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Topic: Black codes

	The Black Codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		The fl codes had their roots in the slave codes that had formerly been in effect.
		The fl codes enacted immediately after the American Civil War, though varying from state to state, were all intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labor, and all continued to assume the inferiority of the freed slaves.
		Reconstruction did away with the fl codes, but, after Reconstruction was over, many of their provisions were reenacted in the Jim Crow laws, which were not finally done away with until passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
	history-world.org /black_codes.htm (720 words)

	Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Black Codes were laws passed by certain southern states after the Civil War with the intention of limiting the real freedoms of the freed African Americans.
		These new "fl codes" were almost identical to the slave codes; in some cases the word "slave" was replaced with the word "fl".
		If fl parents were decided to be unfit parents by the white authorities their children were bound over to white farmers--frequently their former owners--until the children reached the age of 21.
	www.lib.berkeley.edu /~ljones/Jimcrow/glossary.html (2343 words)

	Northern Exclusion of Blacks
		All in all, the "free" fls of colonial Pennsylvania led severely circumscribed lives; they had no control even over their own family arrangements, and they could be put back into servitude for "laziness" or petty crimes, at the mercy of the local authorities.
		Like the fl codes of the South and Midwest in the 19th century, enforcement of Northern colonial race laws was selective, and their real value lay in harassment and discouragement of further settlement, and in being a constant reminder to free fls that their existence was precarious and dependent on white toleration.
		Blacks petitioned against the exclusion laws, but the state legislature denied they had the right to petition the government "for any purpose whatsoever." Finally, after the Free Soil Party gained a degree of power in the state in 1849, a compromise partially repealed the Black Laws, ending the bond-posting requirement.
	www.slavenorth.com /exclusion.htm (2989 words)

	Handbook of Texas Online:
		Black Codes were the laws passed by Southern state legislatures to define the legal place of fls in society after the Civil War.
		The codes reflected the unwillingness of white Texans to accept fls as equals and also their fears that freedmen would not work unless coerced.
		Blacks were not allowed to vote or hold office, they could not serve on juries, and they could testify only in cases involving other fls.
	www.tsha.utexas.edu /handbook/online/articles/view/BB/jsb1.html (983 words)

	AllRefer.com - black codes (U.S. History) - Encyclopedia
		fl codes, in U.S. history, series of statutes passed by the ex-Confederate states, 1865–66, dealing with the status of the newly freed slaves.
		Although some Northern states had fl codes before the Civil War, this did not prevent many northerners from interpreting the codes as an attempt by the South to reenslave fls.
		The Freedmen's Bureau prevented enforcement of the codes, which were later repealed by the radical Republican state governments.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/B/blackcod.html (194 words)

	Black Codes in the USA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans, particularly former slaves.
		Black Codes are most commonly associated with the adopted in the Southern states after the American Civil War until the beginning of Reconstruction to regulate the freedoms of former slaves.
		The Black Codes outraged public opinion in the North because it seemed the South was creating a form of quasi-slavery to evade the results of the war.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Black_codes (1536 words)

	Black Codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Black slaves and free fls alike could not vote, testify in court against a white person, or marry a white person.
		Since white colonial Americans considered the existence of free fls to exert a harmful influence on their enslaved kinsmen, they enacted laws that discouraged manumission (the freeing of slaves).
		Elaborate justifications for fl slavery, based on Biblical as well as racial "research" would eventually be concocted by white slave owners.
	civilwar.bluegrass.net /SlaveryAndEmancipation/blackcodes.html (346 words)

	Southern black codes, reconstruction, lesson plans
		The South Carolina code included a contract form for fl “servants” who agreed to work for white “masters.” The form required that the wages and the term of service be in writing.
		Black servants had to reside on the employer’s property, remain quiet and orderly, work from sunup to sunset except on Sundays, and not leave the premises or receive visitors without the master’s permission.
		It banned fl people from possessing most firearms, making or selling liquor, and coming into the state without first posting a bond for “good behavior.” The code made it illegal for them to sell any farm products without written permission from their white employer, supposedly to guard against stealing.
	www.crf-usa.org /brown50th/black_codes.htm (2046 words)

	Black Codes in the Former Confederate States [Archive] - Armchair General Forums
		Their very evident purpose was to reduce free fls to a new kind of legal servitude distinguished by all the disadvantages of slavery and none of its advantages--a state, many argued, that was worse than slavery itself.
		A section of the Louisiana code stipulated that "every adult freed man or woman shall furnish themselves with a comfortable home and visible means of support within twenty days after the passage of this act," and anyone failing to do so "shall be immediately arrested by any sheriff or constable.
		While Virginia did not enforce its Black Code (there were 64,000 Free people of Color living there in 1860 according to the U.S. Census) Illinois DID enforce its law even after the Emancipation Proclamation had been issued.
	www.armchairgeneral.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-14887.html (1357 words)

