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Topic: Bituminous coal

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	Coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal composition is determined by specific coal assay techniques, and is performed to quantify the physical, chemical and mechanical behaviour of the coal, including whether it is a good candidate for coking coal.
		Coal was formed in swamp ecosystems which persisted in lowland sedimentary basins similar, for instance, to the peat swamps of Borneo today.
		Bituminous coal - a dense coal, usually fl, sometimes dark brown, often with well-defined bands of bright and dull material, used primarily as fuel in steam-electric power generation, with substantial quantities also used for heat and power applications in manufacturing and to make coke.
	www.ienergyinc.com /coal.htm (3260 words)

	Glossary ~ American Coal Foundation
		Coal gasification is the process that changes coal into a gas that has the same heating value as natural gas and that is cleaner than burning coal itself.
		FBC is a process of burning coal in which the coal is inserted in a bed of particles that are suspended in the air and that react with the coal to heat the furnace more cleanly.
		A slurry is coal that is ground to a powder and mixed with water.
	www.teachcoal.org /glossary.html (1125 words)

	coal. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05
		Bituminous coal, being more consolidated, does not crumble easily; it is a deep fl in color, burns readily, and is used extensively as fuel in industries and on railroads and in making coke.
		The vegetable origin of coal is supported by the presence in coal of carbonized fibers, stems, leaves, and seeds of plants, which can be detected with the naked eye in the softer varieties and with the microscope in harder coal.
		Coal was formed chiefly in the Carboniferous period of geologic time, but valuable deposits date also from the Permian, Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods.
	www.bartleby.com /65/co/coal.html (631 words)

	Bituminous coal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Bituminous coal is an organic sedimentary rock formed by diagenetic and submetamorphic compression of peat bog material.
		Bituminous coal seams are stratigraphically identified by the distinctive sequence of bright and dark bands and are classified accordingly as either "dull, bright-banded" or "bright, dull-banded" and so on.
		Coals of Triassic age are known from the Clarence-Moreton and Ipswich Basins, near Ipswich, Australia and the Esk Trough.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Bituminous_coal (900 words)

	VI Underground Coal Mining etc
		The coal was extracted from drift mines in the Pittsburgh coal seam, which outcrops along the hillside, and transported by canoe to the nearby military garrison.
		The room-and-pillar mining method is used in all of Pennsylvania’s underground bituminous coal mines including longwall mining operations, where it is used to develop the haulage and ventilation systems, and to delineate and support the longwall panels.
		The coal at the face was undercut, usually by hand, to a distance of 2 to 3 feet and supported by timbers on 4- to 6-foot centers.
	www.dep.state.pa.us /dep/deputate/minres/bmr/act54/sec6.htm (1908 words)

	Coal Derivatives by Destructive Distillation-Sec.
		Coal is a fossil fuel formed by the anaerobic (without the presence of oxygen) decay of plants that lived millions of years ago.
		Bituminous, or soft coal, is the third stage and the most abundant type of coal.
		Although coal accounts for 20 percent of total US energy use and is the major source of fuel used in the production of electricity, its derivatives serve as raw materials in manufacturing.
	www.coaleducation.org /lessons/sec/properties/coalderiv/coalder.htm (775 words)

	Types of Coal
		Coal is classified into four general categories, or "ranks." They range from lignite through subbituminous and bituminous to anthracite, reflecting the progressive response of individual deposits of coal to increasing heat and pressure.
		Bituminous coal predominates in the Eastern and Mid-continent coal fields, while subbituminous coal is generally found in the Western states and Alaska.
		Bituminous coal has a carbon content ranging from 45 to 86 percent carbon and a heat value of 10,500 to 15,500 BTUs-per-pound.
	www.ket.org /Trips/Coal/AGSMM/agsmmtypes.html (460 words)

	Coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal is a solid, brittle, combustible, carbonaceous rock formed by the decomposition and alteration of vegetation by compaction, temperature, and pressure.
		Coals are found in all geologic periods from Silurian through Quaternary, but the earliest commercially important coals are found in rocks of Mississippian age (Carboniferous in Europe).
		Coals are generally termed steam (for use by power plants for electric generation) or coking (for conversion to coke for iron and steel making).
	emd.aapg.org /technical_areas/coal.cfm (625 words)

	Waste Coal - Waste Dirtier than Coal :: Energy Justice Network
		Waste coal is called "culm" in the eastern Pennsylvania anthracite coal region and "gob" or "boney" in the bitiminous coal mining regions (western Pennsylvania, West Virginia and elsewhere).
		Waste coal burners have cleaner air emissions than antiquated coal plants due to their better pollution controls, but this only means that the ash is far more toxic, since the highly toxic particulates captured in pollution control equipment end up in the ash.
		The waste coal industry is pushing aggressively to include their proposed facilities in the Pennsylvania Renewable Portfolio Standard, despite the fact that waste coal is not renewable energy and that waste coal power plants are dirtier than coal power plants.
	www.energyjustice.net /coal/wastecoal (1422 words)

