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Topic: Bitumen

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	Saudi Aramco World : Bitumen - A History (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Since mud, however, could not resist the frequent spring floods, the discovery of bitumen was a distinct advantage: impervious to moisture and maintenance-free, it was a blessing to a community where mere survival was a daily dawn-to-dusk battle.
		To Nebuchadnezzar, bitumen was a daily symbol of progress and prosperity, visible not only in the tower that he cherished, but in every paved street, wall, bath, bridge and drain pipe his workers touched.
		In the ensuing eras, the use of bitumen was apparently restricted to localities where it was found: Hit, al-Ramadi and Kirkuk in Iraq, Bandar Abbas and Bushir in Iran, Benaid el-Qar in Kuwait and areas on the island of Bahrain.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/198406/bitumen.-.a.history.htm (3194 words)

	bitumen - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Bitumen, any of various naturally occurring mixtures of hydrocarbons and their nonmetallic derivatives.
		The methods used to mine bitumen depend on the depth of the tar sand deposit.
		Bitumen consists of a mixture of hydrocarbons—chemical compounds...
	encarta.msn.com /bitumen.html (111 words)

	Bitumen - LoveToKnow 1911
		BITUMEN, the name applied by the Romans to the various descriptions of natural hydrocarbons, the word petroleum not being used in classical Latin.
		The bitumens of chief commercial importance may be grouped under the three headings of (i) natural gas, (2) petroleum, and (3) asphalt, and will be found fully described under these titles.
		Herodotus alludes to the use of the bitumen brought down by the Is, a tributary of the Euphrates, as mortar in building the walls of Babylon.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Bitumen (324 words)

	Bitumen
		Unlike conventional crude oil, bitumen does not flow freely: it is heavier than water and more viscous than molasses.
		Most of the hydrocarbons in bitumen are heavier than pentane, and about half are very heavy molecules with a boiling point over 525° C. The light fractions are high in naphthenes (used in making gasoline and PETROCHEMICALS); the heavy fractions are high in asphaltenes (used in making asphalt).
		To deliver bitumen to those refineries equipped to handle heavy crude oil, it must first be diluted with natural gas condensate or similar material to make it pumpable.
	www.thecanadianencyclopedia.com /index.cfm?PgNm=TCE&Params=A1SEC817009 (201 words)

	Bitumen adhesive and waterproofing membranes containing same - Patent 4600635
		A pressure sensitive adhesive composition comprising bitumen, an oil which is not naturally occurring in said bitumen and is selected from the group consisting of naphthenic oils, paraffinic oils, and aromatic oils, an ionomeric elastomer, and gilsonite.
		The oil component of the present compositions, as in all bitumen-oil-rubber adhesives, serves as a plasticizer for the bitumen, a processing aid, e.g., in facilitating dissolution of the rubber component or ionomeric elastomer in the bitumen, or as a bitumen modifier, e.g., to increase the tack of the bitumen.
		It should be understood that bitumens may include a naturally occurring oil component and that this oil component can vary in type and amount as a function of the source of the bitumen and method of manufacture.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /4600635.html (5557 words)

	Bitumen (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A natural by-product of the distillation of crude oil, bitumen is a thick, gooey substance usually fl or dark brown in color.
		Although its chemical composition is highly complex, bitumen mainly consists of roughly eighty percent carbon, ten percent hydrogen, six percent sulfur, one percent oxygen and one percent nitrogen.
		As early as the third century natural bitumen gleaned from tar pits was used as a sealant in the brick walls of reservoirs.
	amos.indiana.edu /library/scripts/bitumen.html (248 words)

	Bitumen, PA
		Note: The records of Bitumen are held at the Lock Haven County Court House, St. Joseph's Catholic Church in Renovo, PA, and at St. Mary's Church in Lock Haven.
		This was the case for the town of Bitumen, Pennsylvania.
		Bitumen grew as more and more immigrants came due to letters from their families telling them that jobs were available.
	www.tccweb.org /bitumen.htm (1799 words)

