set foot in the valley.
		They were one of the few tribes to never do battle with the white man. In October of 1891, the Salish tribe traveled 66 miles north of Stevensville and were settled on the Flathead Reservation in the Jocko Valley north of Missoula.
		The Salish people still come to the valley on a religious pilgrimage to visit the "Medicine Tree", an important religious symbol for their people located along Hwy 93 south of Conner.
	www.finesthuntingsupply.com /adventure_travel/bitterroot.html (522 words)

	The Bitterroot and it's role in history (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		to the Native American peoples and had been an important part of their diet for unknown generations. The tribe's spring migrations were timed to coincide with the blooming of the bitterroot and often scouts would be sent out to alert the tribe to the readiness of the plant for harvesting.
		Indian women dug, cleaned and boiled the root of the plant and then mixed it with meat or berries. Hunting expeditions and war parties often carried patties made from a mixture of pulverized root, deer fat and moss.
		In 1895 the Montana Legislature sanctioned the symbol of the Bitterroot and on February 27, 1895 it became the official State Flower of Montana.
	www.saintmarysmission.org /Bitterroot.html (269 words)

	An introduction and history of Fr. Pierre Jean De Smet, S.J. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		He was also instrumental in establishing peace among warring tribes. His trips to Europe to seek funds for the missions continued until his health failed. Fr.
		Between 1831 and 1839 the Salish and the neighboring Nez Perce sent four delegations to St. Louis to obtain a "fl robe" to live among them and teach the things which the Iroquois had referred to.
		The last delegation, comprised of two Iroquois adopted into the Salish tribe was successful and the Indians were promised that a "fl robe" would be sent to them.
	www.saintmarysmission.org /FatherDeSmet.html (983 words)

	River's Source. History in western Montana. Three Rivers Lifestyle Magazine.
		The decision to locate the mission in what is now the Bitterroot Valley was based upon three factors: the rich soil, the great beauty of the valley, and a vision of the Virgin Mary by a young dying Salish girl.
		While the Salish were the main attendees to the masses given in 1866, gradually white presence grew to warrant an additional mass for whites.
		Bit by bit the Salish found themselves pushed to the fringes of the community and were encouraged to move north to the Flathead Indian Reservation in the Jocko Valley.
	www.threeriverslifestyle.com /spring2005/tr_source.htm (2111 words)

	The Kalispel Indians of Montana
		Salish immigrants from much farther downstream, as far as Idaho and Washington State, had moved to this large valley so they could be nearer the Buffalo Plains of eastern Montana.
		As a result of constant warfare with the non-Salish tribes who tried to drive them from the Buffalo Plains, the Salish confederation invited large numbers of Sahaptin (Nez Perce) Indians to join them in their hunting expeditions.
		The Bitterroot Indians called themselves the Salish, to reflect the fact that they were a mixed group of Salish-speaking peoples including Kalispels, Kettles, Okanogan, Lakes, Spokanes, Couer d'Alenes.
	www.angelfire.com /id/newpubs/kalispel2.html (1085 words)

	Montana's First Treaties - Hellgate (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Salish, Pend d’ Oreille and Kootenai ceded large tracts of traditional lands to the U.S. This treaty established the Flathead Reservation in its present location and provided for a provisional reservation in the Bitterroot Valley.
		This treaty was ratified on March 8, 1859, without resolving the issue of the Bitterroot Conditional Reservation.
		An Executive Order in June, 1872, officially withdrew this land from consideration, although some Bitterroot Salish stayed in the valley until 1891 — when they were forcibly removed to the Flathead Reservation.
	www.montanatribes.org /firsttreaties/hellgate.htm (103 words)

	Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes.
		The written record of the tribes is from their meeting with the Lewis and Clark Expedition (September 5, 1805).
		Isaac Stevens, the new governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for Washington Territory, was intent on obtaining cession of the Bitterroot Valley from the Salish.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Confederated_Salish_and_Kootenai_Tribes_of_the_Flathead_Nation (1146 words)

	National Geographic: Lewis & Clark—Tribes—Flathead Indians (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In the early 19th century the Indians lived in the Bitterroot River valley, although later by treaty they moved to northern Montana.
		As with other tribes, such as the Gros Ventre, the name Flathead is a misnomer.
		These two tribes were in ongoing struggles when Lewis and Clark first arrived in the region.
	www.nationalgeographic.com /lewisandclark/record_tribes_022_12_16.html (323 words)

	{www.fulkerson.org} Montana Pioneer Diary of Thomas Harris
		Owen was the in the process of establishing western Montana's first trading post, in the Bitterroot Valley, a crossroads for the Salish, Nez Perce, Shoshoni and Blackfeet tribes.
		Victor was Chief of the Flathead (Salish) tribe.
		Bitterroot Valley farmers built a road along this creek in 1865, as a shorter route for hauling their produce to the gold miners' camps.
	www.fulkerson.org /1-harris.html (3603 words)

	Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Developed by the Salish Culture Committee, Confederated Salish confederated salish and kootenai tribe and Kootenai Tribes Copublished with Salish Kootenai College Press In Mary Quequesah's Love Story, a tale from the buffalo-hunting era of the nineteenth century, Mary Quequesah confronts the difficulties of love.
		Bitterroot Salish (tribe) - The Bitterroot Salish are one of three tribes of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation in Montana.
		Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Nation - The Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Reservation are the Bitterroot Salish, Kootenai and Pend d'Oreilles Tribes.
	ge84.360mkt.info /confederatedsalishandkootenaitribe.html (594 words)

	Canku Ota - July 3, 2004 - What's New
		She grew up in Montana as a part of the Bitterroot Salish Tribe, also known as Flathead Indians, and she is a member of the Confederated Salish and Kootenai Tribes of the Flathead Indian Reservation in Polson, Montana.
		An honored elder with the Confederated Tribes of Siletz, she normally uses a motorized wheelchair because of a herniated disc and an atrophied foot.
		The presence of these Salish teens in this classroom, along with Eva Boyd, a tribal elder, is testimony to that singular desire to save a culture by saving the language.
	www.turtletrack.org /Issues04/Co07032004/CO_07032004_New.htm (1342 words)

	Montana Fish, Wildlife & Parks News Release (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		And of course, there is evidence of Native American use in the general area, principally by the Salish, Kootenai and Shoshone tribes.
		Salish elders have recounted that 400 people in 30 lodges were encamped in the upper Bitterroot Valley on September 4, 1805, as countless generations of their people had camped before them.
		Only in later years did the Salish and other tribal people learn that the Lewis and Clark Expedition was funded by the U.S. Congress with specific interests in commerce and trade and the location of the elusive Northwest Passage.
	www.travelersrest.org /news/fwp502.htm (1356 words)

	A Brief History of the Flathead Tribes To 1855 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Salish of Montana never flattened their heads, yet speaking a similar language, they too were called flatheads.
		In the early 1700s, the Salish which had settled in the Bitterroot valley obtained horses from the Shoshoni and became expert horsemen--and a target for other raiding tribes.
		Although the Pend d'Orielle and the Bitterroot Salish (Flathead) were related, the Kootenai were culturally and linguistically distinct.
	www.skc.edu /netbook/22-history.htm (734 words)

	Lemhi Relationship with US - Lemhi in Limbo
		This treaty is negotiated with the Blackfeet and "Western Tribes" as a peace treaty, with the goal of protecting white settlers across the region, and to establish tribal boundaries and common hunting grounds.
		When the neighboring tribes agree to share these rich hunting grounds of the Missouri Headwaters, none of them can imagine the demise of the bison in this territory in less than a decade nor can they imagine the thousands of miners who would overrun these lands, right in the heart of these shared hunting grounds.
		A small number of settlers are getting established in the territory of the Northern Shoshones and their neighbors, the "Flatheads" (Bitterroot Salish), during the 1850s.
	www.trailtribes.org /lemhi/lemhi-in-limbo.htm (2228 words)

	Native Americans - Flathead
		These people never practiced head flattening, but the Columbia River tribes who shaped the front of the head to create a pointed appearance spoke of their neighbors, the Salish, as flatheads in contrast.
		After the introduction of the horse the Flathead adopted a Plains culture, including the hunting of buffalo and the use of the tepee.
		By the Garfield Treaty (1872) the Flathead agreed to move north to the valley of the lake and river now bearing their name, where, with a band of the Kootenai, they dwell and together number some 2,800.
	www.nativeamericans.com /Flathead.htm (271 words)

	\| Book Review \| Oregon Historical Quarterly, 107.1 \| The History Cooperative
		For the Salish, the encounter with Lewis and Clark, while significant, makes up only a brief moment in both Salish history and the history of Salish survival of the onslaught from white America.
		Stories by tribal elders told in the Salish language are transcribed in Salish and English, side by side, using a font developed at the Salish-Kootenai College.
		A discussion of place-names in the Bitterroot Valley — places important to the Salish and places referred to in the Lewis and Clark journals — builds on the description of landscape.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/ohq/107.1/br_7.html (799 words)

	Sacajawea Gallery, Stevensville Montana
		By the time Lewis and Clark and the Corps of Discovery reached the mountains south of Montana's Bitterroot Valley in the late summer of 1805, they had abandoned the hope of finding a simple water route to the Pacific Ocean.
		Meeting with the peaceful Salish in a camp near Trapper's Peak known as Ross's Hole, the expedition traded for fresh horses to help them continue their westward journey.
		Lewis and Clark in the Bitterroot, by the Discovery Writers of Stevensville, Montana
	www.sacajaweagallery.com /history.htm (443 words)

	As She Remembered It, Stories Of The Last Remaining Member Of The Bitterroot Salish Band - News - FWP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Mary Ann Toppseh Combs of Arlee was the last surviving member of the Salish Indian band of about 250-300 people forced in 1891 from the Bitterroot to the Flathead Indian Reservation by way of the Jocko Valley.
		Combs said she also grieved leaving the Bitterroot and felt a great sadness that the government failed to keep promises that would have helped her people.
		In her later years she was a spiritual traditionalist and devout Catholic who was respected as a spiritual leader of the tribe.
	fwp.mt.gov /news/article_2964.aspx (362 words)

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