	Black Cheats, Codes, Cheat Codes for PlayStation 2 (PS2)
		If you entered the code correctly, you will be able to re-enter an actual profile name after selecting "Done".
		Successfully complete the game on the Black Ops difficulty setting to unlock the M16A2 (M16 with grenade launcher) for use on any difficulty setting.
		However, sometimes the shells are fl, and there are no fl shotgun shells in the game.
	www.cheatcc.com /psx2/blackcheatscodes.html (1245 words)

	Black Codes
		Black codes were legal enactments governing the behavior and status of fls in American states before the 14TH AMENDMENT (1868) to the Constitution made such discriminatory legislation unconstitutional.
		Before the Civil War the term usually referred to laws regulating free fls; those governing slaves were usually called slave codes.
		Based largely on the old fl codes, the new laws gave the ex-slaves some basic rights, but they also discriminated against them.
	members.aol.com /jparr53328/blackcodes.html (406 words)

	Gaming Horizon - Game Page - Black
		Shrouded in secrecy and shown only behind closed doors in its early stages, Black was in a sense mimicking the top secret, eyes-only, "in interest of...
		Today is a bad day for Xbox 360 owners who were expecting Black to hit the console sometime this year.
		Black is set in eastern Europe and has garnered lots of...
	gamepage.gaminghorizon.com /media.php?game_id=551 (380 words)

	BRIA(15:2) Code Napoleon, Southern Black Codes, 1865, Death Penalty, Human Rights, United States
		Like other legal systems of the time, the Civil Code made the wife legally inferior to her husband: “The husband owes protection to his wife, and the wife owes obedience to her husband.” Without her husband’s permission, a wife could not conduct any business.
		The Civil Code permitted divorce on the grounds of adultery, cruelty, criminal conviction, or the mutual agreement of the spouses and their parents.
		Along with the Black Codes, other events helped alter the course of Reconstruction: The 14th Amendment passed, and a new Congress hostile to the South was elected.
	www.crf-usa.org /bria/bria15_2.html (6160 words)

	The New Black Codes
		The purpose of the Black Codes was to maintain the white hierarchy after the Civil War.
		The very word "fl" is not only a skin color or race; it's code for a set of prescribed behaviors and attitudes.
		Just as the Black Codes of 1865 restricted the movement of freed slaves––the so-called Uncle Toms and the rest of the freed slaves––so do the Black Codes of 2002 restrict the movement of free, independent thought.
	baltimorechronicle.com /blackvote_nov02.shtml (907 words)

	The Black Codes
		Blacks were denied suffrage, and other laws deprived them of most rights accorded free white men.
		At the same time, fls also had to register their certificates of freedom from the state from which they immigrated.
		One cause, and one that is likely to increase the evil to a much greater extent still, is found in the fact, that the slave states are adopting measures to expel from their midst, their entire free colored population.
	www.lib.niu.edu /ipo/1996/iht329602.html (2639 words)

	Black Codes
		All the civil liberties that had been granted to the fls have been severely restricted, if not outright taken away by what the southern pigs call "fl codes".
		These fl codes are state laws that are designed to destroy the rights that the fls received after the War.
		Some of these "codes" include vagrancy laws, under which fls who were viewed as unemployed could be hired out as forced labor; apprenticing laws, under which children without proper care, as defined by the courts, could be bound out to white employers; and severe limitations on fl occupations and property holding.
	members.tripod.com /cwdiary/black.htm (198 words)

	The Black Commentator - The Color of Justice - Issue 107
		But America’s present obsession with the mass incarceration of Black people is by no means a recent phenomenon. Indeed, as historian David Oshinsky notes in his compelling book, Worse Than Slavery, America’s endeavor to warehouse Black folks in cages has deep historical roots that can be traced back to the conclusion of the Civil War.
		While the incarceration rate is lower for Black women, who represent the fastest growing imprisoned population, the racial disparities are equally dramatic. Black women comprise nearly half of the nation’s incarcerated female population of about 150,000. If current trends continue, 1 in every 18 Black females born today can expect to go to prison.
		As intended, targeted law enforcement techniques have resulted in Blacks constituting more than 80% of crack defendants, despite the fact that approximately two-thirds of drug users in the general population are white. Consequently, 57% of all drug offenders in state prison, and 41% of federal drug offenders, are Black.
	www.blackcommentator.com /107/107_haygood_justice.html (432 words)

	Black History Trivia Quiz for 2005
		This Republican was the first fl person elected to the U.S. Senate.
		The aftermath of the revolt led by this slave in 1831 led to a strengthening of the "Black Codes," which forbade slaves from gathering in groups larger than five, learning to read or write, owning property, or testifying in court.
		This fl Air Force materials researcher invented and patented new lubricants used in high flying aircraft and NASA space missions.
	www.baltimorecountymd.gov /News/blackhistory/quiz.html (297 words)