	WEC Survey Of Energy Resources 2001 - Natural Bitumen and Extra-Heavy Oil
		Natural bitumen and extra-heavy oil are closely related types of petroleum, differing from each other, and from the petroleum from which they are derived, only to the degree by which they have been degraded.
		The bitumen may be waxy, as in the case of ozocerite, or hard and brittle, as exemplified by gilsonite.
		Where the bitumen is buried deeply enough to prevent severe heat loss, the bitumen may be produced from wells by the use of steam injection.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/bitumen/bitumen.asp (3576 words)

	Polymer, bitumen and asphalt modified with rubber, sbs, styrene butadiene styrene, eva, ethylene vinyl acetate, ...
		Even bitumen could be regarded as a polymer because of the long-chain nature of some of the organic molecules that are the constituent parts of bitumen.
		The possible problems with modified bitumens are mainly in the storage of the bitumen, mixing temperatures, and the length of time the material is held at elevated temperatures before laying.
		It is not applicable to modified binders produced by adding the bitumen and polymer separately to an asphalt mixture, blending the modified binder immediately prior to mixing, or where continuous agitation of the modified binder prevents separation from occurring.
	www.highwaysmaintenance.com /polybitxt.htm (4033 words)

	Petroleum Bazaar - Bitumen
		In USA, the word asphalt is used as synonymous with bitumen- the refinery product which has now largely replaced the natural asphalts that occur in Trinidad, Venezuela, Cuba etc. Outside USA however, the word asphalt is generally taken to mean a mixture of refinery bitumen with a substantial proportion of solid mineral matter.
		Frequently used in road constructions are cutbacks, in which bitumen is mixed with a solvent such as Kerosene or gas oil which evaporates after the material is laid, and bitumen emulsions i.e.
		The test determines the hardness of Bitumen by measuring the depth (in tenths of a mm) to which a standard, and loaded needle will vertically penetrate in 5 seconds, a sample of Bitumen maintained at a temperature of 25 deg C (77deg F).
	www.petroleumbazaar.com /Bitumen/bitappli.htm (490 words)

	CECA/ Bitumen Additives
		Take the example of a road’s top layer: the bitumen has to be liquid to be applied and to allow the aggregate to adhere to the highway foundation.
		A bitumen emulsion is a dispersion of bitumen in water.
		To produce a bitumen emulsion, you therefore need to add a chemical substance which will promote the blend and especially make it stable: this is an emulsifier.
	www.adsorbents.com /sites/ceca/en/business/bitumen_additives/talent_added/viewer.page?p_filepath=/templatedata/Content/Talent_Added/data/en/bitumen_additives/bitumen_additives_green_road.xml (889 words)

	Bitumen emulsions in road construction - A review Road & Transport Research - Find Articles
		Bitumen emulsions are a dispersion of bitumen in an aqueous continuous phase, stabilised by the addition of an emulsifier.
		The strong adhesion that occurs between the bitumen and mineral aggregate enables the bitumen to act as a binder, with the mineral aggregate providing mechanical strength for the road.
		Bitumen is difficult to work with at ambient temperatures since it is a highly viscous material under these conditions.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3927/is_200403/ai_n9406361?lstpn=article_results&lstpc=search&lstpr=external&lstprs=other&lstwid=1&lstwn=search_results&lstwp=body_middle (949 words)

	TekXchange:Uses of Bitumen: Since Ages
		Bitumen is a generic term referring to flammable, brown or fl mixtures of tar like hydrocarbons, derived naturally or by distillation from petroleum.
		Another form of Bitumen, coal, was used as the primary energy source in the industrial revolution.
		In the past, bitumen was used to waterproof boats, and even as a coating for buildings; it is possible, for example, that the city of Carthage was easily burnt down due to extensive use of bitumen in construction.
	www.tekxchange.com /article.htm (383 words)