	Coal Formation [Athro, Limited: Geology: Gubik Trip]
		Coal is usually classified into three grades: Lignite, brown coal; Bituminous coal, soft coal; and Anthracite, hard coal.
		Lignite typicaly transforms to bituminous coal as it is compressed further and heated to between 100 and 200°C. This drives much of the water and other volitiles from the coal.
		Coal can contain not just concentrated plant debris, but also sediments brought in by water, airborne ash falls, elements adsorbed to the carbon of the coal from groundwater, and minerals that form in fractures and spaces in the coal as groundwater flows through it during coalification.
	www.athro.com /geo/trp/gub/coal.html (552 words)

	Survey Of Energy Resources
		Total coal reserves held by Europe were slightly over 30% of the world total, while the individual categories show a higher share of world sub-bituminous and lignite reserves and a lower proportion of bituminous (22%).
		Coal supplies around 23% of the total global primary energy demand, around 38% of total world electricity production and is an essential input for steel production via the BOF process, which accounts for almost 70% of total world steel production.
		Coal will remain part of the energy resource endowment, possibly with a greater role in energy delivery as a key element of the ‘energy bridge’ to the future under the conditions of sustainable development.
	www.worldenergy.org /wec-geis/publications/reports/ser/coal/coal.asp (3043 words)

	Coal Supply
		The various regional coals are broadly classified as anthracite, lignite, sub bituminous and bituminous.
		Coal from that area has the lowest sulfur content of any in the nation, but a slightly lower heating value than harder bituminous coal.
		Coal is delivered about 750 miles from the Wyoming mine to Holcomb Station by the Burlington Northern and Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe railroads.
	www.sunflower.net /coal_supply.htm (968 words)

	Coal - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Coal' (IPA: /ˈkəʊl/) is a fossil fuel extracted from the ground by underground mining or open-pit mining (surface mining).
		Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat through combustion.
		Coal and coal waste products including fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, and flue gas desulferization contain many heavy metals, including arsenic, lead, mercury, nickel, vanadium, beryllium, cadmium, barium, chromium, copper, molybdenum, zinc, selenium and radium, which are dangerous if released into the environment.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Coal (4707 words)

	Coal Information
		Coal is a fossil fuel and is classified into four types--anthracite, bituminous, sub-bituminous, and lignite.
		And the thickness of a coal seam is not always consistent; many a mine has failed because the coal "pinched out." Over time, with the thrust of the Earth's plates, fault lines develop in coal seams, allowing for intrusions of mud and sediment--another hurdle for miners.
		Coals that have been through a prep plant will serve you even better as they will have fewer impurities and be uniformly sized.
	www.appaltree.net /aba/coalspecs.htm (2084 words)

	Movie documents Bituminous Coal Queens (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal mining, a major industry for nearly a century in southwestern Pennsylvania, is saluted each year in the Greene County town of Carmichaels with a week's worth of festivities, including an exhibition of coal mining equipment and memorabilia, a car show, a golf outing, a cheerleading competition and beauty pageant.
		Coal queens receive $1,500 in scholarship money, three pieces of luggage, a bracelet made especially for them and a year's worth of activities that turn them into a local celebrity, including a chance to meet the state's governor and address both legislative houses in Harrisburg.
		Coal queens have pursued a variety of careers, according to William Groves, past president of the King Coal Association and a longtime master of ceremonies for the event.
	www.post-gazette.com /pg/06162/696766-254.stm (1074 words)

	Folklore in SWPA Bituminous Coal Miners - Glossary
		Bituminous coal - A middle rank coal (between sub bituminous and anthracite) formed by additional pressure and heat on lignite.
		Coal - A solid, brittle, more or less distinctly stratified combustible carbonaceous rock, formed by partial to complete decomposition of vegetation; varies in color from dark brown to fl; not fusible without decomposition and very insoluble.
		Most underground coal is mined by the room and pillar method, whereby rooms are cut into the coal bed leaving a series of pillars, or columns of coal, to help support the mine roof and control the flow of air.
	members.tripod.com /~RWUHP/hp/hppgc/mining/page4.htm (992 words)

	Oklahoma Geological Survey
		Coal is an organic-rich rock derived from plant material deposited in a swamp, marsh, or bog.
		Coal rank, generalized for all coals at or near the surface, ranges from high-volatile bituminous in the northeast Oklahoma shelf and western Arkoma Basin to medium-volatile bituminous and low-volatile bituminous in the eastern Arkoma Basin in Oklahoma.
		From 1873-2001, 281 million short tons of bituminous coal were produced from underground and surface mines in the Indian Territory and Oklahoma.
	www.ogs.ou.edu /coal.php (433 words)