	Blue Laws and Black Codes: Conflict, Courts, and Change in Twentieth-Century Virginia Virginia Magazine of History and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Virginia Tech professor Peter Wallenstein's Blue Laws and Black Codes is a vital contribution to the growing literature in Virginia legal and civil rights scholarship.
		Consisting of eight essays plus an introduction and epilogue, Blue Laws and Black Codes examines the transformations in law (and legal culture) in Virginia in the twentieth century, broadly defined.
		Picayune gripes aside, Blue Laws and Black Codes is a vital and engaging contribution not only to Virginia and legal history, but also to the study of the South and the role of the law in politics and society.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3644/is_200501/ai_n14800324 (826 words)

	Black Codes
		Black Codes was a name given to laws passed by southern governments established during the presidency of Andrew Johnson.
		Vagrant laws were passed, often relating only to the negro, or, where applicable in terms of both white and fl, seldom or never enforced except against the latter.
		In a single district, in a single month, forty-nine cases of violence, ranging from assault and battery to murder, in which whites were the aggressors and fls the sufferers, were reported.
	www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk /USASblackcodes.htm (904 words)

	Amazon.com: Black Codes (From the Underground): Music: Wynton Marsalis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Whatever your opinion on Wynton, Black Codes is the strongest of his early albums, before he took to preserving the jazz tradition.
		"Black Codes" with its low end piano as part of the head, "For Wee Folks" with its out of tempo opening and "Delfeayo's Dilemma", a tune that has been covered by artists like Kenny Garrett, are highlights in the set.
		Really, the only copying going on related to "Black Codes From the Underground" was by critics who didn't know any better than to call the album an advance in Miles' music if they liked Wynton, or to call it a rip off of Miles if they didn't like him.
	www.amazon.com /Black-Codes-Underground-Wynton-Marsalis/dp/B000002640 (1808 words)

	The Black Commentator - Cover Story: The Meaningless Apology on Lynching - Issue 142
		It is appropriate that the great anti-lynching leader, Ida B. Wells (1862-1931), who documented the murder of nearly 5,000 Blacks at the hands of white mobs in the terror-filled years that followed the death of Reconstruction, be verbally honored by Louisiana Democratic Senator Mary Landrieu and Virginia Republican Senator George Allen.
		Yet both Senators supported laws that will impose draconian equivalents of post-Civil War “Black Codes” on inner city youth, who will now be designated as criminal conspirators if they congregate in groups of three or more.
		The United States, controlled by a Republican majority and feckless minority of white Democrats whose greatest fear is their Black constituents, is now engaged in a grand venture to export the ideology of white terror, planet-wide.
	www.blackcommentator.com /142/142_cover_lynching.html (914 words)

	ps2cheats.com - Twisted Metal: Black cheat codes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-19)
		Note: The following codes must have the controls set to use "Classic" in the options menu.
		If you entered the code correctly, the words "Invulnerability On" will appear.
		The following codes are entered during gameplay to perform a special mode, akin to many other fighting games
	www.ps2cheats.com /cheats/ps2/t/twisted_metal_black.html (828 words)

	Black Codes
		Slavery had been abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment, but the white people of the South were determined to keep the Negro in his place, socially, politically, and economically.
		This was done by means of the notorious "Black Codes," passed by several of the state legislatures.
		Northerners regarded these codes as a revival of slavery in disguise.
	chnm.gmu.edu /courses/omalley/120/state/blackcodes.html (809 words)

	black codes — Infoplease.com
		prevented enforcement of the codes, which were later repealed by the radical Republican state governments.
		(W) Black Codes and broken windows: the legacy of racial hegemony in anti-gang civil injunctions.
		Black, White and Silver.(25th anniversary exhibition for universal product code invention by Joseph Woodland, Bernard Silver, and......
	www.infoplease.com /ce6/history/A0807757.html (338 words)

	Freedom: A History of US. Webisode 7: What is Freedom? Segment 2 \| PBS
		At a riot in New Orleans, thirty-four fls and three whites who stood with them were killed.
		But the fl codes were there to do the same old thing: to keep fls as a subordinate labor force.
		It was designed to nullify the Black Codes.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/historyofus/web07/segment2b.html (385 words)

	A A World . Reference Room . Articles . Black Code \| PBS
		In the British possessions in the New World, the settlers were free to promulgate any regulations they saw fit to govern their labour supply.
		The fl codes enacted immediately after the American Civil War, though varying from state to state, were all intended to secure a steady supply of cheap labour, and all continued to assume the inferiority of the freed slaves.
		There were vagrancy laws that declared a fl to be vagrant if unemployed and without permanent residence; a person so defined could be arrested, fined, and bound out for a term of labour if unable to pay the fine.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/aaworld/reference/articles/black_code.html (685 words)

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