	WHAT FUTURE FOR EXTRA HEAVY OIL AND BITUMEN : THE ORINOCO CASE
		The second method of monetizing Orinoco bitumen is by upgrading it : recognizing that raw bitumen, whether emulsified or diluted with a solvent, remains a low value fuel and feed stock with environmental limitations, the upgrading approach treats the bitumen locally in large upgrading -ie deep coking/cracking and hydrotreating- units.
		This second family of projects aimed at the export of Orinoco belt bitumen in the form of fully or partially upgraded bitumen as synthetic crude, should allow the progressive transformation of large tonnages of bitumen from the status of << resource >>, to the status of << reserves >>.
		Bitumen and extra heavy oils constitute the largest component of non conventional oil reserves that we can expect to add to the so called conventional ones in the coming decades (ie much more important than liquids synthetized from natural gas, and even much more important than reserves that could be expected from deep offshore basins).
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/default/tech_papers/17th_congress/3_1_04.asp (2029 words)

	Heely-Brown Company - commercial modified bitumen roofing
		Modified bitumen membranes are "hybrids" that incorporate the high tech formulation and prefabrication advantages of single-ply with some of the traditional installation techniques used in built-up roofing.
		A premium, heavy duty modified bitumen membrane that is made up of a strong, heavyweight, resilient non-woven SBS polyester mat; coated with a polymer-modified asphalt and surfaced with mineral granules.
		Ruberoid® Mop 170 FR A fire-retarding modified bitumen membrane; it has a strong, resilient non-woven polyester mat that is coated with an inherently fire retardant SBS polymer-modified asphalt and surfaces with granules.
	www.heelybrown.com /commercial_modified.html (1449 words)

	What is Oil Sands
		Oil sands are deposits of bitumen, a heavy fl viscous oil that must be rigorously treated to convert it into an upgraded crude oil before it can be used by refineries to produce gasoline and diesel fuels.
		Bitumen is best described as a thick, sticky form of crude oil, so heavy and viscous that it will not flow unless heated or diluted with lighter hydrocarbons.
		Technically speaking, bitumen is a tar-like mixture of petroleum hydrocarbons with a density greater than 960 kilograms per cubic metre; light crude oil, by comparison, has a density as low as 793 kilograms per cubic metre.
	www.energy.gov.ab.ca /100.asp (532 words)

	Bitumen-bound paving - review
		Bitumen is a general term for the group of oil and tar products used to make roads and pavements.
		Bitumen is still used this way as a jointing compound for sea defenses.
		The lightest bitumens are gasses and the heaviest bitumens are solids, the weight of the compound depending on the length of the molecular chain.
	www.gardenvisit.com /garden_product/materials/bitumen.htm (241 words)

	Bitumen.net : Bitucorp
		Established in 1998 with the purpose of supplementing the supply of bitumen from state run refineries in India, Bitucorp differentiates itself from the other suppliers by acknowledging that they are supplying specialised industrial material and not merely the end-product of the refining process of crude oil.
		Bitucorp also placed Bulk Bitumen in Mumbai (Bombay) using 20 foot ISO bulk bitumen tank containers, implementing a unique logistics solution in an area where a fixed bulk bitumen storage tank was not feasible to construct.
		Bitucorp is in a position to analyse the bitumen requirements of their customers and suggest alternative modes of delivery (bulk in trucks, bulk in containers, or drummed bitumen) to the most cost effective solution.
	www.bitumen.net /bitucorp.htm (410 words)

	USGS Fact Sheet 70-03: Heavy Oil and Natural Bitumen--Strategic Petroleum Resources
		Natural bitumen (often called tar sands or oil sands) and heavy oil differ from light oils by their high viscosity (resistance to flow) at reservoir temperatures, high density (low API gravity), and significant contents of nitrogen, oxygen, and sulfur compounds and heavy-metal contaminants.
		For oil sand deposits less than 225 feet deep, bitumen is recovered by mining the sands, then separating the bitumen from the reservoir rock by processing it with hot waters, and finally upgrading the natural bitumen onsite to a synthetic crude oil.
		Steam injected through the upper well mobilizes bitumen, and gravity causes the mobilized fluid to move toward the lower well, where the bitumen is pumped to the surface.
	pubs.usgs.gov /fs/fs070-03/fs070-03.html (1608 words)