	How is Coal Formed? University of Kentucky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal is formed when peat is altered physically and chemically.
		Because of the amount of squeezing and water loss that accompanies the compaction of peat after burial, it is estimated that it took 10 vertical feet of original peat material to produce 1 vertical foot of bituminous coal in eastern and western Kentucky.
		The peat to coal ratio is variable and dependent on the original type of peat the coal came from and the rank of the coal.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/coal/coalform.htm (323 words)

	Coal Reserves Information Sheet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal "rank" refers to the degree of alteration or "coalification" that the organic source material in coal has attained.
		Bituminous coal is concentrated primarily east of the Mississippi River, with the greatest amounts in Illinois
		The distribution of coal reserves around the world varies notably from that of oil and gas, in that significant reserves are found in the United States and the Former Soviet Union (FSU) but not in the Middle East.
	www.eia.doe.gov /neic/infosheets/coalreserves.htm (725 words)

	DMR - Mineral Resources - Coal Glossary
		An overlap of bituminous and subbituminous heat values from 10,500 to 11,500 Btu/lb is dependent on whether an agglomerate button with swelling characteristics is formed during volatile matter analysis.
		Medium and low-volatile bituminous coals are classified on the basis of increasing fixed carbon and decreasing volatile matter.
		Material derived from heating bituminous coal in the absence of air and driving off the volatile constituents, so that the fixed carbon and ash are fused together.
	www.mme.state.va.us /Dmr/DOCS/MinRes/COAL/glos.html (1056 words)

	Rockman's Coal Page
		Coal is at work each time you turn on a switch that allows electricity to power up your lights, microwave, stereo, TV, computer and all those other electircal appliances and gadgets you have lying around the house.
		The three major U.S. coal producing regions are Appalachia (West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Virginia, Eastern Kentucky, and Ohio), the Illinois Basin (Illinois, Indiana and Western Kentucky) and the Powder River Basin (Wyoming and Montana).
		Lignite coal is produced primarily in western North Dakota and in eastern Montana.
	www.rocksandminerals.com /coal.htm (1489 words)

	Mineral Information Institute - Coal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Coal is used to produce more than half of all the electrical energy that is generated and used in the United States.
		This is a dull fl coal with a higher heating value than lignite that is used primarily for generating electricity and for space heating.
		Bituminous coal is mined chiefly in Appalachia and the Midwest.
	www.mii.org /Minerals/photocoal.html (330 words)

	Patricia Heaton Online:: The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania \| The Documentary
		The Bituminous Coal Queens of Pennsylvania documents the odyssey of Hollywood actress Sarah Rush back to her roots as a 16-year-old pageant winner, growing up in Southwestern, PA. "Coal Queens" is filled with colorful local characters, and is a humorous look at small town America.
		Coal mining has shaped this area of the country, instilling a strength and pride in its citizens.
		The film moves between trials of the pageant and the lives of the locals, especially the coal miners, who toil beneath the earth, knowing that the demise of their livelihood is just around the corner.
	www.patriciaheatononline.com /patricia/bituminous_coal_queens (244 words)

	Classification and Rank of Coal . University of Kentucky (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The kinds of coal, in increasing order of alteration, are lignite (brown coal--immature), sub-bituminous, bituminous, and anthracite (mature).
		Lignite is considered to be "immature" coal at this stage of development because it is still somewhat light in color and it remains soft.
		The degree of alteration (or metamorphism) that occurs as a coal matures from peat to anthracite is referred to as the "rank" of the coal.
	www.uky.edu /KGS/coal/coalkinds.htm (243 words)

	Energy & Air Pollution - Fossil Fuels: Coal
		Larger volumes of these lower-grade coals must be burned to generate the same heat as bituminous coal or anthracite.
		Thick seam of sub-bituminous coal in the Powder River basin, northeast Wyoming.
		Principal coal reserves of the U.S. Lower map shows top ten states for coal reserves that can be divided between lignite and sub-bituminous coals in the West and mainly bituminous coals and anthracite east of the Mississippi river.
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/eap/coal.htm (975 words)

	DOE - Fossil Energy: A Brief Overview of Coal
		Coal is used primarily in the United States to generate electricity.
		Bituminous: Still more energy is packed into bituminous coal, sometimes called "soft coal." In the United States, it is found primarily east of the Mississippi River in midwestern states like Ohio and Illinois and in the Appalachian mountain range from Kentucky to Pennsylvania.
		Coal is not only our most abundant fossil fuel, it is also the one with perhaps the longest history.
	www.fe.doe.gov /education/energylessons/coal/gen_coal.html (489 words)

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