	Bitumen viscosity, hot rolled asphalt, bitumen macadam, asphalt thin surfacing, stone mastic asphalt, highway ...
		Bitumen is a viscous liquid consisting mainly of hydrocarbons of complex molecular structure.
		Bitumen is manufactured in different viscosities, and the appropriate viscosity should be chosen for the particular material, site conditions, and traffic.
		Bitumen producers do like you to know of their products so that you can specify them in particular if you so choose to do.
	www.highwaysmaintenance.com /visc.htm (1981 words)

	Bitumen/asfalt (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bitumen från Total har i många år använts inom vägbyggnad, tätning i bygg- och anläggning samt i ett stort antal industriprojekt.
		Oxiderad bitumen för framställning av tak- och tätningsmassor, tätningsmaterial och till många andra industriapplikationer.
		Polymodifierad bitumen (PMB) känt under namnet Styrelf med hög stabilitet och homogenitet för krävande applikationer inom väganläggning samt för tak och tätning.
	www.totalsweden.se /lub/lubscandinavia.nsf/VS_OPM/DFA5125278EEB61BC1256EFA00375C1B?OpenDocument (141 words)

	Http://www.fiberglass.name
		KTYU bitumen shingles are durable and provide the maximum protection from rain, snow, frost, heat and UV rays.
		Bitumen shingles are suitable for many kinds of roofing, from a garden house to a luxury villa.
		KTYU bitumen shingles perfectly fit any roof form (dormer windows, round roof...) and are ideal for neatly covering difficult corners and edges (ridges, crests, grooves, corner-roofs...).
	jroller.com /page/fiberglass?entry=bitumen_shingles (281 words)

	Bitumen,Bitumen Manufacturers,Bitumen Suppliers Directory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Bitumen is the residual fraction obtained by fractional distillation of crude oil.
		In the past, bitumen was used to waterproof boats and even as a coating for buildings; it is possible, for example, that the city of Carthage was easily burnt down due to extensive use of bitumen in construction.
		It is possible that bitumens are primordial material formed during accretion of the earth and reworked by bacteria that eat hydrocarbons.
	www.trade-express.com /petroleum-products/bitumen (216 words)

	VSS Asphalt (Bitumen) Technologies - Technote 8: Industrial Uses Of Bitumen
		As in the case of roadpave bitumens there are limitations to the rheological enhancements that may be achieved by the use of optimisation and modification of the bitumen components themselves.
		For softer bitumens a sigma or blade mixer is adequate.
		Bitumen is used both to adhere the felt to substrates(mopping asphalt) and to coat and protect the surface.(Coating).
	www.slurry.com /technology_technote8.shtml (7916 words)

	Iran-Bitumen.Com ,:: Bitumen,Iran,supplier,NIOC,Natinal Iranian Oil Company,best bitumen,oil,gas,gassolin
		Our company undertakes the superiority of ensuring our clients world wide receive fully packed bitumen of the highest standards by overseeing the entire process of procurement and supply; from the supply of steel to the mechanized and filling of the drums, to the eventual loading of the vessels.
		Due to the limitation of Bulk Bitumen vessels, we usually prefer to supply Bulk Bitumen only on FOB Basis but Bitumen in new Steel Drums or in Poly Bags can be offered/supplied by us both on FOB and CFR Basis.
		Many companies are now adding Mazol to their bitumen which is cheap in Iran and expensive in Europe to their batch of bitumen making it runny with the slightest contact with the sun.
	www.iran-bitumen.com (413 words)

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